Pakistan inali ndi ngongole ya $ 2.07 biliyoni ku IMF kumapeto kwa March 2003. Izi zikuyimira kukwera kwakukulu kuchokera ku $ 1.55 biliyoni mu June 2000. Mphamvu zomwe IMF imagwiritsa ntchito popanga ndondomeko yathu chifukwa cha ngongole zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikulu sizingachepetsedwe. Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, manyuzipepala amafotokoza kukakamizidwa komwe IMF ikuchita ku Pakistan kuti ipange zisankho zomwe zakhala chiphunzitso cha IMF ndipo zimalimbikitsidwa kumayiko ndi mayiko mosasamala kanthu za momwe zilili. M'mwezi wa Meyi, IMF idalumikiza kuperekedwa kwa ngongole ku Pakistan ndi kusungitsa banki, kupereka lamulo lazachuma ku nyumba yamalamulo, ndikuchotsa misonkho. IMF yapemphanso boma la Pakistani kuti lipereke 15 peresenti ya General Sales Tax mu bajeti ya 2003-04 pa njerwa, midadada ya simenti, zida zamakompyuta, mapulogalamu, makina ena ndi zina.
Mwachidziwikire, lipoti laposachedwa la World Bank ndi IMF Joint Staff Assessment (JSA) lomwe latchulidwa ndi Dawn likuwonetsa zoopsa zinayi pakukhazikitsa zosintha ku Pakistan, kuphatikiza kutsutsa zandale pakusintha, kusowa kopitilira, kusakwanira kwa mabungwe komanso kugwedezeka kwachilendo. Palibe kutchulidwa kulephera kwa ndondomekozi m'mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira ku Latin America, mpaka ku South East Asia. Argentina ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha dziko lomwe lidatsatira malingaliro a IMF ku kalatayo ndipo popeza dzikolo lili pazachuma, ndale komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, IMF, monganso nthawi zina, idasiya udindo wonse. Sitingachite bwino kuposa kuphunzira kuchokera ku Argentina kuti tichepetse chidwi chathu pa IMF komanso kumvera mwachimbulimbuli zomwe zimatiuza.
Pamene dziko la Argentina lidayamba kutulutsa nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi mu 2001 chifukwa chochita kusakhulupirika kwakukulu ndi dziko lodziyimira pawokha pamakampani obwereketsa ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kudzudzula Argentina. Kunena zoona, nkhani ya ku Argentina ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mmene dziko lathanzi komanso lolemera linasautsidwa motsogozedwa ndi IMF. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, dziko la Argentina masiku ano likhozanso kukhala chitsanzo cholimbikitsa cha mmene nzika wamba zingadzikonzekerere kuti zithe kulimbana ndi mavuto amene anthu a m'dera lawo komanso ochokera kumayiko ena amawapangira.
Thanzi lazachuma ndi ndale ku Argentina lidawonongeka osati chifukwa silinatsatire zomwe IMF idalamula, koma chifukwa imachita chilichonse malinga ndi zomwe IMF ikufuna. Mโzaka zonse za mโma 1990, opanga maganizo monga Financial Times anayamikira Argentina monga รขโฌหwophunzira nyenyeziรขโฌโข wa IMF. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, GDP idakwera ndi 60%, ndipo ndalama zakunja zidalowa. Chuma cholowa ku Argentina m'zaka za m'ma 1990 chinali kuphatikiza kwandalama zongopeka komanso kugulitsa kamodzi: kampani yamafoni, kampani yamafuta, positi, njanji, ndi ndege. Pakati pa 1989 ndi 1999, ngongole ya dziko inakwera ndi $80bn ndipo kusowa kwa ntchito kunakwera kuchoka pa 6.5% mu 1989 kufika pa 20% mu 2000. Masiku ano 57% ya anthu a ku Argentina amakhala pansi pa umphawi.
Kutangotsala pang'ono kusakhazikika komanso pambuyo pake, makina ochulukirachulukira azachuma adalowa m'dzikolo chifukwa chodzipatula kumayiko ena, tchimo losawomboledwa molingana ndi milungu ya kudalirana kwa mayiko. Chiwopsezo chenicheni chomwe chinayambitsa chipwirikiti chimenechi chinali chakuti dziko la Argentina likhoza kupereka chitsanzo choipa kwa mayiko ena amene ali ndi ngongole zambiri. Mayiko ena omwe ali ndi ngongole amathanso kulephera ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngongole zamayiko osiyanasiyana ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole.
Kugwa kwa Argentina
Mosakayikira dziko lotukuka kwambiri ku Latin America, Argentina anali ndi chiลตerengero cha anthu achikulire odziลตa kulemba ndi kuลตerenga cha 91% mโma 1960. Lakhalanso, m'mbiri, dziko la ndale komanso mgwirizano. Mโkati mwa nkhondo yachiลตiri ya padziko lonse dzikoli linapeza phindu lalikulu kuchokera ku malonda ndi maulamuliro a Allied ndi Axis. Peron, wandale wotsamira kumanzere adakhala Purezidenti posakhalitsa. Ndale zake zinali zodzaza ndi nkhanza za dziko ndi zotsutsana ndi imperialist, ndipo ngakhale kuti zomwe adachita paudindo sizinafanane ndi zonena zake, ulamuliro wake udabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi apakatikati ku Argentina. Zofuna zotchuka sizinakhutitsidwe kwathunthu, zipolowe m'dzikolo zidapitilira. Pamapeto pake, kuukira boma mu 1976 kudapangitsa kuti anthu achepetse. Iyi inali nthawi yankhanza kwambiri pomwe omenyera ufulu, ophunzira, aphunzitsi ndi antchito osachepera 30,000 "adasowa".
Olamulira mwankhanza ku Argentina, m'malo mopewedwa ndi mabungwe a "demokalase" monga IMF, adalandira ngongole zambiri komanso upangiri wa momwe angakhazikitsirenso chuma. Akuluakulu a asilikaliwo anadalitsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ndondomeko zawo. Mu 1976 ndi 1977 Argentina inalandira ndalama zoposa $ 2bn mu ngongole zakunja, zoposa zomwe dzikolo lidalandira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yowopsa ku Falklands, zidakhala zosakhazikika kuti ndalama zapadziko lonse zithandizire utsogoleri wankhanza wankhondo. Mphamvu zamphamvu zidaperekedwa ku gulu lolamulira lomwe lidapitilizabe kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zomwe IMF idalamula. Ngongole yakunja ya dzikolo idakwera kuchoka pa $8 biliyoni kufika pa $43 biliyoni pansi pa akuluakulu ankhondo. Choncho, ngakhale kuti analibenso ulamuliro, cholowa chawo chinatsimikizira kuti chuma cha mayiko akunja chikhale cholimba pakupanga malamulo a ku Argentina. Purezidenti Menem, wa Peronist, pomwe kuphatikizika kwaulamuliro wodziwika bwino m'mbuyomu kumangobisala, monga Bhutto ndi mwana wake wamkazi ku Pakistan, adangogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za IMF molimbika kwambiri.
Menem adabweretsa Cavallo yemwe kale anali banki kuti aziyang'anira chuma cha dzikolo. Cavallo adatsata malangizo a IMF ku kalatayo. Dziko la Argentina lidakhazikitsa mabizinesi aboma (omwe tsopano akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma), adakweza chiwongola dzanja kuti achepetse kukwera kwa mitengo, achepetse malipiro aboma ndi 35 peresenti, kenako adachotsa 40 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito m'boma. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Purezidenti Menem, kusiyana kwamagulu kunakula kwambiri. Cavallo, ndi chilolezo cha IMF, adakhazikitsanso mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa dola ndi peso, zomwe zimayenera kulepheretsa kutumiza kunja. Dzikoli lidalowa m'mavuto kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Makampani masauzande ambiri adasowa ndalama zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azisowa ntchito. Pofika pomwe pulezidenti wapakati kumanzere, Fernando de la Rua, adasankhidwa mu Okutobala 1999, demokalase idadziwika bwino m'boma lachiwonetserochi, lolamulidwa ndi boma lachinyengo kwambiri.
Mu Marichi 2001, nyumba yamalamulo idapatsa Cavallo mphamvu zapadera ndipo mu Julayi lamulo la kuchepa kwa ziro lidakhazikitsidwa. Mwa zina, malipiro a anthu ogwira ntchito za boma ndi penshoni zinachepetsedwanso ndi 13%; ndipo ndondomeko ya bajeti ya 2002 ikufuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi 18.6%, $ 9.2bn kucheperapo mu 2001. Ndi kusintha konseku, dziko lidali wophunzira mphoto ya IMF, ndi 90% ya mabanki ake ndi 40% ya mafakitale ake m'manja mwa mayiko akunja. likulu.
Pofika nthawiyi, ngongole yakunja ya Argentina idafika pa $132bn mu 2001 ndipo $40bn yomwe boma lidatolera kuchokera kuzinthu zachinsinsi "zinasowa". Ulova wakwera kufika pa 20%, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali mu umphawi wadzaoneni kuchoka pa 200,000 kufika pa 5 miliyoni, omwe ali pa umphawi kuchokera pa 1m kufika pa 14m, ndi osaphunzira kuchoka pa 2% kufika pa 12%. Mphamvu zogulira zidatsala pang'ono kuchepera theka m'zaka zisanu zotsogolera ku 2001.
Udzu umene unathyola msana wa gulu lapakati
Choopsa chomaliza chinali chigamulo cha boma mu December 2001 chochepetsa ndalama zonse zomwe zimachotsedwa kubanki kufika pa $250 pa sabata m'dziko limene malipiro ambiri amasungidwa ndipo makhadi a ngongole amakhala ndi 30 peresenti ya chiwongoladzanja. Pakukakamizika kwa mayiko kuti apereke ngongole yakunja, kusuntha kwa boma kumayenera "kuthetsa kutayika kwa ndalama". Munthu wamba wa ku Argentina samayenera kutulutsa ndalama zoposa $250 pa sabata, ngakhale kuti ndalama zoposa $136bn zinali zitachotsedwa m'dzikoli ndi olingalira akuluakulu a mayiko ndi mayiko, olamulira.
Kusunthaku kunapweteka kwambiri anthu apakati omwe anali ongosauka kumene kwambiri. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati sanathe kupeza maakaunti awo kuti akwaniritse zochitika zamabizinesi. Mamiliyoni pakati pa anthu apakati olipidwa ankavutika kuti agule zakudya zofunika. Mavuto azachuma omwe adasokonekera adapangitsa kuti osati anthu ogwira ntchito okha, koma osauka omwe adalowa m'misewu.
Izi zotchedwa Argentinazo zinali kutsanulidwa kwa anthu modzidzimutsa ndipo sizinapangidwe ndi zipani zazikulu za ndale. Anthu adangochoka mnyumba zawo kuti akasonkhane mu likulu akumenya mapoto ndi mathalauza, kapena kutseka misewu yayikulu kukana kupita boma kukakambirana, m'malo mwake kuti boma libwere kwa iwo. Izi zinayamba pa Dec 19, 2001. M'masiku 12 otsatira, dzikolo linadutsa apurezidenti asanu ndi kulephera kulipira $95bn ya ngongole yake, ngongole yaikulu kwambiri m'mbiri.
IMF's Star Pupil
Anoop Singh, Mtsogoleri wa IMF wa Special Operations, wotsogolera nthumwi ku Argentina adalengeza mu Epulo 2002, รขโฌลMalingaliro athu, kulephera mu ndondomeko ya zachuma ndizomwe zimayambitsa mavuto omwe alipo.รข deta imasonyeza kuti kwenikweni mavuto sakanatha chifukwa cha ndondomeko zachuma. Zomwe IMF idalengeza ndi lingaliro lakuti boma siliyenera kuchulukitsa ndalama za boma, zomwe ndi zomwe Argentina idachita. Sikuti ndalama zapagulu sizinachuluke, zidadulidwa pakati pa 1993-2002. Chiwongoladzanja chokha cha ndalama za boma chinali kubweza chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole.
Zowona zake, vutoli lidakhazikika muzotsatira zambiri zomwe boma la Argentina lidatsatira pamawu a IMF kuphatikiza kuyika peso ku dola ya US, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malonda aku Argentina asapikisane, ndikuchotsa zotchinga kuti zitheke. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dziko la Argentina linali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakuwonjezeka kwa chiwongola dzanja chilichonse ku US. Kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa zisankho za US Federal Reserve zokweza mitengo yanthawi yochepa mu February 1994 kuchoka pa 3% mpaka 6%, komanso mavuto azachuma aku Mexico, ndi Brazil kuyambira 1995-1999, zonse zidasokoneza kwambiri chuma cha Argentina. .
IMF ikunena kuti zisankho zamalamulo zimapangidwa ndi maboma amayiko omwe amakasitomala ndipo siudindo wake. Mkanganowu ukunyalanyaza mfundo yoti IMF imakakamiza maboma kuti azitsatira malamulo awo powopseza kuti abweza ngongole. perekani ngongole zatsopano, kapenanso kupereka magawo angongole omwe adagwirizana kale, pokhapokha ngati dziko la Argentina litavomereza kuwononga mfundo zatsopano, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kulembanso malamulo ake kutanthauzira malamulo.
Mphamvu zomwe IMF imakhala nazo sizimachokera ku ngongole zomwe zimatha kubweza komanso chifukwa cha ubale wake wapamtima ndi dipatimenti ya US Treasury komanso udindo wake monga mtsogoleri wamakampani obwereketsa kuposa momwe angakane dziko lililonse lomwe likutukuka, mwayi wopeza ngongole. . Zikuganiziridwa kuti ngati IMF ikufuna kuyika ndalama m'dziko ena omwe ali ndi ndalama zapadera nawonso atsatira. Pomaliza, bungwe la World Bank ndi kaloti wolumikizidwa ku ndodo ya IMF. Banki Yadziko Lonse idakana kubwereketsa ndalama zokwana madola 700 miliyoni kuchokera ku Argentina mpaka itagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zatsopano za IMF zitalephera.
Akatswiri azachuma ambiri akuti dziko la Argentina linali ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa chuma chake popanda kuthandizidwa ndi IMF. Dzikoli linali mu 2002, kuchuluka kwa ngongole chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zochokera kunja. Kutsika kwa mtengo wa peso kunapangitsa kuti malonda awo a kunja apindule kwambiri ndipo dziko likhoza kuyika ndalama zake zotsalira mu ntchito za anthu kuti achepetse ulova. Chuma chikayamba kuyambiranso, ndalama zakunja zidzalowa chifukwa osunga ndalama safunikiranso kuopa kuwonongeka. M'malo mwake, izi ndi zomwe boma la US palokha lachita m'masiku otsika achuma.
Komabe, kuti izi zitheke, boma liyenera kuletsa kutuluka kwa ndalama, zomwe zingatanthauze mtundu wina wa kuwongolera ndalama. Izi zikusemphana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha IMF, chomwe chimayika kuletsa kuwongolera zachuma kukhala patsogolo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, thandizo lotchedwa thandizo kuchokera ku IMF, kupatsidwa malamulo ndi mikhalidwe yake, likhoza kuchepetsa kapena kunyalanyaza kuchira komwe Argentina ingathe.
Moyo Pambuyo Posasinthika:
Chofunikira kwambiri kuposa lingaliro la Argentina lokana IMF, yomwe andale ake opanda vuto akusunthanso, komanso kuthekera kwake kuti achotse ngongole, ndikusintha komwe kukuchitika mdera lomwe likuyembekezeka kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali. mphamvu.
Pamene anthu apakati a ku Argentina anataya mphamvu zawo zogula ndi malingaliro awo okhudza kukula kwachuma chifukwa cha chifundo cha likulu la mayiko, kufunafuna njira zina kunakula. Anthu aku Argentina ayamba kukonzanso kuchokera pamlingo wocheperako. โAsambleas barrialesโ kapena misonkhano yoyandikana nayo imachitika kaลตirikaลตiri monga masiku aลตiri aliwonse kapena mlungu uliwonse, osati kokha mโmalo ogwira ntchito komanso mโmadera a anthu apakati. Misonkhanoyi imakambirana chilichonse kuyambira momwe angayendetsere khitchini yophatikizana, mpaka momwe zotsatira zazaka zambiri zochotsera ndale zakhala. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, m'badwo wa achinyamata omenyera ufulu wawo walowerera ndale mofunikira. Chuma chosunthika mobisa mobisa chikuyenda bwino m'misika yoyandikana ndi anthu omwe amapatsidwa ndalama zogulira katundu ndi ntchito zomwe angapereke. Kuperewera kwa zinthu zopezeka kwa anthu miyandamiyanda omwe ali muumphawi kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha luso lawo komanso mzimu wogwirizana.
Mayendedwe a ogwira ntchito osagwira ntchito otchedwa รขโฌลpiquesterosรขโฌ akuchulukirachulukira. Ogwira ntchito alanda mabizinesi angapo omwe adasokonekera panthawi yamavuto apano ndipo akuwongolera okha. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa zimasinthidwa kukhala katundu kapena ntchito zina. Akupeza maukonde akulu ndi akulu oti asinthane nawo. Mu 2002, pafupifupi mafakitale 150 adalandidwa ndi antchito awo ndikusinthidwa kukhala ma cooperative kapena magulu. Izi zikuphatikizapo zomera za thalakitala, masitolo akuluakulu, nyumba zosindikizira, mafakitale a aluminiyamu ndi malo opangira pizza. Zosankha zokhudza ndondomeko ya kampani zimapangidwira pamisonkhano yotseguka, ndipo phindu limagawidwa mofanana pakati pa ogwira ntchito. M'miyezi yaposachedwa, "fabricas tomadas" ("mafakitale otengedwa") ayamba kugwirizanitsa pakati pawo ndipo ayamba kukonzekera "chuma chamgwirizano" chosakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito zobvala kuchokera kufakitale yotanganidwa, amasoka mapepala a chipatala chomwe chilipo; sitolo yaikulu ku Rosario, yomwe inasandulika kukhala mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito, imagulitsa pasitala kuchokera ku fakitale yomwe imakhala ndi pasitala.
Misonkhano yambiri yoyandikana nayo komanso magulu ang'onoang'ono andale adasankha kuti asachite nawo zisankho zomwe zidatha pa Meyi 18, 2003 ndi kusankhidwa kwa Nestor Kirchner, kazembe wosadziwika yemwe ali ndi maulalo ku boma lapitalo, ngati Purezidenti. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pokhapokha ngati Asambleas barriales ndi piquesteros sapanga mgwirizano wogwirizana pazandale zomwe angathe kusintha kwambiri adzakhalabe ochepa. Boma lawonjezera kuphwanya kwachiwawa kwa piquesteros posachedwa.
Kufunika kwa zochitika zaku Argentina
Nzika za ku Argentina (kapena Pakistani) sizosiyana ndi kukhala ndi ulamuliro wopondereza wa asilikali / anthu wamba, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi ngongole zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi. Padziko lonse lapansi, ubale wobwerezabwereza uwu pakati pa olamulira ankhanza ndi likulu ladziko lonse lapansi umakhala ndi cholinga chopanga anthu ukapolo chifukwa chokhala ndi ngongole zambiri pomwe amawakakamiza kuti atsegule misika yawo kuti achulukitse phindu la mayiko ambiri kudzera pakuwopseza kubweza ngongole ndi zina. Kusatetezeka kwa olamulira ankhanza ndi zosowa zawo. kuletsa kutsutsa konse ndi mwayi wowerengedwa bwino mu ubalewu ndi likulu la mayiko. Ubwino winanso ndi wakuti pamene olamulira ankhanza achotsedwa pa udindo, anthu a mโdzikolo amakhalabe ndi ngongole chifukwa ngongolezo zinatengedwa mโdzina lawo, posatengera kuti ngongolezi sizinathandize kwenikweni.
Pamene IMF ikufuna kuti chuma cha boma chikhazikitsidwe payekha zomwe zingapangitse kuti anthu azikhala osagwirizana, boma lathu limangoyankha ndikupempha kuleza mtima. IMF ikukankhira kugulitsa kwa Habib Bank Limited, ndipo kukana kokha komwe boma la Pakistani lingapereke ndikuti ndondomekoyi siingathe kumalizidwa ndi nthawi yomwe IMF inanena, June 30. bajeti ya รขโฌหlamulo ndi dongosoloรขโฌโข.
Chiwawa chowonjezereka m'dera lathu ndi zotsatira zachindunji cha polarization yodabwitsa yomwe yachitika monga masukulu, zipatala, chakudya chamagulu awiri komanso chiyembekezo cha ntchito zachoka kutali ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Pakistani. Ntchito zomwe zipatala zathu zaboma ndi masukulu zimatipatsa ngakhale ndalama zagawidwe zomvetsa chisoni, zosakwana 5% za thanzi ndi maphunziro zitaphatikizidwa, ndizodabwitsa (51% ya bajeti yathu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwereketsa ngongole). Titha kungoganizira momwe dongosololi lingakhalire ndi ndalama zokwanira. Kuponya anthu ambiri m'ndende, komanso apolisi ochulukirapo m'misewu ndiye kuti kungangowonjezera vutolo. Monga momwe Delia Garcilazo de Rรos, yemwe mwana wake anaphedwa ndi alonda a ndende, akunenera, โKuponderezedwa ndi apolisi ndi malipiro ochepa ndi njira zodzilamulira. Anthu akamapempha zinthu motchingidwa kapena kuguba ndipo pali mwana yemwe wathyola zenera, timachita zachiwawa. Koma ndikufunsa kuti chiwawa ndi chiyani, wachinyamata kufa ndi njala, mwana kuomberedwa kumbuyo, kapena ngati tathyola zenera? Zenera ndi chinthu chakuthupi, ukhoza kuchikonza, moyo sungathe kubwereranso.โ
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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