Ngakhale malipoti atolankhani amayang'ana kwambiri mayiko ambiri omwe akulimbana ndi kufalikira kwa SARS, sizikuyimira chiwopsezo chachikulu pazachipatala padziko lachitatu. Paziwopsezo zake zonse, SARS ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi chiwopsezo chowopsa chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa machitidwe athu azachipatala ku umbombo wamakampani opanga zamankhwala ndi zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwachangu kwa chithandizo chamankhwala komwe kukuchitika ndi makasitomala a IMF kukuwopseza kusiya anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi pachiwopsezo cha matenda osiyanasiyana chifukwa chithandizo choyenera chaumoyo chikuchoka pamalo omwe sangafikire. Magazini azachipatala amadzitama kuti apita patsogolo kwambiri mโchidziลตitso cha sayansi ponena za thupi la munthu, koma anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse akumwalira ndi matenda ochiritsika kotheratu monga TB ndi malungo.
Ngakhale kuti dziko lonse lapansi likuyang'ana ku Iraq komanso kunyozetsa bungwe limodzi lapadziko lonse lapansi, lomwe ndi UN, kuwononga mwadala bungwe lina lapadziko lonse lapansi ndi US sikunatchulidwe konse. Bungwe la WTO, malinga ndi momwe bungwe la Bush likuwonera unilateralist, lidapitilira phindu lake, ndipo malo olandirira anthu ogulitsa mankhwala adapereka chilimbikitso kuti athetse izi.
Zowona, zonse za UN ndi WTO ndizo zida za mfundo za US. Amatumikira chifuno chothandiza cha kuvomereza zosankha zochitidwa ku likulu labungwe ku New York kapena ku Washington monga chifuno cha maiko onse oloลตetsedwamo. Komabe, chifukwa chokhala ndi mamembala ambiri kuposa a World's Sole Superpower, onse a UN ndi WTO nthawi zina amakakamizika kuwonetsa malingaliro adziko lapansi omwe akukwera motsutsana ndi nkhondo komanso kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kopanda malire. Ili ndi tchimo lomwe adasiyanitsidwa ndi utsogoleri wa Bush wosaleza mtima.
Pankhani ya WTO, kuchulukirachulukira kuyambira ku Seattle 1998, kudakakamiza WTO kuti ivomereze mgwirizano ku Doha 2001 pomwe mayiko osauka atha kuitanitsa mankhwala amtundu uliwonse ngati pangakhale vuto lalikulu laumoyo wa anthu monga Edzi ku Africa. Pali 29.4m makamaka anthu osauka kwambiri omwe pano ali ndi Edzi ku sub-Saharan Africa. Miyoyo yambiri ingapulumutsidwe ngati agwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a generic omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo kuwirikiza zana kuposa omwe makampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala amalipira.
Pambuyo povomerezana koyamba ndi Doha Declaration, yomwe inali zotsatira za kuchonderera kochokera kwa mayiko ovutika komanso kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kwa mabungwe a udzu, United States inaganiza zochoka pa Feb, 2003. Ndalama zokwana madola 60 miliyoni zoperekedwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala. Kupambana pamasankho a Republican sikunapite pachabe. Mphamvu zamabizinesi ku White House ndizambiri. Pfizer, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yaku US padziko lonse lapansi, inali imodzi mwamakampani omwe adalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kutsutsa Doha. VP Corporate Affairs for Pfizer, yemwe ankagwira ntchito mu ofesi ya US Trade Representative, adanena kuti Pfizer "ndi womasuka ndi zomwe boma la US latenga"
Ndi chiyani chomwe chili pachiwopsezo pano? Makampani opanga mankhwala ndi amodzi mwa opindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe phindu liri pa 18.5%. Pfizer, mwachitsanzo, si mtsogoleri wamakampani opanga mankhwala, koma ndi imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu padziko lapansi. Ndi mtengo wamsika wa $ 180bn, Pfizer ili pachisanu mwamakampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Makampani opanga mankhwala ali ndi chuma chake chifukwa cha zolepheretsa kwambiri kulowa, kuphatikizapo ndalama zambiri komanso kachitidwe ka patent. Mwachiwonekere ma Patent amaperekedwa kwa makampani opanga mankhwala kuti awalole kubweza chuma chomwe adayika mu R&D. Kwa zaka zambiri, makampani opanga mankhwala avomereza kukwera mtengo kwa mankhwala potchula zinthu zambiri zomwe zimafunikira kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira chitukuko chawo.
Komabe, zakhazikitsidwa zaka zingapo tsopano kuti ziwerengero zawo za R&D zaphulika, komanso kuti amawononga ndalama zambiri pakutsatsa kuposa pa R&D. Kuwunika kwa chidziwitso chamisonkho kukuwonetsa kuti mu 2002 Merck idagwiritsa ntchito 13% ya phindu lake pakutsatsa ndipo 5% yokha pa R&D, Pfizer adawononga 35% pakutsatsa ndipo 15% yokha pa R&D, ndipo makampani onse adawononga 27% malonda ndi 11% pa R&D.
M'malo mwake, m'zaka za m'ma 80-90s oyang'anira amayang'ana kwambiri luso lofunikira, makampani ambiri azamankhwala adazindikira kutsatsa ndi kutsatsa monga luso lawo lalikulu m'malo mwa R&D kapena kupanga. Iwo anali okondwa kupereka R&D ina kwa ma subcontractors.
Kuphatikiza apo, R&D nthawi zambiri imathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa m'mayunivesite kapena kudzera muzopereka zaboma kumakampani, zomwe makampaniwo amaphatikiza pamtengo wonse. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la Medicins Sans Frontiere (Madokotala Opanda Malire), bungwe la madokotala odzifunira omwe amagwira ntchito mโmayiko osauka kwambiri, linanena kuti ngakhale kuti makampani opanga mankhwala amawononga ndalama zokwana madola 800 miliyoni kuti apange mankhwala atsopano, kafukufuku wa Global TB. Alliance, imayika pafupifupi $240m ndi pafupifupi $40m.
Chifukwa chake, ogula padziko lonse lapansi, koma makamaka m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene monga Pakistan amalipira mitengo yokwera kwambiri yamankhwala otetezedwa a patent amalipira kwambiri kutsatsa komwe makampani opanga mankhwala achita kulimbikitsa mitundu imeneyo m'malo mofufuza. Izi zikunama kulungamitsidwa kofunikira kwa chitetezo cha patent.
Kuzungulira kwa Doha kunalola ena, osati onse, maiko osauka kudutsa polipira chitetezo cha patent. Kuyang'ana kuchokera ku kampani yopanga mankhwala munthu amazindikira kuti pali ngozi yeniyeni mu izi. M'kanthawi kochepa izi zikanapulumutsa miyoyo mamiliyoni angapo m'dziko lachitatu. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi zikanalimbikitsa kufunikira kwa mankhwala amtundu uliwonse komanso kusintha kwa chitetezo cha patent, gwero la chuma chamakampani akuluakulu awa. Masamu sadaphatikizepo makampani opanga mankhwala kotero adakoka pulagi pa mgwirizano wa Doha.
Kusuntha kwa makampaniwa pofuna kuteteza malire awo a phindu la 18.5%, pamtengo wa miyoyo ya mamiliyoni ambiri m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kumangokhala konyansa kwambiri pamene munthu ayang'ana zomwe akuluakulu amalipidwa popanga ndondomeko zoterezi. GlaxoSmithKline, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa Pfizer, ikufuna kulipira CEO wake ยฃ22million polipira. Iye anali mkulu wolipidwa kwambiri ku Britain mu 2002.
Pofuna kupewa kutsutsa kwina, m'machitidwe odziwika kwambiri, makampani opanga mankhwala apereka mankhwala kumayiko angapo posachedwa. Kusuntha koteroko sikumapangitsa kusiyana kulikonse m'njira yokhazikika yomwe makampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala amasandutsira mavuto kukhala madola. Malinga ndi Medecins sans Frontieres. "Tikukamba za kupereka mankhwala kwanthawi yayitali pafupifupi 90% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Simungathe kuchita ndi izi pamaziko a zopereka. Sizichitika zenizeni. Njira zothetsera vutoli ziyenera kupezeka m'malo amalonda. " Ndipo ndi m'bwalo lamalonda, malo okhawo omwe ali ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali, kuti makampaniwa amatsutsa kusintha kulikonse komwe kungalole mwayi waukulu kudziko lachitatu. Makampani opanga mankhwala akuluakuluwa amathandizidwa pantchito yawo ndi akatswiri ena azachipatala padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kupeza phindu lofanana ndi odwala omwe akusowa thandizo. Pamene kuthekera kwa kukula kwa gawo lopanga zinthu kukucheperachepera, ndi m'magawo azachipatala, monga zaumoyo ndi maphunziro, padziko lonse lapansi komwe likulu la mayiko likuyang'ana mwayi wopeza mwayi.
Gawo loyamba lothandizira kubisala anthu wamba lachitika ku Britain mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a Public Finance Initiatives (PFI), omwe amavomereza kuyika ndalama zabizinesi m'maboma. Ngakhale kuti njirazi zalephereka, boma la Britain likulimbikira modabwitsa motsutsana ndi malingaliro odziwika.
Mu 2002, a George Monbiot, mtolankhani waku Britain, adanenanso kuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa ma PFI ayamba kukhala msika waukulu wogulitsa kunja ku UK. Ayenera kukhala amoyo mwanjira ina ku UK kuti akagulitsidwe kunja. Iye akulemba momwe kuyambira 1996, boma la Britain lakhala likutumiza nthumwi kuti zitsimikizire boma la South Africa kuti ndondomeko yazachuma yachinsinsi inali "kupititsa patsogolo ntchito" m'zipatala ndi zina. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zogulitsa ku mayiko ena ndi chakuti "zochuluka kwambiri zaukadaulo" zakhala "zayesedwa ndikuyesedwa ku UK".
Atangolowa muudindo, boma la Tony Blair lidatumiza ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yaku UK yazaumoyo ku South Africa kuti ikakwaniritse mgwirizanowu. Mu 2000 South Africa inasaina pangano loyamba lachipatala cha PFI. Inde, makampani omwe "adayesa ndi kuyesa" chitsanzo ku Britain adapeza makontrakitala opindulitsa.
Ndipo pamene akupitiriza kuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, boma la UK, mokakamizidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa PFI kunyumba, likupitiriza kufufuza njira zina. Mu 2000 boma la UK linatumiza gulu kuti likaphunzire zachipatala ku Cuba. Cuba ili ndi dongosolo lachitukuko cha anthu komwe chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi chaulere kwa onse ndipo mtundu wonse wa dongosolo lake ndi pakati pa zabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndiwotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso woleza mtima, ndendende zotsatira zomwe UK NHS ikufuna. Zaumoyo zimawononga ยฃ 750 mutu pachaka ku UK poyerekeza ndi ยฃ 7 ku Cuba. Pali dokotala wabanja m'modzi mwa anthu 500-700 ku Cuba, poyerekeza ndi mmodzi wa 1,800-2,000 ku UK. Cuba yaying'ono kwambiri ili ndi masukulu 21 azachipatala, pomwe Britain ili ndi 12.
Makanema akuluakulu amakampani sangatilole kuti tifanizire zabwino kapena zoyipa zachitetezo chaumoyo ku Cuba, pomwe tikuwonetsa kubisala ngati njira yothetsera mavuto omwe amakhudzana ndi ndalama zokwanira zaboma kuposa kufooka komwe kwachitika m'dongosolo laumoyo wa anthu. Monga ife ku Pakistan, timapereka 2.8% yochepa ya bajeti yathu kumagulu azaumoyo pomwe 40% yochulukirapo ikupita kuchitetezo tiyenera kuwunikanso zofunikira izi.
Boma lidakhazikitsa ma Board of Governor pophunzitsa zipatala ku Punjab, zomwe zidayambitsa kufalikira komanso kupitiliza chipwirikiti. A BOGs ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zodziwiratu makamaka zokhudzana ndi kulemba ntchito / kuwombera antchito ndi madokotala, kugulitsa katundu ndi katundu, komanso kubwereketsa bungwe lina lililonse kuti ligwire ntchito iliyonse ya BOG. Otsutsawo amanena kuti ma BOGs ndi sitepe yoyamba yogulitsa zipatala za boma zomwe zinabweretsedwa ndi tsiku lomaliza la WTO ku Pakistan ndi mayiko ena kuti adziwe ngati gawo lathu la zaumoyo likupezeka kuti lipeze ndalama zapadziko lonse.
Poyankha zionetserozi boma la Punjab lidakhazikitsa bungwe loyang'anira Justice Mujadid Mirza, lomwe lidapereka lipoti lake kwa Nduna Yaikulu ya Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi pa Jan 31. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti bungweli limalimbikitsa kuchotsedwa kwa BOGs. Boma la Punjab lakana kufalitsa lipotili mpaka pano.
Ngati kupangidwa kwa ma BOG mu zipatala zophunzitsira ku Pakistan sikulimbikitsidwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwa mayiko ndi a m'deralo kuti atsegule gawo la zaumoyo kuti likhale ndi ndalama zapadera, boma lilibe chilichonse chotaya pofalitsa lipoti la komiti. Ngati ikukhulupirira kuti pali vuto lothandizira zipatala, liyenera kutsegulira zokambirana pankhaniyi.
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