Gwero: The Analysis
Mwachiwonekere, nzeru zathu m'chaka chino, kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, zidatiuza kuti a ku China anali ndi nkhawa kuti Purezidenti Trump, poyesa kukwiya ndi kusokoneza ndondomeko yomwe idzamuchotse paudindo pambuyo pa chisankho, kuti angafune. kupanga nkhondo ngati chododometsa. Sitinamvepo, ndipo ndikukayika kuti ngati zili choncho, aku China anali ndi nkhawa kuti Purezidenti Trump, poyambirira, adzayambitsa zida zanyukiliya. Sitinamvepo zimenezo. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizokayikitsa kuti adazikhulupirira, ndipo ndizokayikitsa kuti zikadachitika, makamaka kuwukira kwanyukiliya.
Zimene tamva n’zakuti a ku China anali ndi nkhawa ndipo anakambitsirana zimenezi ndi Gen. [Mark] Milley, kuti adzachitapo kanthu pankhondo zimene zidzadzetsa mikangano yankhondo, imene ingapitirire ku nkhondo yotheratu, ndipo pamaso pa Milley; anali ndi nkhawa kuti zomwe amawopa zitha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti angafune kubisala, mwina.
Ndiroleni ine, kuchokera pamwamba pa mutu wanga, ndipereke chitsanzo cha izo. Ngati Purezidenti adalengeza kuti pakudzipereka kwathu kuteteza Taiwan, tikukonzekera kubwerera ku Taiwan ndi gulu lankhondo, gulu lankhondo la Marine, kapena oyendetsa ndege, kapena chilichonse chomwe chili mbali ya izo, zomwe zingayambitse kuukira koyambirira, osati nyukiliya. kuukira, ndithudi, koma kuwukira komwe kungalepheretse kuthekera kwa Taiwan kukhalanso maziko. Ndipo izi zitha kukhala kuwukira komwe kungaphatikizepo ovulala aku US, omwe mwachiwonekere angachuluke mwachangu.
Tsopano, Milley anatenga nkhawa Chinese mozama, ndipo monga chinachake osati neurotic, wopenga, ndipo sakanakhoza kuthetsedwa ndi chitsimikizo chilichonse, koma monga chinachake zochokera zochitika zaposachedwapa ndi kuwerenga kwawo za mkhalidwe umene ukhoza kukhala bata ndi chitsimikizo chake. Chitsimikizo chake chinali chakuti Purezidenti sakanatha kuchitapo kanthu, ndikuganiza, popanda kutengapo mbali kwa Purezidenti wa Ogwira Ntchito Ogwirizana ndi mamembala ena a usilikali. Ndipo tanthauzo lake linali kudzakhala kukhazika mtima pansi; sakanalola kuti chiwopsezo chilichonse chichitike.
Tsopano, monga otsutsa angapo anenera, ndipo mu nkhani iyi, molondola, iye anali, mpaka pamene iye ankatanthauza kuti akhoza kuletsa Pulezidenti kuchita zimenezi. Iye anali kulosera zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo komanso zoletsedwa ndi iye kapena enawo. Pansi pa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, palibe msilikali, kuphatikizapo, komanso palibe Mlembi wa Chitetezo, amene angachotse chigamulo cha Mtsogoleri Wamkulu; kuti chitetezo cha United States, chitetezo cha dziko la United States, chimafuna mtundu wina wankhondo.
Purezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zochitira izi. Malinga ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, zikuphatikizapo zida za nyukiliya. Anthu ena anenapo, pamene oyambitsa adayika chilengezo cha nkhondo m'manja mwa Congress, zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo, sanawonere zida za nyukiliya. Komabe, Constitution idakali momwemo. Purezidenti kumbali yake akhoza kuthetsa ziwawa kapena angasankhe zochita pankhondo.
Milley akutiuza, kwenikweni, zatuluka kudzera mwa Woodward ndi ena. Ndikuganiza kuti anali wokonzeka kuchita zosemphana ndi zimenezo ndi kuteteza mtunduwo ku zinthu zamisala kapena zoopsa kwambiri zochitidwa ndi mkulu wawo wamkulu. Kungakhale kusamvera. Ndipo udali mlandu womwe umafuna kusamvera. Atha kuchotsedwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo ndikulowa m'malo ndi munthu wina yemwe angamvere malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndikuwatsatira. Titha kuganiza kuti munthuyo, nayenso, akukana ndikukhala ndi zotsatira za Saturday Night Massacre. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti Purezidenti ali ndi luso limeneli.
Makamaka, zomwe Milley sananene ndikuti adauza Gen. Li [Zuocheng], kapena aku China, kuti aletsa izi, kungoti atenga nawo gawo pachigamulocho. Izo sizinatchulidwe kwenikweni. Koma sizikutanthauza kuti pamapeto pake sakanachita zimenezo kapena kuti wolowa m’malo mwake sakanachita zimenezo.
Tsopano, iye, mwa kuyankhula kwina, adawona kuti izi ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo takhala tikukumana nazo kale. Unalidi mkhalidwe wowopsa. Monga Li adadandaula, aku China ndi enawo, inde, zochitika zambiri zikanatheka zomwe zikanati, malinga ndi ndondomeko zamakono ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa, zingayambitse nkhondo ya nyukiliya yoopsa pakati pa US ndi China, yomwe ikanakhala yochepa. pa mulingo umodzi kapena umzake mbali imodzi kapena inayo kumabwerera kumbuyo. Ndipo zokumana nazo zikuwonetsa kuti zitha kukhala zotheka, koma osati kuti ndizotsimikizika kuti tikhala ndi njira yopitira patsogolo.
Tsopano takhala tiri kuno m'njira yowopsa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri aku America amaganiza, ngakhale akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akamalemba za izi, kuti nthawi imodzi yomwe dziko lapansi lidakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhondo yanyukiliya yonse inali gawo lomaliza la Crisis Missile Crisis. Iwo sankadziwa zimenezo kwa nthawi yaitali. Atamva kuti anthu amene ali pansi pawo anali pafupi kuukirana ndi sitima zapamadzi, ndege, m’katimo, amanena kuti tinalidi pafupi ndi nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Ndipo iwo amaganiza kuti imeneyo ndi nthawi yokha. Zimenezo sizoona.
Choyamba, vuto la 1958-59 ku Taiwan adakhulupirira kuti ndi Mlembi Wachiwiri wa Boma, Christian Herter, kuti anali vuto loyamba la nyukiliya komanso lofanana ndi lomwe linatsatirapo, Cuban Missile Crisis. Ndi momwe iye amaonera. A US adaganiza kuti ali pafupi, komabe anali kupita patsogolo. Poyang'ana m'mbuyo, tikudziwa kuti sizinali zoopsa chifukwa China ndi Russia zinalibe cholinga chololeza kuti zifike patali, koma sitinadziwe zimenezo. Chifukwa chake, tinali kuchita zomwe atsogoleri athu amaganiza kuti zitha kuyambitsa nkhondo yanyukiliya.
Koma mu 1983, ndinganene kuti tinayandikira kwambiri - pafupi kwambiri kuposa Crisis Missile Crisis, ngakhale - ku nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Ndipo ndi anthu ochepa aku America omwe akudziwa, ngakhale pali mabuku angapo okhudza nkhaniyi tsopano omwe amalowa mwatsatanetsatane, nkhondo ya 1983 ikuwopsyeza kapena tcheru. Ndikhoza kuthera nthawi yochuluka ndikupita ku zoopsa za izo; ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale. Koma ndiroleni ndingopereka zenizeni, zomwe zikugwiranso ntchito lero.
Tidadziwa zaka pambuyo pake; tidaphunzira kuchokera pakuwunika kwathu kwa nzeru zathu kuti zomwe wolakwa adatiuza kale zinali zolondola. Kuti [Yuri] Andropov, Purezidenti Wapampando, mu Soviet Union panthawiyo, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa KGB - ndipo m'chaka chomaliza cha moyo wake, kwenikweni, ndikuganiza kuti sizikugwirizana ndi momwe amayembekezera kapena zomwe amayembekeza, koma anali kupitiriza. makina a dialysis m'chipatala akuchita zomwe adasankha ndipo anamwalira patatha chaka chimodzi. Anali wotsimikiza kuti Ronald Reagan akukonzekera kugunda koyamba, kuti nkhani yake yokhudza ufumu woipa komanso kufunika kolimbana ndi Soviet Union pamaziko a mphamvu, pamodzi ndi chinachake chimene Andropov ankachidziwa, ndipo ambiri a ku America sanatero; Reagan anali kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri m'malire a Soviet Union, kutumiza ndege zoyang'anira m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena pafupi ndi gombe, kusokoneza ndege zawo, kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kutchula Soviets, kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta, kuwaika. kusalinganiza njira imodzi kapena imzake. Zoyesayesa zomwe zinali zachinsinsi kwambiri moti anthu ambiri m’boma sanali kuzidziŵa n’komwe panthaŵiyo. Koma iwo ankawoneka ngati kuzindikira koyamba kunyalanyazidwa.
Ndipo, zowonadi, Reagan panthawiyo anali nawo pagulu lalikulu kwambiri la zida zanyukiliya zomwe zidachitikapo. Panali zomanga pansi pa [Dwight] Eisenhower, zomanga pansi pa [John F.] Kennedy, ndipo pambuyo pake zomanga pansi pa mapurezidenti aposachedwa. Koma uku kunali, kwa nthawiyo, kumanga kwakukulu komwe kunayamba kwakhalako. Ndipo zidali makamaka mu zida zomwe zidapangidwira kumenyedwa koyamba, zida zolondola kwambiri zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziwukire zida zolimba za Soviet, zomwe zikanatheka kumenya koyamba. Zikadakhala zopanda mphamvu zomwe zidachitika pambuyo poti mizinga ya Soviet idasiya ma silo awo. Chifukwa chake mwina angapite patsogolo poyembekezera kuti a Soviet atsala pang'ono kumenya mwadala kapena mopanda buluu.
Ndipo ngakhale izi zinali kutali kwambiri ndi malingaliro a purezidenti aliyense amene akubwera, zomwe ndikudziwa, Andropov sanali wotsimikiza za izi. Andropov, kwenikweni, ankakhulupirira kuti masewera olimbitsa thupi mu NATO - Able Archer exercise (mu 1983) - anali, kwenikweni, chivundikiro, mwina choyamba. Zimenezo zinali kutali ndi zenizeni. Ndipo komabe, tinali kuchita ngati tikukonzekera sitiraka yoyamba. Reagan atadziwa zimenezi pamapeto pake, anadabwa kuti: “Kodi akanakhulupirira bwanji zimenezi? Ndipo iye anatengera lingaliro la momwe zinaliri zoopsa kuti iwo akhulupirire izo.
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, pokhulupirira izi, Andropov adakhazikitsa luso lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe silinachitikepo m'mbiri ya dziko ndi aliyense. Kuti tidziwe zanzeru zakumenyedwa koyambirira, komwe kukuyandikira ku US. Chifukwa chake padziko lonse lapansi, anali ndi othandizira omwe amatsata zizindikiro zosatha, kuphatikizapo m'dera la DC, zinali zowunikira usiku, mu Dipatimenti ya Boma ndi Pentagon, ndi magalimoto, ngakhale kumapeto kwa sabata, zinthu monga choncho. Chiwerengero chochuluka cha [inaudible 00:12:22], chilichonse chomwe chimawoneka ngati tcheru chamtundu uliwonse kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi apadera omwe adachenjezedwa. Palibe chomwe chingakhale chowopsa kwambiri munthawi ya zida zanyukiliya, chifukwa makamaka mbali zonse ziwiri zinali ndi makina a tsiku la doomsday kuyambira chapakati pa 60s kupita mtsogolo.
Chifukwa chake cholinga chakuchita kwanzeru kumeneku, komwe kunalibe cholinga china koma kukonzekera kuwukira koyambirira. Apo ayi, chifukwa chiyani? Ngati muwukiridwa, sizipanga kusiyana kulikonse, kwenikweni, koma mbali zonse zimakhulupirira kuti chenjezo lingakhale lothandiza ngati lingakupangitseni kuti musawononge izi. Izi ndi zoona, ndizoopsa kwambiri, koma koposa zonse, zimakhala zosavuta kuchenjeza zabodza zamtundu wina zomwe zachitika nthawi zambiri mbali zonse kuchokera ku machitidwe ochenjeza, radar yamagetsi, satellite reconnaissance yomwe timaumirira. Adzatiuza kuti magalimoto a adani ali m'njira. Sangobwera tsiku limodzi kapena sabata, koma ali m'njira. Ndi pafupifupi mochedwa kwambiri kuchita chirichonse pa izo. Tikukonzekera kuchitapo kanthu pochotsa mivi yathu pansi nkhondo za adani zisanachitike ndikupeza zida zawo zambiri zomwe sizinayambitsidwebe. Mbali zonse ziwiri, ndikunena, zili panjira yopulumukira, yowopsa iyi. Mbali iliyonse yakhala ndi zidziwitso zabodza mobwerezabwereza zomwe zimati zida zoponya za adani zili m'njira, koma zidatsutsidwa kusanachitike kusanachitike.
Adakwera kwambiri - Nkhondo Yozizira itatha mu 1995, [Boris] Yeltsin atauzidwa kuti mzinga wa adani unali paulendo wopita ku Moscow, ndipo mwamwayi, sanachitepo kanthu mpaka atakhala ndi nthawi yoti adziwe kuti sizinali choncho. kwenikweni, pa ulendo wake wopita ku Moscow. Unali mzinga wanyengo umene unamasuliridwa molakwika.
Mu 1983, ndiye, pakati pa chikhulupiliro cha Andropov kuti masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe akubwera posachedwa a NATO akhoza kukhala chivundikiro choyamba. [Stanislav] Petrov, msilikali wa ku mbali ya Soviet, yemwe anali woyang'anira kuyang'anira machenjezo ochokera ku makina ochenjeza a satellite, anali m'nyumba yoyang'anira pafupi pakati pa usiku. Iye sankayenera kukhala kumeneko usiku umenewo, koma winawake anali atadwala, ndipo iye anatenga malo amenewo. Magetsi ofiira anayamba kuwala. Ma alarm anali kulira. Mizinga inali panjira: choyamba mzinga, ziwiri, ndi zina zingapo. Panali maulendo a missile kuchokera ku US kupita ku Soviet Union. Pamapeto pake, ndikuganiza kuti pa XNUMX, adadzuka. Panthawiyi, onse omwe anali pansi pake ankamuuza kuti atsimikizire akuluakulu ake kuti akuukira. Petrov sanali wotsimikiza. Chifukwa chimodzi, anali kuyembekezera kuti awone zisonyezo zochokera kwa mtsogoleri wa ma radar apansi ngati mizingayo ili m'njira, monga chenjezo la satellite likuwonekera. Sanali kusonyeza zimenezo koma ndi uti amene anali wolondola? Zomwe sizinali kuwonetsa kapena zomwe zikuwonetsa?
Petrov anali wachipembedzo, ndipo chinthu chimodzi chimene ananena pambuyo pake, anakhulupirira kuti kukakhala kotsutsana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu kuphulitsa dziko lapansi ngati sikunali kofunikira. Iye sananene kuti ngati akanakhulupirira za kuukirako, iye akanapeŵa kupereka chenjezo limenelo. Popeza sanali wotsimikiza kuti chinali chiwembu chenicheni, iye anauza akuluakulu ake bodza m’maso mwake. Iye adati ndi chenjezo labodza. Iye sankadziwa zimenezo. Akadamuuza, ndipo adandifotokozera izi ndikadalumikizana naye, akadamuuza zomwe amakhulupirira, kuti zinali 50/50, mwina, ndipo mwina sizingakhale. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti mu chikhalidwe cha tcheru kuti iwo anali, ndi chenjezo, ndi alamu, iwo akanatha preempted pa maziko 50/50, ndipo iye sanafune kutero. Pamene kunapezeka kuti palibe kuukira mzinga zinachitika - iye anali kuyembekezera yekha, mu mphindi khumi anamva, kuona zimene zinachitika. Iye anadzudzulidwa chifukwa chosauza akuluakulu ake zimene ankakhulupirira. Panali m'mbuyo ndi mtsogolo momwe adamuchitira. Pomalizira pake anakakamizika kupuma mofulumira ndi chinachake chonga ngati kusokonezeka kwamanjenje. Kenako ankakhala pa mbatata m’munda mwake; kunena zoona, akufotokozedwa mu zolemba za BBC ngati munthu amene adapulumutsa dziko lapansi, ndipo ndi zoona adachita.
Monga momwe Russian wina ku Cuban Missile Crisis wakhalanso mu zolemba ndi mutu womwewo. [Vasily] Arkhipov pa sitima yapamadzi yomwe idapulumutsa dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake tili ndi dziko lomwe limadalira Russian wachilendo, kapena wamkulu waku America pamalo oyenera panthawi yoyenera kuti achepetse njirayi.
Tsopano, tikamva za - mwa njira, Andropov ankaganiza kuti Reagan anali wamisala. Andropov ankaganiza kuti Reagan anali wosokonezeka ndi zokamba zake - ndipo anthu ambiri ku America akanagwirizana naye, moyenerera kapena molakwika. Izo zinali mu nkhani ya kumanga kwakukulu uku.
Pakali pano, Purezidenti wathu wakale, ndithudi, ankawoneka ngati wosokonezeka. Malinga ndi Milley, General, zatuluka tsopano m'masiku otsiriza kuti adakhulupirira kuti Purezidenti - anali Wapampando wa Mafumu Ogwirizana, akugwira ntchito ndi Purezidenti nthawi zonse. Amakhulupirira kuti Purezidenti Trump adatsika kwambiri m'maganizo kuyambira chisankhocho. Zikanakhala zoona, zikanakhala zomveka, si choncho? Chirichonse chimene iye akanakhala chisanachitike chisankho. Chisankho chimenecho ndi chochitika chokhumudwitsa kwambiri, monga momwe zinaliri kwa Hillary Clinton, mwachitsanzo, zaka zinayi m'mbuyomo. Zingathandize bwanji koma?
Mulimonsemo, sizodabwitsa kuti aku China anali ndi nkhawa kuti akukumana ndi Purezidenti wosakhazikika, wosokonezeka ku Donald Trump. Osati kusagwirizana kwathunthu - chabwino, kunena zoona, tiyeni tikambirane za kusinthana kumene kwangotuluka kumene. Kumbukirani, Purezidenti Trump anali akadali Mtsogoleri wamkulu panthawiyi, pa Januware 6. Pa Januware 8, ndikukhulupirira kuti anali; sipikala wa nyumbayi, Nancy Pelosi, tsopano akuti adagwirizana kuti adasinthana ndi Chairman wa Joint Chiefs kuti ndi wamisala, mukudziwa kuti simunganene. Wapenga. Milley anati kwa iye, Ndikugwirizana nawe kotheratu. Tsopano, izi ndizovuta kudziko lapansi ndipo zitha kuchitikanso ndi Purezidenti wina.
Mwa njira, osati kuwononga nthawi, koma ndi maphunziro omwe ndakhala ndikuchita kwa zaka 50 tsopano, machitidwe osakhazikika a Purezidenti ndi ochulukirapo kuposa momwe anthu aku America adawuzidwira. Sindipita kukathera nthawi pa izo tsopano. Ngakhale Purezidenti Kennedy, kuphatikizapo panthawi ya Missile Crisis, anali kupeza amphetamines panthawiyo, mozama, kuti mchimwene wake anali ndi nkhawa kwambiri.
Johnson, popanga zisankho za 1965, zomwe mukamadziwa zambiri za izi, ndipo ndikudziwa zambiri za izi, zimawoneka ngati zopenga kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa mukadziwa mawerengedwe enieni omwe anali kupangidwa. Panthawiyo, awiri mwa omuthandizira ake apamtima, Richard Goodwin, wolemba mawu wake ndi Bill Moyers ndipo pafupifupi [inaudible 00:23:53], aliyense anafika ponena kuti panthawiyo m'chaka cha '65, bwana wawo, Purezidenti [ Lyndon B.] Johnson, anali wosokonezeka maganizo ndipo anali wamisala. Iwo ankaona kuti sangakhulupirire ngati atanena izi kale. Pali umboni wochuluka wa izo.
[Richard] Nixon, makamaka m'masiku ake omaliza, adawonetsa zizindikiro zomwe zidapangitsa Mlembi wake wa Chitetezo kuchita ndendende zomwe General Milley adangochita. Ndipotu, Milley ndi zothandizira zake zimalongosola kuti zimakoka Schlesinger, ponena za Mlembi wa Chitetezo [James R.] Schlesinger, yemwe adauza akuluakulu ake ankhondo kuti asavomereze lamulo lochokera kwa Purezidenti lomwe silinapite ku Schlesinger. Ndikubwerezanso kuti ndi zosemphana ndi lamulo, udindo wake, lumbiro lake, ndi Constitution kuti achite zimenezo. Pa nthawi yadzidzidzi imeneyi, anaona kuti n’koyenera kutero, ndipo palibe amene anatsutsa zimenezo. Nixon ankamwa mowa kwambiri ndipo ankasonyeza kukhumudwa kwambiri pamene ankatsutsidwa. Apanso, zomveka, koma kuti anali Mtsogoleri wa Chief. Monga momwe Johnson adachitira mchaka cha '65.
Chifukwa chake tabwera pomwe pano Purezidenti akumva kuti palibe china chilichonse kupatula nkhondo chomwe chingamusunge paudindo. Nkhondo yaying'ono, koma ndi China, ikhoza kukhala nkhondo yayikulu.
Chabwino, kotero ndikunena, ndikukhulupirira, ndidzatengera zomwe tikudziwa tsopano, zomwe ndizochepa. Sindinapezebe bukhuli. Ifika sabata yamawa - wolemba Woodward pankhaniyi. Ndikuganiza poyang'ana m'mbuyo pa izi, tikhoza kunena bwino, osati kuti tinali pafupi ndi nkhondo ya nyukiliya chifukwa zikuwoneka kuti Pulezidenti wa Joint Chiefs ndi maofesala ena anali okonzeka kuchotsedwa ntchito, kusiya ntchito, kumangidwa kukhoti, mwina, osamvera izi. Anali tcheru. Titha kunena kuti panalibe mwayi waukulu, kupatula kuti Purezidenti adaperekadi anthu ngati [Mark] Esper ndi Mlembi wina wa Chitetezo, pamaziko a chikhulupiriro chake mu kukhulupirika kwawo kotheratu kwa iwo, zomwe zikadakhala choncho.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndikunena kuti inde, tili ndi dziko lamphamvu kwambiri la zida za nyukiliya zomwe, A, kusakhazikika kwa mtsogoleri, palibe chitsimikizo chidzalepheretsedwa kuyambitsa nkhondo yomwe imapha anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Chachiwiri, kuti ife - zimasonyeza chitsanzo changwiro kuti mtundu wa buildup ife tsopano kutsata, kuphatikizapo ICBM atsopano, sitima zapamadzi zatsopano ndi mivi yolondola kwambiri, monga zolondola kupha poukira preemptive, Russian zoponya kudzipha, monga ICBMs athu. Titha kugwira ntchito yofananira ndi zida zoponyera pompopompo monga ndi ma ICBM. Amangowonjezerapo, ndi zida zatsopano zapanyanja zowulutsidwa ndi ndege, zolondola kwambiri. Apanso, popanda cholinga china kuposa kuwononga ndi kuchotsera zida za mbali inayo. Zonsezi, ndipo aku Russia akuchita chimodzimodzi. Zonsezi m'nkhani yomwe tikuchotsa zida za mbali inayo sizingapite kumalo omwe amapulumutsa anthu ku chiwonongeko chifukwa sitima zapamadzi zomwe zili panyanja sizingathe kuwonongedwa ndi mbali zonse zomwe zingapulumutse chitukuko kuchiwonongeko ngati zitagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ayi, simungachotse zida za mdani. China sikuyesera kuchita izi. Palibenso mayiko ena asanu ndi limodzi okhala ndi zida zanyukiliya omwe akuyesa kuchita izi. US ndi Russia akadali - ndi chifukwa chiyani US chifukwa ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kupanga zida zimenezo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ma CEO a mabungwe ndi eni ake amapeza chuma, koma ntchito pafupifupi chigawo chilichonse mdziko muno zimadalira zida zimenezo. Zagawidwa dala ndi mgwirizano padziko lonse lapansi, kotero kuti pali nkhondo ngati malo olandirira alendo komanso madera kuti apitilize kupanga zida zamtundu womwewo zomwe ndi zida zoyambilira zomwe sizikukhudzana ndi kuletsa kuwukira kwa nyukiliya. Iwo ali ndi ubale wakunja ndi maubwenzi athu amgwirizano chifukwa timati ndi oteteza, ubale wa hegemonic ku West Europe ndi ogwirizana nawo ena chifukwa chofunitsitsa kuwateteza ndi zida izi. Kotero izo ndi zifukwa. Sizifukwa zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyika dziko pachiswe.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama