Nditamva kuti Salvador Allende anapambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku Chile mu September 1970 ndipo ankafuna kuti dziko lake lilowe mโgulu la sosholizimu mwamtendere, ndinaganiza zokachita maphunziro anga a udokotala ku Chile. Mu Meyi 1972, ndidapita kukachita maphunziro owopsa a Chisipanishi ku Cuernavaca m'boma la Mexican la Morelos, komwe kunali mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino wamba Emiliano Zapata yemwe moyo wake udasinthidwa kukhala filimu yowonetsa Marlon Brando yomwe ndidamuwona ndikuikonda ngati filimu. wachinyamata. Patatha milungu itatu, ndinaona kuti maphunzirowo andithandiza kuti ndiphunzire bwino Chisipanishi chimene ndinaphunzira kusukulu ya sekondale ku Philippines. Chotero, ndinakwera ndege kupita ku Santiago, ndikufika ku likulu la dzikolo mkati mwa nyengo yachisanu ya ku Chile, ndipo ndinalandidwa ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi ndi kumenyana kwa magulu andale otsutsa pambuyo pa zionetserozo. Nditanyamula masutukesi awiri, ndinayenda movutikira kuchoka pamalo okwerera mabasi kupita ku hotelo yotchuka ya Claridge, midadada ingapo kuchokera ku La Moneda, nyumba ya pulezidenti.
Zomwe ndinkayembekezera sizinachitike nditafika ku Santiago. Choyamba chinali choti ndizitha kuphunzira Chisipanishi changa cha โMexican-Filipinoโ. Zimenezi zikanathetsedwa kokha mwa kukambitsirana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi anthu aku Chile, ndipo posapita nthaลตi ndinaphunzira kumeza makonsonanti kumapeto kwa liwu, monga momwe zinalili mโChile. mao mu m'malo mwa za.
Chachiwiri chinali chakuti mutu wa dissertation wanga, leftist yokonzekera mu callampas, kapena kuti zisakasa, zinali zofunika kuzitsatira. Milungu ingapo ku Santiago inanditsutsa ponena za chisonkhezero cha kusintha chimene ndinasonkhanitsa ndikuลตerenga zochitika ku Chile mโmabuku akumanzere ku United States. Anthu omwe anali kumanzere ankakhala akusonkhanitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti azichita maulendo ndi misonkhano pakatikati pa Santiago, ndipo mowonjezereka, chifukwa cha izi chinali kutsutsana ndi ziwonetsero zokhazikitsidwa ndi kumanja. Anzanga anandibweretsa ku zochitika zimenezi, kumene kunali mikangano yowonjezereka ndi zigawenga zakumanja.
Revolution pa Chitetezo
Ndinawona chitetezo china pakati pa otenga nawo mbali pamisonkhanoyi komanso kusafuna kugwidwa ndekha powasiya, chifukwa choopa kuzunzidwa kapena kuipitsidwa ndi magulu oyendayenda a olungama. Kuukiraku, kunandiwonekera, kunali kudzitchinjiriza, ndipo ufulu unayamba kulamulira misewu. Kawiri kawiri ndidatsala pang'ono kumenyedwa chifukwa ndidalakwitsa powonera ziwonetsero zamapiko akumanja ndi Century, nyuzipepala ya Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, inandiika mโmanja mwanga. Nditayimitsidwa ndi achinyamata ena a Christian Democratic, ndinanena kuti ndinali wophunzira womaliza maphunziro ku yunivesite ya Princeton yemwe ankafufuza za ndale za ku Chile. Adandinyoza ndikundiuza kuti ndine m'modzi mwa "zigawenga" za Allende zomwe zidatumizidwa kuchokera ku Cuba. Ine ndikuganiza iwo ankaganiza kuti ndinali kuchita zoputa, ndi Century atayikidwa pansi pa mkono wanga. Mwamwayi, kufika mwadzidzidzi kwa mnzanga wa ku Mexico kunandipulumutsa ku kumenyedwa. Nthawi ina, mapazi anga adagwira ntchitoyo.
Nditayang'ana nkhope za makamu a mapiko a kumanja omwe anali azungu ambiri, ambiri a tsitsi la blond, ndinalingalira nkhope zomwezo zokwiya pa zionetsero za chipani cha Nazi zomwe zinagonjetsa misewu ya ku Italy ndi Germany. Awa anali anthu omwe ankayang'ana monyansidwa ndi zomwe ankazitcha kuti wosweka, kapena โothyoka,โ amene anadzaza zionetsero za mapiko a kumanzere, anthu akuda, ambiri a iwo mwachiwonekere a mโzigawo za mโdzikolo.
Ndinkafuna kuchita maphunziro a udokotala omwe angathandizire pagulu la omenyera ufulu m'nthawi yachisinthiko. Izi zidapitirizidwa ndi zochitika, ndipo ndinapanga chisankho chowawa choti ndichite, m'malo mwake, lingaliro lomwe cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa za kuwuka kwa kusintha kwachipongwe, chinthu chomwe chingakhale chofunikira kwambiri kwa openda ndi okonza opita patsogolo - komanso china chake chomwe chingachitike. kukhala kovuta chifukwa cha kukayikira kwa olondola zomwe wofunsayo waku Asia, yemwe akuti adachokera ku yunivesite ya American Ivy League, adachita.
Mโmiyezi ingapo yotsatira, ndinafunsa anthu onse amene ali kudzanja lamanja ndi mbali za kumanzere. Ena omwe adayankha kumanja adawona Allende ndi Unidad Popular (UP) ngati "boma laling'ono" pofuna kukakamiza ambiri mwa njira "zokayikitsa" zamalamulo. Ena ankaona โnjira yopita ku socialismโ ngati chiwembu chofuna kukakamiza โulamuliro wankhanza wa Stalin.โ Enanso anawona kukopa kwa anthu apakati kukhala โkuponderezana koyeraโ komwe kumatanthawuza kunyengerera anthu apakati kuti achite chidwi pamene gulu lamanzere likukonzekera โkuwononga demokalase.โ Ambiri mwa mapiko abwino omwe ndidawafunsa anali a Christian Democrats, omwe adawona omwe kale anali a Christian Democrats omwe adalowa nawo mu UP komanso a Christian Democrats abuluu ngati Radomiro Tomic, wopikisana ndi Allende mu zisankho za 1970, monga "anthu omwe adapusitsidwa ndi Achikomyunizimu.โ Pafupifupi onse anali atakhazikika mโmaganizo awo a kukayikirana kwakukulu, kunyoza, kapena kudana ndi kumanzere.
Kuyankhulana ndi anthu kumanzere kunabweretsa yankho lofanana: kuti magulu apakati anali kusokeretsedwa ndi kuyendetsedwa ndi mapiko amanja kuti akhulupirire kuti zofuna zawo zamagulu zinali ndi olemera osati ogwira ntchito. Ambiri amakhulupirira njira yosinthira ya Unidad Popular - kuti mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito, anthu apakatikati, ndi magawo ogwirizana ndi malamulo a anthu apamwamba ndiye njira yosinthira zinthu. Panali kuchotseratu zochitika zodziyimira pawokha zamagulu apakati, kuwawona ngati gulu lokhazikika lomwe lingayankhe zofuna zawo "zenizeni", zomwe zinali mu mgwirizano ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito.
Onani zenizeni ku Valdivia
Myopia wa malingaliro awa adatsindikitsidwa ndi kulimbana ndi mlimi wamng'ono, kapena pequeno Agricultor, kumโmwera kwa Chile. Ndinapita kwa Soggy Valdivia kumwera kwenikweni kwa Chile ndi mnzanga waku America, wolemba mbiri wakale Bill Blum yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala katswiri pakuchitapo kanthu kwa U.S. Dipatimenti ya Princeton Sociology. Pambuyo pa milungu ingapo yakufunsana mozama komanso kafukufuku wamakanema ku Santiago, ndinaganiza kuti ndipumulako pang'ono ndikusangalala ndi kuchereza kotchuka kwa Chile. Tinalandiridwa ndi manja awiri ndi mlimiyo ndi banja lake, kuphatikizapo mwana wamwamuna ndi ana aakazi aลตiri. mbuzi inaphedwa chifukwa cha ife, ndipo tinakhala pansi kuti tidye chakudya chamadzulo usiku wathu woyamba. Kenako wotilandirayo anayamba kutukwana Allende, nโkumutcha kuti anali chida cha Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu โchoika ulamuliro wake wankhanza ku Chile.โ Chipani cha Socialist cha Allende sichinali chabwino kuposa Chikomyunizimu, ndi Izquierda Cristiana, opangidwa ndi omwe kale anali a Christian Democrats omwe analoลตa gulu la Unidad Popular, anali โachiwembu.โ Mnzanga ndi ine tinasunga ndale zathu kwa ife tokha ndikuyesera kutsogolera zokambiranazo ku nkhani zopanda vuto. Ndinkafuna kuti ndimufunse za maganizo ake, ndinati, koma tikhoza kutero titatha kudya. Adanena bwino, koma patangopita mphindi zochepa, adayambanso kudana ndi kumanzere.
Tsiku lotsatira pa kadzutsa, nkhomaliro, ndi chakudya chamadzulo kunali kuchereza komweko komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi kutsutsa kwanthawi yayitali motsutsana ndi "achikomyunizimu omwe adzalanda chuma changa ndikuchipereka kwa wosweka.โ Pomaliza, pa chakudya chamadzulo pa tsiku lathu lachiwiri, sindinathenso kulekerera mndandanda wake wa "zolakwa za kumanzere" ndipo ndinati ndimaganiza kuti Allende akumenyera chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo kusintha kwa nthaka komwe amayesa kukankhira kungapindulitse alimi apakati monga iye. ndipo zingakhudze eni eni malo okhawo.
Anthu a ku Chile, ndinauzidwa kuti, atha kukhala ochezeka komanso ochereza mpaka atamva fungo la ndale zako, ndiyeno udzakhala bwenzi lapamtima kapena umakhala wonyozeka. Ine ndi bwenzi langa tinakhala osamvana, ndipo kusapemphedwa kwathu kudya chakudya chamโmaลตa mawa lake kunali chizindikiro choonekeratu chakuti Bill ndi ine tinali titachedwa mochedwa. Izi zinali zomvetsa chisoni, makamaka chifukwa chakuti tinali paubwenzi ndi ana aakazi aลตiri a mlimiyo.
Chochitika chimenechi chinandikumbutsa mmene makalasi a ku Chile anali a ghetto, mmene anthu a mโkalasi anapangitsira mipata yotereyi pakati pa anthu apamwamba, apakati, ndi antchito. Chile chigawikana pafupifupi zisankho pakati pa National Party, Christian Democratic Party, ndi a Unidad Wotchuka zinawonetsa mgwirizano wamagulu zomwe zinali zovuta kuzimitsa. Zomwe ndinakumana nazo ku Valdivia zinatsimikizira mantha anga aakulu, kutanthauza kuti Unidad Wotchuka anali atataya anthu apakati ndipo izi sizinachokere kwambiri ku zomwe ndondomeko zake zinali kwenikweni kusiyana ndi mantha aakulu kuti zopindula za ogwira ntchito ndi otsika zidzangobwera ndi ndalama zawo.
Kuopsa kwa gulu lapakati lotentha lomwe lidawona udindo wake ndi zokonda zake zikuwopseza kuchokera pansi, kukankhira ku malo otsutsana ndi kusintha kunatsimikiziridwa pamene ndinawerenga zomwe zinachititsa kuti Mussolini atenge ulamuliro ku Italy ndi kukwera kwa Hitler ku ulamuliro pa Weimer Republic. ku Germany.
Izi zimabweretsa funso la zomwe tingayembekezere kuchokera kwa anthu amgulu lapakati pamikangano yayikulu. Pakati pa anthu omasuka ndi opita patsogolo panthawiyo, zinali zachilendo kusonyeza anthu apakati monga bwenzi la ogwira ntchito ndi otsika mwachizoloลตezi ndi kulingalira kuti chinali mphamvu yaikulu ya demokalase. Koma Chile inasonyeza kuti, mosiyana ndi lingaliro limeneli, magulu apakati sali kwenikweni mphamvu za demokalase mโmaiko osatukuka. M'malo mwake, pamene magulu osauka akusonkhanitsidwa ndi ndondomeko yosintha zinthu, magulu apakati amatha kukhala maziko otsutsa, monga ku Germany ndi Italy m'ma 1920 pamene gulu lapakati linapereka asilikali oyenda pansi a magulu a fascist.
Chinali chodabwitsa chimene ndinakumana nachonso zaka 40 pambuyo pake, pamene ndinali ndi mpando wakutsogolo ku magulu a magulu apakati olimbana ndi boma losankhidwa la Yingluck Shinawatra ku Thailand. Yingluck anali woimira mchimwene wake Thaksin, yemwe adasintha ndale za Thailand polimbikitsa osauka akumidzi. Mothandizidwa ndi gulu lapakati komanso osankhika aku Thailand, asitikali adalanda mphamvu ku Thailand mu 2014, ndikuyambitsa zaka khumi za ulamuliro wankhondo.
Seymour Martin Lipset adatsutsa momveka bwino kuti gulu lapakati linali mphamvu ya demokalase m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Nditawona magulu otsutsana ndi magulu apansi ku Chile ndi Thailand, ndikuwona gulu loyang'anizana ndi Janus: mphamvu ya demokalase pamene ikulimbana ndi anthu osankhika omwe amateteza mphamvu zawo ndi mwayi wawo, mphamvu yochitapo kanthu pamene akukumana ndi magulu apansi omwe akufuna kusintha kusintha. za anthu.
Maudindo a Central Intelligence Agency, akuluakulu aku Chile, Chicago Boys, ndi asilikali a Chile omwe adagonjetsa Allende ndi kusintha kwa neoliberal ku Chile pansi pa Pinochet zalembedwa bwino komanso kuphunziridwa kwambiri. Komabe, pakhala pali maphunziro ochepa, kupatulapo malingaliro anga, okhudza gawo la anthu amgulu lapakati monga maziko ambiri otsutsana ndi kusintha. Komabe gulu la anthu okwiya apakati awa linali chimodzi mwazinthu zapakati pa ndale za Chile zomwe zidatsogolera ku chiwembu.
Kufotokozera Sept 11, 1973
Pambuyo pa kulanda kwa September 11, kusanthula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa tsokali ndi masitepe otsogolera kunayang'ana ntchito ya United States, yomwe inkawoneka ngati ikuwongolera kapena kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Pinochet ndi utsogoleri wa National and Christian Democratic Party. Kuti gulu lolimbana ndi zigawenga lomwe linali pakati pa chiwonongekocho limakonda kusiyidwa, kapena ngati sichoncho, chizoloลตezicho chinali kuchiona ngati mphamvu yoyendetsedwa ndi CIA ndi osankhika.
Chowonadi, komabe, chinali chakuti, mosiyana ndi mafotokozedwe omwe alipo kale a chigamulocho, chomwe chinati kupambana kwa Pinochet ndi kulowererapo kwa US ndi CIA, kutsutsa kunalipo kale kusanachitike kuyesayesa kwa US kusokoneza; kuti makamaka anatsimikiza ndi mkati kalasi mphamvu; ndi kuti, ngakhale popanda thandizo la Washington, anthu apamwamba a ku Chile adapeza wothandizira woopsa m'magulu apakati omwe ali ndi mantha ndi chiyembekezo cha magawo osauka omwe akukwera ndi ndondomeko yawo ya chilungamo ndi kufanana.
Mwachidule, kulowererapo kwa US kunachitika, koma zidayenda bwino chifukwa zidalowetsedwa munjira yotsutsana ndikusintha yomwe inali ndi maziko ake pakati. Zoyeserera za CIA zosokoneza zidali chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidathandizira kupambana kwamanja, osati otsimikiza. Ichi sichinali chinachake chimene opita patsogolo ankafuna kumva pamenepo, popeza ambiri ankafuna chithunzi chophweka chakuda ndi choyera, ndiko kuti, kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Allende kunakonzedwa kuchokera kunja, ndi United States.
Popeza ndinali kumanzere, ndinatha kumvetsa chifukwa chake ndale inkafuna kusonyeza zochitika zoterozo. Popeza ndinali katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, ndinazindikira kuti mkhalidwewo unali wovuta kwambiri. M'zolemba zanga za Chile ndi Thailand, ndidawunikira mikangano yapakati pamagulu olimbikitsa anthu kuti asasinthe, osanyalanyaza gawo la kulowererapo kwakunja kapena kupusitsa anthu osankhika. Cholinga changa ndi chosavuta koma chofunikira: kuchenjeza onse omwe akupita patsogolo ndi omenyera ufulu kuti tisanyalanyaze zochitika zamagulu amkati pazovuta zathu ndipo timakhutira ndi kufotokozera kosavuta.
kuchoka
Podzafika nthaลตi imene ndinachoka ku Chile cha mโMarch 1973, ndinali nditawona zochitika zazikulu ziลตiri mโkusinthasintha kwa anthu apakati kumanja: kumenyedwa kwa eni magalimoto angโonoangโono ndi maguba a akazi apakati akumenya mapoto ndi mapoto. Ufulu panthawiyo unkalamulira misewu, kukwera ziwonetsero pambuyo pa ziwonetsero ndikuyika anthu odziwika ndi Unidad Wotchuka kuzunzidwa ndi kukwapulidwa. Kumanzere kudali ziwonetsero, ndipo misewu idamvekabe ndi nyimbo yachisangalalo, "El que no salta es momioโ (โIye amene sadumpha ndi wongopekaโ), koma mtima wodziteteza unali utakula.
Ndinaona kuti pangopita nthawi kuti ogwirizana achitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi gululi Unidad Wotchuka boma. Momwe zikanachitira izi komanso ngati zikanakhala zopambana anali mafunso omwe sindikanatha kuyankha pamenepo. Komabe ndinadabwa ndi mmene zinthu zidzakhalire zankhanza, mosamalitsa, ndiponso zautali. Sindinkayembekezera kuti anthu pafupifupi 3,000 adzaphedwa ndipo ena masauzande ambiri adzasandutsidwa akaidi andale kapena kuthamangitsidwa mโdzikolo. Ndipo chodabwitsa ndichakuti sanali ogwira ntchito ndi alimi okha omwe adawonongeka ndi ndondomeko zachuma za Chicago Boys koma gulu lapakati lomwe lidasonkhananso ndi Allende.
Mโzaka zingapo zotsatira, ndinachita nawo ntchito yogwirizana ndi anthu a ku Chile omwe anali ku ukapolo ku United States ngakhale pamene ndinagwira ntchito yochotsa Ferdinand Marcos ku Philippines. Sindinathe kuyichotsa m'maganizo mwanga ku Chile, chifukwa ndinali ndi nkhawa ndi zomwe zikanachitikira anzanga akumanzere. Ndinatha kulankhulana ndi oลตerengeka okha pamene ndinabwerera ku Chile zaka 20 pambuyo pake, cha mโma 1993, kukalankhula za maphunziro amene maiko ongotukuka kumene a Asia anapereka ku Chile. Inali nthawi ya decompression, pansi pa otchedwa Concertacion boma lomwe lidalowa m'malo mwa ulamuliro wa Pinochet. Ngakhale kuti nyengo yandale inali yotayirira, panalibe kukayikira kwakukulu kwa boma la centrist ndipo, kumanzere kwakukulu kukonzanso Allende, munthu yemwe adamamatira ku mtendere. Via Chilena, Njira yaku Chile yopita ku socialism, mpaka kumapeto. Ayenera kuti anali wopanda nzeru, koma anali wolimba mtima komanso wotsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, zomwe zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kudzipha pa Sept 11, 1973, m'malo mosiya utsogoleri.
Sindidzaiwala tsiku limenelo nthawi ina mu November 1972, kunja kwa La Moneda, nyumba ya pulezidenti ya zaka za m'ma XNUMX ku Santiago, pamene dzanja langa linafikira kwa Allende pamene galimoto yake yotseguka ikudutsa, ndipo iye anagwedeza.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Kusanthula kwanzeru komanso kuwunika kwa anthu apakatikati, osati ku Chile, Italy, kapena Germany kokha, komanso ku US m'zaka za zana la 21.