Masiku aposachedwa akhala osaiŵalika kwambiri pankhani ya geopolitics.
Boma la Biden lidapereka National Security Strategy Memorandum yomwe ena amati ndi chilengezo chodana ndi China patangotsala pang'ono nkhondo. Ndipo pa msonkhano wa China Communist Party Congress ku Beijing, Purezidenti Xi Jinping anachenjeza za "mkuntho woopsa" womwe ukukumana nawo ku China m'zaka zikubwerazi.
Zimenezi zimabweretsa funso lakuti: Kodi dzikoli likupita ku chimene chimatchedwa kuti “kusintha kwakukulu kwa dziko”?
Tikayang'ana momwe zinthu ziliri padziko lapansi, zomwe zikuwonekeratu ndikuti kudalirana kwachuma ndi kudalirana kwapadziko lonse sikunangopanga kusalinganika kwakukulu, koma zidasokoneza kwambiri maziko opanga ku United States. Ndipo tikamalankhula za deindustrialization, sitikulankhula za kutayika kwa mamiliyoni a ntchito zopanga, kuchokera pa 17.3 miliyoni mpaka 13 miliyoni lero, koma za kutayika kwa njira zoperekera luso la ogwira ntchito, mu semi- mafakitale aluso ndi ena aluso.
Chofunikira chimodzimodzi chakhala kutayika kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kupanga ndi luso laukadaulo pakati pa chuma chapakati komanso kutuluka kwake m'zachuma zomwe zikupita patsogolo mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zinkayembekeza kuti chuma chozungulira chitha kukhala chopereka antchito otsika mtengo pamene chuma chapakati chidzalamulira zochita zambiri zodziwa zambiri, kukwera kwamatekinoloje apamwamba kumatsatira kupanga malonda.
Kafukufuku wina wofunika kwambiri pa mayiko asanu ndi atatu otukuka pazachuma anasonyeza kuti kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu zamakono kunawonjezeka m’zaka zosakwana khumi kuchokera pa 14 peresenti chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1990 kufika pa 18 peresenti mu 2006. Monga momwe Branko Milanovic ananenera, “ndalama za lendi zatsopano, zolandiridwa ndi atsogoleri a bungweli. matekinoloje atsopano, akuchotsedwa pakati. " Kutembenuza mwamphamvu kusuntha kwaukadaulo uku kunali koyambira kwa a Donald Trump ndi mlangizi wake wazachuma a Peter Navarro pazandale.
Mavuto Onsewa aku America
Koma chomwe chimayambitsa vuto lamakono la hegemon ndikuti sizongowonjezera zachuma komanso zandale komanso zandale.
The British Marxist Paul Mason wanena kuti ndi kupambana kwa neoliberalism ndi zachuma Kumpoto kwa dziko lonse lapansi, mgwirizano ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu okhudzana ndi chuma komanso moyo wogawana pakati pa ogwira ntchito adasinthidwa ndi kudziwika payekha monga ogula, monga osewera pamsika. m'gulu lomwe likuwoneka kuti likuyenda bwino koma pomwe kukwera kwa ndalama kunasinthidwa ndi kukwera kwa ngongole ngati njira yochepetsera chuma.
Atasinthana ndi anthu ogula pamsika, kutayika kwawo ngakhale omaliza chifukwa chavuto la 2008-2009 kudawasiya ali pachiwopsezo, makamaka pankhani yodzipereka ku chikhulupiliro chademokalase chaufulu pa kufanana kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale mavuto azachuma asanachitike, ogwira ntchito ambiri anali atayamba kale kuopsezedwa m'maganizo ndi zopindula za kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo chamtundu ndi jenda, ndipo kutsika kwawo mu kusatetezeka kwachuma kunali gawo lomaliza pakusintha kwawo koyenera.
Zomwe kusakhazikika kwamavuto azachuma, kusatetezeka kwamalingaliro, ndi a Donald Trump achita ndikupangitsa kukhala kovomerezeka ngati sikukhala kolemekezeka chikhulupiriro chachikulu chotsutsana ndi demokalase chomwe chafalitsidwa mosiyanasiyana, mwamagulu, komanso mwachiwembu. Awa ndi White Supremacy, omwe tsopano ndi malingaliro olamulira a Republican Party.
Pomaliza, ku zovuta zandale. Sindikuganiza kuti pangakhale ambiri omwe angatsutse kuwonetsa kwathu demokalase yaufulu yaku America kuti ili m'mavuto. Ndikuganiza kuti mkangano ungakhale wokhudza momwe vutoli lilili lalikulu. M'buku lake Mmene Nkhondo Zapachiweniweni Zimayambira, Barbara Walter analemba kuti:
Kodi United States ili kuti lero? Ndife gulu la anocracy [democracy degenerate] lomwe likuyandikira siteji ya zigawenga, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tili pafupi ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni kuposa momwe aliyense wa ife angafune kukhulupirira. Pa Januware 6 chinali chilengezo chachikulu chamagulu ena…kuti akulimbana ndi ziwawa zenizeni… M'malo mwake, kuwukira kwa Capitol kungakhale koyamba zigawenga zomwe zidachitika poyera. Idayang'ana zomangamanga. Panali zokonzekera kupha andale ena ndi kuyesa kugwirizanitsa ntchito.
Tsopano mbiri ya Walter si ya munthu kulira nkhandwe. Sali wolankhula kuchokera kumanzere. M'malo mwake, ndiwokhazikika kwambiri, katswiri wofananiza nkhondo zapachiweniweni yemwe wagwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zingapo, zofunika kwambiri zomwe ndi CIA's Political Instability Task Force, yomwe ali gawo lake.
Kwa Walter ndi anzake a CIA, mafuko atulukira m'maphunziro awo ofananitsa padziko lonse lapansi monga chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiopsezo cha anthu ku nkhondo yapachiweniweni - ndipo ku US, zida zoyera zili pafupi kwambiri. Komabe, ufuko pawokha suyambitsa mikangano. Zimafunika zoyambitsa kapena "ofulumizitsa," ndipo izi ndi kuwonekera kwa magulu amitundu kapena "zowoneka bwino," kuchulukitsitsa kwa mikangano ya "amalonda amtundu wa anthu," komanso kulimbikitsa anthu wamba omwe akuganiza kuti ndi magulu ankhondo okha omwe ali ndi zida. pakati pawo ndi amene adzawaononge ndi dziko lawo.
Ndipo kuchoka ku A kupita ku Z, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, makamaka Facebook, akhala chida chapakati cha radicalization. Mkokomo waukali m'zipinda zochezera za azungu masiku ano ndi "Great Replacement Theory," momwe azungu akuti ndi omwe akuzunzidwa ndi chiwembu chomwe chikuchitika ndi Ayuda, akuda, omenyera ufulu wachikazi, LGBTQIAs, osamukira kumayiko ena, ndi ma Democrat kuti awapangitse kukhala ochepa. potsirizira pake kuwawononga mu nkhondo ya mpikisano.
Tsopano chifukwa chomwe takhala nthawi yayitali kufotokozera zamalingaliro ndi ndale zavuto la dongosolo ladziko lonse lapansi ndikuti anthu ambiri akamalankhula za kuchepa kwamphamvu, amawona makamaka zachuma chake. Zofunikanso ndizo za ndale ndi malingaliro. Pamene openda ena analingalira za kutaya kotheka kwa ulamuliro wa U.S. ku Japan kumbuyoko kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, anali kungolingalira za mkhalidwe wa zachuma. Ndipo ngakhale ichi chinali lingaliro lapakati, kunyalanyaza kwawo kukula kwa ndale ndi malingaliro a ubalewo chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe amalosera za Japan m'malo mwa United States zidasokonekera.
Kubwereza, chomwe chimasiyanitsa vuto la hegemon lero kuchokera ku 1980s ndikuphatikizira koopsa kwa kusokonekera kwakukulu kwachuma, kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwamalingaliro, ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu kwa ndale. Padziko lonse lapansi ndizovuta kuchita ngati, kuwonjezera pa kugwa kumbuyo kwachuma, hegemon ikuyandikiranso nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndipo gawo lalikulu la anthu lataya chikhulupiriro mu lingaliro laufulu lademokalase lomwe limavomereza kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhale loyamba zachuma.
Ndiko kumene United States ili lero.
China Challenge
Tiyeni tsopano titembenuzire ku funso ngati mphamvu ina ikuyenda m'malo mwa United States pakatikati. China ndiye, zomwe aliyense amalankhula ngati mtsogoleri wamkulu, ndipo ndizovuta zachuma zomwe China ili yamphamvu kwambiri.
M'buku lake Kulumikizana Kwakukulu, Richard Baldwin amayesa kufotokoza momwe dziko la China linasinthidwira kusakhala wopikisana ndi mafakitale okha koma kukhala kunja kwa dongosolo la capitalist padziko lonse m'zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kukhala mphamvu yaikulu ya mafakitale padziko lonse pazaka makumi awiri okha.
China, akutero, inali yanzeru mokwanira kuti ipindule chifukwa cholowa nawo chuma chadziko lonse cha capitalist panthawi yomwe zomwe amachitcha kuti "kusagwirizana kwachiwiri" kukuchitika. Uku kunali kutha kwa njira zopangira zinthu zomwe zatheka padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wazidziwitso, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwatsopano: mgwirizano wamakampani padziko lonse lapansi. Chofunikira kwambiri panjira iyi chakhala, monga tawonera kale, kubalalitsidwa kwaukadaulo wapamwamba kuchokera ku chuma chapakati cha capitalist chomwe chili ndi chidziwitso kupita kumayiko otsala a anthu ogwira ntchito.
Ngakhale kuti Baldwin akuwoneka kuti akuwona njirayi ngati yosapeŵeka, zoona zake n'zakuti, ku China, kufalikira kumeneku kunayendetsedwa ndi ndondomeko zokakamiza teknoloji yoyendetsedwa ndi Beijing. Mabungwe aku US adachita chidwi ndi izi, koma kumvera kunali mkhalidwe wopeza ntchito zotsika mtengo kwambiri zaku China.
Pofika nthawi yomwe Trump ndi Peter Navarro adayesa kuyimitsa kusamutsa kwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri mu 2017, zinali mochedwa; Dziko la China linali litasintha kale kuchoka pakukhala wongolandira zaukadaulo wapamwamba kupita ku luso laukadaulo lapamwamba. Lamulo laposachedwa la Washington loletsa kutumiza kunja kwa
Ma microchips opangidwa ndi US kupita ku China mwina adasintha zaka 10 zapitazo, koma sizikhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pano.
Mu Meyi 2021, Beijing idakwera bwino chombo cha m'mlengalenga ku Mars, dziko lachitatu lokha kuchita izi pambuyo pa US ndi Russia. Komanso izi sizinali zopusa. A Baidu adakhazikitsa kompyuta yochuluka yomwe anthu azitha kupeza kudzera pa pulogalamu yamafoni. Ntchito yomanga ikuchitika pa chachikulu pulsed-mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri otsogola kulosera kuti China ikhoza kukwaniritsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya pofika 2028. ndalama zoyendetsera anthu wamba hypersonic.
Dziko lolimba, tingadziwike kuti - lomwe linali lamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwake kusiyana ndi mayiko otukuka a ku Asia Pacific rim - linasintha.
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, China tsopano ndiye likulu la kudzikundikira ndalama padziko lonse lapansi. M'chithunzi chodziwika bwino, ndi "locomotive of the world economics," yomwe ikuwerengera 28 peresenti ya kukula konse padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zisanu kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2018 malinga ndi IMF - kuwirikiza kawiri gawo la United States.
Vuto la Kukula vs. Vuto Lochepa
Tsopano, ndizowona kuti chuma cha China chimadziwika ndi zovuta zingapo, monga kuwonekera kwa kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa ndalama, kuchuluka kwachulukidwe, kusiyanasiyana kwa zigawo, kuphulika kwa malo, ndi zovuta zachilengedwe. Ndimayang’ana izi, komabe, monga zisonyezero za kukula kosalinganizika kumene katswiri wa zachuma Albert Hirschman anawona kukhala mbali yofunikira ya chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale pansi pa ukapitalist.
Izi ndizovuta zakukula, mosiyana ndi zovuta zakugwa zomwe zikuwonetsa chuma cha US.
Koma tiyeni titembenukire kuzinthu zandale ndi malingaliro achuma chandale cha China. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro osavuta a anthu omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi kuponderezedwa, zionetsero zandale zakhala zikuchitika ku China, pansi komanso pa intaneti, ngakhale ena amati pakhala kuchepa kwa chiwerengero m'zaka za Xi Jinping.
Koma ndi ochepa okha amene anganene kuti boma lolamulira likukumana ndi vuto lovomerezeka. Zionetsero zakhala zikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto am'deralo monga kulanda nthaka, malipiro ochepa, kapena kuwononga chilengedwe, popanda gulu lachiwonetsero lomwe lingathe kumasulira kukhala chipwirikiti chovuta kwambiri m'dziko lonselo. Motero pali zovuta zochepa ku ulamuliro wa ndale wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu, kupatulapo kuchokera ku demokalase ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe, olimba mtima ndi achitsanzo, ndi ochepa komanso osagwirizana. Zachidziwikire, mtundu wa polarization womwe munthu amawona ku U.S. kulibe.
Tsopano, ku funso la malingaliro. Kuvomerezeka kwamalingaliro kumakhazikika pa kuthekera kwa chipani chothandizira chuma, kupereka bata pandale, ndikutsimikizira anthu kuti ndikofunikira kukwaniritsa zomwe Xi Jinping adatcha "kukonzanso dziko." Ziphuphu, komabe, ndizowopsa nthawi zonse, ndipo sizingathetsedwe chifukwa - ndipo ndikuvomerezana ndi Milanovic - zimachokera mu dongosolo la kusankha zochita mwanzeru kapena kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomwe, modabwitsa, limatsagana ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo. zomwe amachitcha "political capitalism."
Komabe, ziphuphu sizingaloledwe kufalikira mosalamulirika chifukwa izi zitha kusokoneza kulingalira kwaukadaulo komwe kuli maziko a dongosololi, kulimbana ndi kukula kwachuma, ndikuwononga kuvomerezeka kwa anthu osankhika a Chipani cha Communist. Chifukwa chake, monga momwe zilili ndi kampeni yodziwika bwino ya Xi Jinping yazaka 10 tsopano yolimbana ndi ziphuphu, payenera kukhala kuyesetsa kwanthawi ndi nthawi kuti athane ndi ziphuphu, ndipo kupereka nsembe akuluakulu omwe agwidwa ndi zala zawo pamapawo nthawi zambiri amakhala mtengo wolipiridwa kuti akhazikitse dongosololi.
Ziphuphu ndizowopseza, koma siziri kutali ndi mtundu wa chiwopsezo choperekedwa ndi malingaliro otsutsana nawo, monga omwe amadzetsa demokalase yaufulu ndi malingaliro owukira a White Supremacy omwe alanda chipani cha Republican ku United States.
Kuyang'ana mphamvu zake zandale ndi malingaliro padziko lonse lapansi, China yakwanitsa kupambana ogwirizana makamaka ku South padziko lonse lapansi ndi zokambirana zake zachuma monga Belt and Road Initiative. Koma kuposa kuchuluka kwa malonda ake ndi thandizo, zomwe zimakokera maboma ku China ndi chitsanzo cha utsogoleri wodalirika koma wogwira mtima waukadaulo womwe ukuwoneka kuti umalonjeza kukula mwachangu kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko ndikukwaniritsa chikhumbo chodziwika cha moyo wapamwamba, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zikuyenda bwino. mtengo wake ukukwera kusalingana ndi kufalikira kwa ziphuphu.
Pempholi lakwera pamene lingaliro lakula kuti ulamuliro wa demokalase wa liberal capitalist, ndi mikangano yake ya ndale yosalamulirika, kulephereka kwa msika, ndi kusokonekera kwachuma, sikumaperekanso njira ina yothandiza ku South padziko lonse lapansi.
Kukayika Beijing, Aggressive Washington
Komabe, ngakhale idalengeza za zomwe China ikuthandizira kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, Beijing yakhala yosamala kwambiri popereka njira yaku China monga momwe mayiko akumwera padziko lonse lapansi ayenera kutsatira. Ngakhalenso silinasunthe m'malo mwa mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi Kumadzulo kuti azigwira ntchito ngati denga laulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso silinafune kusintha dola ndi renminbi ngati ndalama yosungira padziko lonse lapansi.
China, m'malo mwake, yayesetsa kwambiri kuti isawoneke ngati ikufuna kulowa m'malo a United States, osati kungopewa kukwiyitsa omaliza komanso kupewa kulemedwa ndi ntchito zomwe zimayenda ndi utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi - komanso, mwina. Zovuta kwambiri, chifukwa Beijing imakhulupirira kuti njira yake yachitukuko siyogulitsa kunja. Kuyika m'mawu apamwamba a Deng Xiaoping, ndi "socialism yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yaku China."
Ngakhale kusafuna kwa China kumachita gawo lalikulu, chipika chachikulu ku China kuthamangitsa US ndikungoganiza kuti ntchito ya hegemon ndi kuthekera kwa Washington kuyitanitsa gwero limodzi lomwe limasangalalabe ndi kupambana kwakukulu - mphamvu zankhondo - kukonzanso mphamvu, kusunga. mawonekedwe ake osalimba kwambiri a hegemonic.
Sitingafanane mwatsatanetsatane pakati pa US ndi China pagulu lankhondo. Tingonena kuti China sichikuchita mpikisano wa zida ndi US komanso kuti njira yake yodzitetezera ndiyodzitchinjiriza. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sichichita nawo zachinyengo m'malo omwe akuwona kuti akukumana ndi chiwopsezo, monga South China Sea.
Ndi zotsatira zochepa zamalonda a Trump ndi Navarro komanso kufinyira kwaukadaulo ku China, olamulira a Biden asunthira patsogolo gulu lankhondo, mayendedwe ake aposachedwa ndikubweretsa zombo zapamadzi zaku North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) kuchokera ku Europe kuti ziziyenda pafupipafupi kumwera. China Sea pamodzi ndi zombo zochokera ku Japan, South Korea, Philippines, ndi Australia. Otsutsa atsutsa moyenerera kuwonjezereka kwa mawu aukali komanso kutumizidwa kwenikweni monga kulimbikitsa kuthekera kwa nkhondo, popeza popanda malamulo okhudzana ndi mgwirizano, kugunda kwa sitimayo kungayambitse mikangano yapamwamba.
Kukumbutsa China mosapita m'mbali kuti ichepetse zilakolako zake kapena kukumana ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo, sicholinga chokhacho chomwe boma la Biden likukulitsa zankhondo zaku China. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kwa chiwonetsero champhamvu - ndiko kuti, zomwe zimakhudza ndale zamkati za China.
Zikuoneka kuti ichi chinali cholinga cha ulendo wa Nancy Pelosi ku Taiwan, womwe unachitika patadutsa masiku angapo chiwonongeko cha US chidutsa Taiwan Straits. Kunali kutumizidwa kwa chochitika chophiphiritsa kwambiri chothandizidwa ndi asitikali kuti ayambitse mavuto azandale ku China - pakadali pano, kusokoneza kutsogolera kwa Xi - powonetsa kuti US ikhoza kuwononga China-China nthawi iliyonse. mfundo ndikuthandizira molimba mtima Taiwan popanda Beijing kuchita chilichonse chifukwa choopa mphamvu zaku US.
Nthawiyo sikanakhala yovuta kwambiri, ikubwera miyezi iwiri ndi theka chisanachitike chipani cha Congress mkati mwa Okutobala, pomwe Xi Jinping amayenera kufunsira mgwirizano pakuchitapo kanthu kothetsa malire osavomerezeka azaka 10 paulamuliro wa purezidenti. Akuti pali malipoti osakhutitsidwa ndi kuyankha kwa Xi pang'onopang'ono komanso mophiphiritsira pakuwukira kwa Biden-Pelosi m'malo ena achipani, asitikali komanso anthu.
Modetsa nkhawa, ulendo wa Pelosi ukutsatira chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe Washington idayankha ku China ndi mkulu wa maphunziro achitetezo aku US, Graham Allison, m'buku lake. Msampha wa Thucydides, zomwe ziyenera kutsagana ndi kukulitsa mphamvu zake zankhondo pogwiritsa ntchito mwaukali kusatetezeka kwa ndale za China ku Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang, ndi Tibet kuti awononge kuvomerezeka kwa CCP.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa Stalemate
Koma kuti tibwererenso ku nkhawa yathu yayikulu, ndi dziko la China lolimba pazachuma lomwe likukayikira kuwonetsa utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso United States yomwe ili yofooka pazachuma komanso ndale yomwe ikufuna kuti ikwaniritse udindo wake podziponya pampando wake wamkulu wankhondo, tinganenedi za nthabwala. kusintha?
Kodi m'malo mwake sitiyenera kulankhula za kusagwirizana kwa hegemonic kapena kutayika kwamphamvu?
Mwina, kuyerekezera, sitiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa kusintha kwa hegemonic koma kutuluka kwa mpweya wa hegemonic wofanana koma osati ndendende ndi umene unatsatira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse m'zaka za zana la 20. Kenako, mayiko ofooka a Western Europe analibenso mphamvu zobwezeretsa mphamvu zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi nkhondo isanayambe - pomwe US idalephera kutsatira zomwe Woodrow Wilson adakakamiza Washington kuti inene utsogoleri wandale komanso wamalingaliro.
Mkati mwavutoli kapena chipwirikiti chotere, ubale wa US-China upitilira kukhala wovuta. Palibe wochita sewero yemwe amatha kuyendetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika - monga nyengo yoopsa, chitetezo chokulirapo, kuwonongeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka mayiko ambiri komwe United States idakhazikitsa panthawi yanthawi yake, kuyambiranso kwamayendedwe opita patsogolo ku Latin America, kukwera kwa mayiko olamulira ndi kuwonekera kwa mgwirizano pakati pawo kuti uchotse dongosolo ladziko lomwe likusokonekera, komanso mikangano yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira pakati pa maulamuliro amphamvu achisilamu ku Middle East ndi Israel ndi maulamuliro achiarabu osasintha.
Omwe amapanga mfundo zodzitchinjiriza komanso zaufulu amajambula nkhaniyi kuti atsindike chifukwa chomwe dziko likufunikira hegemon, pomwe m'mbuyomu adalimbikitsa Goliati yemwe sazengereza kugwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo ndi mphamvu kuti akhazikitse dongosolo ndipo womalizayo amakonda Goliati wowolowa manja yemwe, kuti asinthe pang'ono Teddy. Mwambi wotchuka wa Roosevelt, amalankhula mokoma koma amanyamula ndodo yayikulu.
Pali, komabe, ife omwe timawona zovuta zomwe zikuchitika ku US hegemony monga kupereka osati chisokonezo koma mwayi.
Ngakhale pali zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa, kusagwirizana kwa hegemonic kapena kusanja kumatsegula njira yopita kudziko lomwe mphamvu zitha kugawikana, komwe pangakhale ufulu wochulukirapo pazandale ndi zachuma kwa ochita zing'onozing'ono, omwe mwachikhalidwe amakhala opanda mwayi ochokera kumayiko akumwera padziko lonse lapansi, komanso komwe Mgwirizano weniweni wa mayiko ambiri ukhoza kupangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano m'malo mokhazikitsidwa ndi dziko limodzi kapena laufulu.
Inde, zovuta zitha kubweretsa zovuta kwambiri - koma zitha kubweretsanso mwayi.
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