Pa September 4, 1973, khamu lalikulu la anthu a ku Chile—ine ndinali mmodzi wa iwo—anakhamukira m’misewu ya Santiago kuthandiza boma lozingidwa la Salvador Allende. Chiyambireni pamene adapambana utsogoleri zaka zitatu m'mbuyomo ndi 36.6 peresenti ya mavoti pa mpikisano wa anthu atatu, magulu ankhondo ochokera mkati ndi kunja kwa dzikoli akhala akupanga chiwembu chofuna kuwononga kuyesa kwake - koyamba m'mbiri ya dziko - kumanga boma la Socialist njira zopanda chiwawa, za demokalase. Mfuu imodzi yochokera m’mawu omveka m’mlengalenga: “Allende, Allende, el pueblo te defiende,” kugogomezera kufunika kotetezera pulezidenti. Pambuyo pa masiku XNUMX a chitsutso chosalekeza, adani ake anaoneka kuti atsala pang’ono kukonza chipwirikiti chomwe chidzafafanize “khansa ya Marxist” kwa anthu a ku Chile kosatha.
Allende ankadziona kuti ndi wosafunika. Ndinadziwa izi chifukwa, ngakhale kuti panthawiyo ndinali ndi zaka makumi atatu ndi chimodzi, ndinali ndikugwira ntchito kwa miyezi iwiri yapitayi kunyumba ya pulezidenti ya La Moneda monga mlangizi wa chikhalidwe ndi atolankhani kwa Fernando Flores, mkulu wa antchito a Allende, ndipo malipoti athu amasonyeza kuti. akazembe ambiri ndi akazembe ankhondo anali kumuchitira chiwembu poyera. Komabe Allende anakhalabe ndi chiyembekezo. Mosiyana ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Latin America, asilikali a ku Chile anali ndi mwambo wautali wolemekeza malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, ndi kusintha kosasunthika pakati pa mautsogoleri otsimikiziridwa ndi kusalowerera kwawo m'zandale. Mpaka pano, asilikali anapitirizabe kunena kuti ndi okhulupirika ku boma. Ndikukumbukira kuti Flores anandiuza mosangalala kuti General Augusto Pinochet, mkulu wa asilikali, anali m’thumba mwake, atamangidwa bwino: “Este Pinoccho! Ndili wokondwa kwambiri, mwatsoka.” Allende adakhulupiriranso kuti izi zinali choncho, koma adayika chikhulupiriro chake chenicheni pakulimbikitsa mudzi (mawu omwe amaphatikiza matanthauzo angapo m'Chisipanishi: anthu, unyinji, osauka, wamkulu wosasamba). Ndipo Chile pueblo anali ndi zifukwa zambiri zothandizira kuyesa kwa Allende.
nduna yake - yoyamba kuphatikiza wamba komanso wogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ngati nduna - idasintha zinthu zingapo, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zidali kukhazikitsidwa kwa migodi yayikulu yamkuwa, mpaka panthawiyo yomwe inali ndi mabungwe olusa a US. Linalinso litakhazikitsa dziko la migodi ya mchere monga nitrate ndi chitsulo, komanso mabanki ambiri ndi mafakitale akuluakulu, omwe angapo anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi omwe amagwira ntchito.1 Kukonzanso kwakukulu kwaulimi kunali kupereka latifundios - madera akuluakulu akumidzi - kwa alimi omwe adawavutitsa kuyambira kalekale; pofika 1973 pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya malo olima ku Chile anali atalandidwa.
Ngakhale zina mwazinthu izi (ndi zolakwika za boma losagwira ntchito la Unidad Popular, mgwirizano wa zipani za mapiko amanzere omwe adathandizira Allende kukhala purezidenti) zidayambitsa kusokonekera kwachuma ndi zachuma, pakhala kugawidwa kodabwitsa kwa ndalama ndi ntchito anthu ambiri omwe sali otetezedwa. Miyezo ina idavumbulutsa zomwe Allende amaika patsogolo: theka la lita imodzi ya mkaka tsiku lililonse kwa mwana aliyense; zipinda zomangidwa ndi nyanja kuti ogwira ntchito apite kutchuthi ndi mabanja awo (ambiri anali asanawonepo Pacific); kuvomereza zilankhulo ndi zilankhulo; kufalitsidwa kwa mamiliyoni a mabuku otsika mtengo omwe ankagulitsidwa m’nyumba zosungiramo nyuzipepala; ndi kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa thanzi, nyumba za anthu zotchipa, maphunziro, ndi chisamaliro cha ana. Zonsezi zinatsagana ndi kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe, makamaka mu nyimbo, zojambula pazithunzi, ndi mafilimu olembedwa. Koma mwina chofunika kwambiri kuposa mapindu akuthupi ameneŵa chinali ulemu wa nzika zambiri zosoŵa, malingaliro awo akuti tsopano anali anthu ofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya dziko lawo.
Ndinali ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pamoyo wanga usiku wa chisankho cha Allende pa September 4, 1970. Nditamvetsera kwa iye akulonjeza khamu lachiwawa kuti adzakhala. el compañero pulezidenti pamene analoŵa ku La Moneda m’miyezi iŵiri, ndinayendayenda m’makwalala a Santiago ndi mkazi wanga ndi mabwenzi ndipo ndinawona zodabwitsa, kunyada, ndi kutsimikiza mtima pankhope za antchito ndi mabanja awo pamene anali kuyenda pakati pa mzinda. Chotero, mosadabwitsa, mu April 1971 zipani Zotchuka za Unidad zinalandira pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya mavoti—unyinji—m’zisankho zamatauni, zimene zinatanthauziridwa ndi The New York Times monga "udindo wotchuka wopitilira pulogalamu ya [Allende] yosinthira Socialist."
Zinkawoneka kuti tinali ndi mphamvu, koma zopinga zazikulu zidatsalira. Miyezi ingapo kuti Allende apambane, pa June 27, 1970, Henry Kissinger, phungu wa chitetezo cha dziko la Purezidenti Nixon, anasonyeza mmene mfundo za dziko la America zingakhalire ponena za njira ya Chile yopita ku socialism: “Sindikuona chifukwa chake tifunikira kuyimirira ndi kuwona dziko likupita. chikomyunizimu chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa anthu ake. Nkhanizi ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti ovota aku Chile asasiyidwe kuti azisankha okha. ” Allende atapambana - mosasamala kanthu za kampeni yothandizidwa ndi ndalama za ku America yofotokoza zabodza zomwe zidamuwonetsa, munthu wodziwika bwino wademokalase, ngati mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu - chotsatira chinali kuyesa kuyimitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake. Gulu la zigawenga lothandizidwa ndi ndalama za CIA linapha General René Schneider, wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo, yemwe anali wodzipereka ku malamulo. Pamene Allende adalumbiritsidwa pa Novembara 3, ntchito zobisika zidayambika kuti "chuma chifuule," malinga ndi malangizo a Nixon.
M'zaka zotsatira, chiwongola dzanja chapadziko lonse lapansi chandalama zachinsinsi komanso zaboma zidasokoneza Chile. Zoyesayesa zokambitsirananso za ngongole yakunja zinalephereka, kutumizidwa kwa mkuwa kunja kunaimitsidwa chifukwa chobwezera dziko lawo, ukatswiri wa zaumisiri unakanidwa, ndipo zinthu zofunika kuchokera kunja (kuphatikizapo mbali zofunika kukonzanso makina ndi magalimoto) zinalepheretsedwa kufika m’dzikolo. Mu Disembala 1972 ku UN General Assembly, Allende adalengeza, "pamaso pa chikumbumtima cha dziko lapansi," kuti dziko lake likutsekeredwa m'malo osawoneka kuchokera kunja komwe kumayenera kuyambitsa chipwirikiti ndikuyambitsa chipwirikiti.3
Zisokonezo zotere sizikanayenda bwino popanda ogwirizana nawo ku Chile. A US adapereka ndalama zothandizira Partido Nacional ya mapiko akumanja komanso kukopa a Christian Democratic Party kuti atsutse Allende. Chotsatira chake chinali chithandizo chokulirapo kwa ofalitsa nkhani omwe amadana ndi polojekiti ya Socialist, makamaka The Mercury, nyuzipepala yaikulu ya ku Chile. Zochita zonsezi zidakhudza malingaliro a anthu komanso Congress, pomwe Unidad Popular anali ochepa.
Kuukira boma kunkaoneka ngati kotheka nthawi zonse.4 Koma adani a Allende ku Chile ankayembekezera kumuchotsa pampando kudzera mwalamulo popambana ambiri pa chisankho cha nyumba yamalamulo ya March 1973, zomwe zikanawalola kuti amuchotsere mlandu ndikumuchotsa paudindo. Mkhalidwe wa zachuma unali woipa pamene zisankhozo zinali kuyandikira. Kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu, msika wotukuka wakuda, ndi kusoŵa kwakukulu kwa zakudya ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinaoneka kuti zikuwononga kutchuka kwa boma. Kukayikiraku kunakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kunyanyala kwa zigawenga kwa amalonda akumanja, ogwira ntchito kumigodi, ndi oyendetsa magalimoto agalimoto zomwe zinasokoneza kwambiri kupanga ndi kugawa. Ndipo zigawenga zowononga kwambiri komanso zigawenga zinali kuchitidwa ndi magulu ankhondo achifasisti omwe amawonetsa zida za Nazi.
Sikuti mavuto onse a Allende adachokera kwa adani kumanja kwake. Ngakhale asanapambane mu 1970, zigawenga zambiri zamapiko akumanzere zidamukayikira kuti atha kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a bourgeois kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwakukulu. Iwo ankanena kuti zimenezo zinali zotheka ngati mphamvu zonse zinali m’manja mwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndiponso osintha zinthu, zomwe zingatanthauze kulimbana kosalephereka ndi asilikali. Mfundo imeneyi inachirikizidwa ndi anthu ambiri a m’gulu la Allende’s Socialist Party koma makamaka ndi Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR, Revolutionary Left Movement), yomwe, mofanana ndi magulu ambiri a m’badwo wanga ku Latin America, inalimbikitsidwa kuvomereza nkhondo yankhondo ndi chitsanzo cha Fidel Castro ndi Cuba.
Allende atangosankhidwa, MIR inakakamiza boma mosalekeza kuti lipitirire malire a pulogalamu yake. Potsimikiza kuti Allende, ngakhale atakhala "wosintha" bwanji, sangawapondereze (iwo anali olondola), MIR inalimbikitsa ogwira ntchito kuti azikhala m'mafakitale omwe amayenera kukhalabe m'mabungwe abizinesi ndikulimbikitsa anthu akumidzi komanso osauka omwe alibe pokhala. m’mizinda ikuluikulu kuti alande malo omwe sanakonzekere kulanda. Izi, zomwe zidakulitsidwa mochititsa mantha chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi atolankhani ndi CIA - zidapereka lingaliro loti purezidenti walephera kuwongolera omwe ali kumbali yake ndipo, chifukwa chake, sakanatha (kapena mwina sakufuna) kulemekeza lumbiro lake lokhalabe m'malamulo. Izi zinathetsa chidaliro cha nzikazo—makamaka zochokera m’magulu apakati (amalonda ang’onoang’ono ndi osunga masitolo, akatswiri, amisiri), komanso antchito ndi okhala m’tauni yaing’ono amene anali odana ndi Marxist komanso okonda dziko lawo ndi odana ndi oligarchic—omwe kuchirikiza kwawo kunali kofunika, makamaka m’lingaliro. , kuti gulu la Unidad Popular lipeze zambiri munyumba yamalamulo. Kusatetezeka komwe kunapangidwa ndi zochita za anthu akumanzere kwambiri, omwe boma lidalekerera, kudalowetsedwa m'malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri aku Chile anali nawo kale pazaulamuliro wodzaza ndi achikomyunizimu omwe anali ndi kukhulupirika kwa Moscow ndi Socialists okonda Che Guevara.
Ndipo komabe, ngakhale pali zovuta zonsezi, mgwirizano wa Allende udapeza mipando ku Congress mu Meyi 1973 ndi 44.23 peresenti ya mavoti, kutsika kuchokera pafupifupi 50 peresenti zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomo koma kukwera maperesenti asanu ndi atatu kuchokera pazomwe Allende adawonetsa mu chisankho chapurezidenti cha 1970. Polephera kukwaniritsa unyinji waumboni wa veto, otsutsa, m'malo modikirira chisankho chapurezidenti cha 1976 kuti agonjetse Unidad Popular, tsopano adakhazikika pakupanga mikhalidwe yankhondo. kulengeza, monga momwe putsch imatchulidwira nthawi zambiri ku Spain ndi ku Latin America, komwe mwachizolowezi asilikali amalankhula asanachotse boma, akumatchula mawu osonyeza zolinga zawo.
Koma anthuwo ankathanso kulankhula. Chiwonetserochi chothandizira anthu ambiri kwa Allende pa chaka chachitatu cha chigonjetso chake cha Seputembara 4 chidakhala nthawi yomaliza kwa anthu osonkhana kuti atumize uthenga wamphamvu ndi wonyoza kwa gulu lankhondo, kuwachenjeza kuti asawononge demokalase yomwe adalumbira kuti atsatira.
Ngakhale kuti masana ndinkagwira ntchito ku La Moneda, usiku umenewo ndinalowa m’gulu la anthu olankhula mofuula la compañeros ndi zigaŵenga zimene zinaguba mumsewu wa Alameda, womwe ndi wapakati pa likulu la dzikoli, kuyembekezera kuti kwa maola ambiri adutse pafupi ndi nyumba ya pulezidenti ndi kuona mtsogoleri wathu. . Titangomuona pafupi ndi mkazi wake, Tencha, akugwedeza kansalu kuchokera pakhonde loyang'anizana ndi Plaza de la Constitución, tinakulitsa nyimbo yathu, lumbiro lathu lakuti pueblo adzateteza Allende.
Tinapitirizabe kubangula lumbiro limenelo, ngakhale titakhota ngodya ndi kumusiya kumbuyo, ndiyeno tinachita chinachake chimene ndimakumbukirabe, zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pake, ndi mafunde a mphuno ndi malingaliro. Tinazungulira chipilalacho n’kudzizembetsa m’gulu lina la zigawenga zazikulu kwambiri kuti tidutsenso pamalo omwewo, ngati kuti tikufuna kutsimikizira kuti adakalipo, ngakhale kuti tinali kutsazikana ndi pulezidenti wathu. . Sitinadziŵe—kapena kodi tinali ndi lingaliro?—kuti tinali kutsazikana ndi ife tokha, amene tinali kukhala ndi zimene tinali kulakalaka, kutsazikana ndi njira ya moyo ndi maloto, kutsazikana. kudziko lomwe posachedwapa lisintha.
Tikhoza kukhala ndi lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ya chikumbukiro—nkhondo imene yapitirizabe mpaka lero—yayamba kale. Tinkayesa kukonza nthawiyo kuti isaiwale, kotero kuti nkhaniyo itanenedwa kuti Allende anali yekha pamene chipwirikiticho chinachitikira ndipo palibe amene anapulumutsa, tikhoza kuloza kuguba kumeneko ndi zochita zambiri panthawiyi. zaka zimenezo poteteza zimene iye ankaimira, ntchito kukumbukira kuti kukana mabodza a adani ake ndi kukokoloka kwa nthawi. Tikanayenera kumuteteza iye atachoka. Mwina izi ndi zomwe, poyang'ana m'mbuyo, tinali kuchita: kulingalira za tsogolo ndi popanda iye.
Mwina tinkadziwa kale kuti tiluza.
Patapita mlungu umodzi, pa September 11, 1973, gulu lankhondo, lotsogoleredwa ndi Augusto Pinochet, yemwe ankati ndi munthu wa m’thumba, ndipo ankaimira ukali wa asilikali, asilikali apamadzi, a ndege, ndi carabineros (apolisi a dziko lonse). adapanga zake kulengeza, zomwe zinaoneka kuti zinali zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mawu amene anafuulidwa mopanda mantha ndi amimero athu obalalika akuti: Allende anachotsedwa paudindo ndipo olamulirawo adzalamulira “kwanthaŵi yonse imene mikhalidwe ikufuna.” Purezidenti atakana kusiya ntchito, asilikali anawombera nyumba yachifumu kuchokera kumwamba ndi pansi. Pambuyo pa kumenyana kwa maola ambiri pamene Allende, pamodzi ndi alonda ochepa, ogwira ntchito, ndi abwenzi apamtima, omwe ankamenyana ndi zida, La Moneda anagona m'mabwinja oyaka moto ndipo pulezidenti anamwalira.
Sizinali mpaka tsiku lotsatira, thupi la Allende litaikidwa m'manda osadziwika m'manda a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Viña del Mar, pamene boma linalengeza kuti wadzipha, zomwe, kwa zaka zambiri, zinakanidwa ndi banja lake ndipo otsatira komanso malingaliro a anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Pang'onopang'ono osankhika a kumanzere ku Chile, kuphatikizapo mkazi wamasiye wa Allende, anayamba kuvomereza kuti adatenga moyo wake, ngakhale kukayikira zambiri kudakalipo, ndipo anthu ambiri a ku Chile a mikwingwirima yonse yamalingaliro omwe ndawafunsa kwa zaka zambiri amaumirira kuti anaphedwa. chinthu chimene anthu ambiri akunja amakhulupiriranso.5
Mosasamala kanthu za chimene chinayambitsa, imfa ya Allende inali yoyamba mwa ambiri kubwera. Asitikali sanazengereze kuwononga nyumba yokongola ya neoclassical yomwe kuyambira 1845 idakhala mpando wa boma la dzikolo ndipo idakhala ngati timbewu tating'onoting'ono ta Chile m'nthawi ya atsamunda (motero dzina lake, La Moneda), ndipo sanazengereze kulanga. kuzunza otsatira Allende. Chifukwa cha unyinji wa ngozi zamwayi, ndinapulumuka chiwembucho, koma ambiri a awo amene anatumikira nane monga alangizi ku La Moneda anaphedwa pafupifupi nthaŵi yomweyo, pamene nduna zazikulu za Allende ndi mabwenzi apamtima anatengedwa kupita ku msasa wachibalo pa chisumbu chozizira, choomba mphepo. ku Patagonia.
Mabuku anawotchedwa poyera, m’matauni ang’onoang’ono anaukiridwa, ophunzira ndi maprofesa anathamangitsidwa m’masukulu ndi m’mayunivesite. Malo osungiramo akaidi omwe ankazunzidwa ndi kunyongedwa anafalikira m'dziko lonselo. (Ku Santiago National Stadium inasinthidwa kukhala imodzi.) Ufulu wa atolankhani ndi kusonkhana unathetsedwa; Kongiresi inathetsedwa, monganso mmene zinakhalira zipani zonse zandale, mabungwe a anthu ogwira ntchito, ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma. Bungwe lokhalo lomwe linatsala linali la oweruza, omwe adatsutsa zomwe Allende adachita ndipo posakhalitsa adawonetsa kugonjera kwa ambuye atsopano a Chile: pamene achibale adapempha makhoti kuti adziwe komwe achibale awo adasowa, palibe habeas corpus yomwe inaperekedwa. Inde, nthaŵi zina oweruzawo ankanyoza akaziwo, kuwasonyeza kuti anali oipa kwambiri moti n’zosadabwitsa kuti amuna awo anathawa.
Kuzimiririka kunakhala njira yopondereza ya boma. Linalola kuti akuluakulu a boma athetse oyambitsa mavuto popanda kuwaimba mlandu, n’kusiya mabanja ndi mabwenzi ali m’moto wosadziŵa ngati wokondedwayo anamwalira kapena akadali ndi moyo komanso akuzunzidwa kosatha. Panalibe malo oika maliro kapena maliro, koma mantha aakulu akuti chilango choterechi chikaperekedwa kwa aliyense wosonyeza kusamvera.
Kupatula kukhala njira yofalitsira chisoni ndi ziwopsezo, kutayika kunawonetsa zomwe utsogoleri wankhanza, wolangizidwa ndi anthu wamba, womwe udafuna kubweretsa ku Chile yokha: kutha, kugwetsa mwadongosolo zotsalira zonse za boma, mndandanda waufulu wachibadwidwe womwe. mibadwo idamenyera nkhondo, ndi lingaliro la anthu wamba la dziko lomwe limadzisamalira palokha. M'malo mwake, Chile idakhala labotale ya Milton Friedman's neoliberalism. Ulamuliro watsopanowo unagwiritsa ntchito ululu wa “mankhwala ochititsa mantha” kudziko laukapolo.6 M'malo mwa chitsanzo chonyezimira cha dziko lomwe lingathe kufunitsitsa mwamtendere ku dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu, tinasandulika kukhala chitsanzo cha chuma chamsika chaulere chomwe chinatsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi.7
Vuto lililonse kwa olamulira atsopano kapena "kumanganso" kwawo ku Chile kuti akwaniritse zofuna za mabungwe akunja ndi olamulira am'deralo adakumana ndi ziwawa zambiri. Kumbuyo kwa nkhanza zotere kunabisala mantha-mwinamwake - kuti mamiliyoni a Allendistas sangalephereke mosavuta, kuti akane, kuti pulezidenti wathu akadali ndi moyo mu utopia ya mitima yathu, kuti tidzatuluka mumithunzi.
Iwo amene adapereka ndi kugonjetsa Allende ayenera kuti adazunzidwa, monga ife, ndi mawu ake omaliza ochokera ku La Moneda tsiku lomwelo, wailesi yokhulupirika yomaliza isanathe kutsekedwa: "El metal tranquilo de mi voz ya no llegará a ustedes" (Mudzatero. sindikumvanso chitsulo chosalala cha mawu anga). M'mawu amenewo, Allende amakondweretsa asilikali ndipo amalonjeza kuti adzalandira mtundu wina wa chilango, ngakhale atakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, m'tsogolomu. Iye akuuza otsatira ake kuti asalole kuchititsidwa manyazi komanso kupewa kulimbana ndi asilikali amene ankayendayenda mumzinda ndi m’midzi, malangizo amene anapulumutsa anthu masauzande ambiri. Koma chomwe chamveka kwambiri, mawu omwe amakongoletsa mazana a zipilala zomangidwa m'mabwalo, m'misewu, ndi m'mabwalo amasewera padziko lonse lapansi, ndiwo ulosi wake wakuti tsiku lina grandes alamedas, misewu yaikulu yokhala ndi mitengo, ikatsegulidwa kuti anthu aufulu a mawa adutse.
Iye anali wolondola kutipatsa chiyembekezo, kupereka ulosi umenewo pa nthawi yotsazikana naye komaliza. Koma atamwalira, zinali kwa olira omwe adawasiya kuti adziwe momwe angapulumukire ndikukana ndikupanga mgwirizano womwe ungagonjetse utsogoleri wankhanza ndipo mwina kupanga mawu owala okhudza grandes alamedas zitika.
Pa September 4, 1990, Allende pomalizira pake analandira maliro achipambano amene adani ake anamukaniza. Ngakhale kuti anayesetsa kuti amunyoze kuyambira tsiku la imfa yake (zinkanenedwa kuti anali chidakwa chochita zoipa, amantha, wopatuka pa zachiwerewere amene anali ndi chiwerewere ndi atsikana opanda pake, wachinyengo amene anali ndi zolinga zachinsinsi zopha akuluakulu a asilikali. ndi mabanja awo ndikusintha dziko kukhala Cuba yachiwiri), msinkhu wake wanthano unangokulirakulira kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe zidafika pachimake pakulemekeza anthu. Zinakonzedwa ndi boma la pulezidenti wa Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, yemwe adatenga udindo wa Pinochet wokayika ndi wotsutsana pamene demokalase inabwezeretsedwa mu March 1990. zisankho za 1970.
Pamene ndimadutsa pakati pa khamu la anthu ochuluka, otenthedwa ndi achiwawa omwe anasonkhana ku Plaza de Armas ndi chiyembekezo chowona bokosi lamaliro la pulezidenti wakufa pamene likuchoka ku tchalitchichi, kumene misa inali kukondweretsedwa mwaulemu wake, kwa mphindi imodzi. adakhala ndi chinyengo choti nthawi idayima. Nyimbo ya Allende, Allende, el pueblo te defiende ananditengera kubwerera ku Marichi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo kutsogolo kwa La Moneda, ndipo apa panalinso pueblo, kumenyedwa, kutunduzidwa, ndi kuzunzidwa; apa panali amuna ndi akazi awa ndi ana awo omwe adatsutsa ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu ndi kulimbika mtima ndi kuchenjera kuukira kwaulamuliro wankhanza ndi kupanga tsiku lino kukhala lotheka pokana kuiwala mtsogoleri wawo wakufa.
Chinyengocho sichinathe. Zambiri zinali zitasintha. Khamu la anthulo linali kulamuliridwa mwamphamvu, kutsekeredwa kutali ndi miyambo ya boma—ku tchalitchi chachikulu ndi kumanda kumene mabwinjawo anaikidwa m’nyumba yomangidwa mwapadera. Mu tchalitchichi, omwe adayimilira pafupi ndi banja la Allende komanso othandizira ake odziwika bwino, anali ena mwa adani ake owopsa, odziwika bwino kwambiri Aylwin, yemwe monga mtsogoleri wa Senate mu 1973 adakana zomwe Allende adapereka kuti akambirane pazavuto lamalamulo lomwe likukumana nawo. boma ndi Congress, potero zithandizira kulanda boma.8 M'mawu ake tsiku lomwelo kumanda, Aylwin sanabise kusiyana kwake ndi purezidenti wakale, kwinaku akugogomezera mikhalidwe yonga ya boma ya Allende ndi kutumikira demokalase. Koma tisamaganizire zakale zomwe zimatigawanitsa, adatero. Mwambowu unali a kukumananso, kuyanjananso ndi kuyanjananso pakati pa anthu aku Chile omwe kusagwirizana kwawo kunabweretsa ulamuliro wankhanza.
kuti kukumananso sichinali chophweka. Zinaphatikizapo kusinkhasinkha kowawa kwa ife ponena za zolakwazo: tinalonjeza paradaiso ndipo tinakathera ku helo. Panali kuwunika kuwiri kwakukulu kwa zomwe zidalakwika. MIR inati mfundo yakuti kusintha kwakukulu kungathe kuchitidwa kudzera mu bokosi lovotera ndiloyenera, ndipo chifukwa chake njira yokhayo inali kulimbana ndi zida zamphamvu zonse, popanda kukayika kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kwa adani opanda chifundo ndi achinyengo omwe adasokoneza demokalase. posakhalitsa sichinakwaniritse zofuna zawo.9
Malingaliro odzipha awa sanali omwe adakhalapo pakati pa otsatira ambiri a Allende. Kusintha kwakukulu sikukanatheka kuchokera paudindo wa anthu ochepa; mgwirizano waukulu wamagulu ambiri unkafunika.10 Kukana ulamuliro wankhanza kuyenera kuzikidwa pa kukopa anthu aku Chile kuti azilemekeza miyambo ya demokalase ndi mabungwe omwe adayambira zaka zana zankhondo zopanda ziwawa zapachiweniweni, zomwe anthu apakati komanso ogwira ntchito ena adasiyanitsidwa ndi liwiro la kusintha kwa Allende. Ambiri a iwo anaimiridwa ndi a Christian Democrats osintha zinthu, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuchirikiza malamulo opita patsogolo (programu yawo mu 1970 inali yosiyana pang’ono ndi ija ya Unidad Popular) koma amene analingalira kuti boma loukira boma linali kuwononga dzikolo. Motsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti wakale Eduardo Frei, iwo anatsegula njira ya kulanda boma, akudalira kuti asilikali posachedwapa aitanitsa zisankho zomwe apambana mwachisawawa.11 Mamembala ena akumanzere a chipanichi adadzudzula mwamphamvu a Junta ndipo posakhalitsa ena ambiri adakana mfundo zake zomwe zidawapangitsa kuti azizunzidwa.12
Kulumikizana pang'onopang'ono kwa Socialists ndi Christian Democrats, kuthana ndi mikangano yoopsa kwazaka zambiri, kudachita bwino modabwitsa: Pinochet adatsutsidwa mu 1988 poti akuyenera kukhalabe purezidenti pomwe ulamuliro wa anthu wamba ubwezeretsedwa, ndipo adachititsidwanso manyazi Aylwin atapambana utsogoleri. . Zoonadi, panali malire pa zimene mgwirizano watsopanowo ukanatha kuchita. Izi zinali zina chifukwa cha momwe malamulo achinyengo a wolamulira mwankhanza a 1980 adalepheretsera kusintha kwakukulu kwa mfundo za neoliberal ndikulepheretsa kuthetsedwa kwa madera ambiri aulamuliro mu Senate, Constitutional Council, maofesi, ndi zida zankhondo, komanso chifukwa chochenjeza osankhidwa andale apakati-kumanzere. Iwo ankaona kuti ngakhale kunena kuti kubwereza kuyesera kwa Allende kapena kuyesa kuweruza omwe adaphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kungawononge kusintha koopsa komwe kumakambidwa ndi asilikali atcheru, omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi Pinochet, komanso kukhumudwitsa amalonda omwe, pokhala nawo. anawonjezera chuma chawo ndi mphamvu pansi pa ulamuliro wankhanza, anagwira makiyi a chuma.
Panali, kwenikweni, Allendes awiri omwe adafera ku La Moneda. Mmodzi anali munthu yemwe adapereka moyo wake chifukwa cha demokalase. Wina anali woukira boma komanso wodana ndi ma imperialist omwe amakhulupirira kuti sipangakhale njira yothetsera mavuto omwe akukumana ndi dziko ngati Chile (ndi ena ambiri omwe panthawiyo ankatchedwa dziko lachitatu), palibe njira yothetsera umphawi, kusalingana, ndi kudyerana masuku pamutu osati kusintha kwambiri dongosolo la capitalist. Maliro ake adawonetsa apotheosis ya Allende wa demokalase kuwononga wosinthikayo, yemwe adayeretsedwa, kuchotsedwa mikhalidwe yonse yosokoneza, yosalongosoka, ndikuphatikizidwa bwino m'gulu lamitundu yonse. Ponena za masauzande mazana omwe adapatsidwa chisangalalo chachidule chowonera malirowo patali ndikupereka chimera kuti kukumbukira kwawo kunali kofunikira, tsopano amayenera kutha ndikusiyira olamulira kwa akatswiri. Misewu sinali yoguba ndi kupanga zofuna zosatheka.
Kwa zaka makumi atatu zotsatira, kulolerana kumeneko—inde ku demokalase yoyang’aniridwa, yoletsedwa, ayi ku ulendo wowopsa wa chigamulo—kunathandiza kukhazikitsa bata landale ndi kusintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe chakusokonekera kumene kunapangitsa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri kukhala yabwino koma kusungitsa chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. machitidwe osafanana kwambiri ogawa ndalama padziko lapansi. M'zaka zimenezo, mbiri ya Pinochet inatsika kwambiri, mpaka kufika pamene anamangidwa ku London mu 1998 monga wozunza, pamlandu womwe unalimbikitsa maganizo a anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndikukhazikitsa chitsanzo chakuti akuluakulu akale a boma akamaphwanya malamulo. , anthu ali ndi ufulu ndi udindo wowaimba mlandu kupyola malire a mayiko.13 Chithunzi cha Pinochet chinacheperanso pomwe mu 2005 zidawululidwa kuti iye ndi banja lake adasunga mosavomerezeka ndalama zoposa $ 17 miliyoni mumaakaunti obisika ku Riggs Bank.
Pakadali pano Allende adakhala wodziwika bwino, ngwazi kwambiri, wolemekezeka kuposa kale.
Kenako, mu Okutobala 2019, zigawenga zinagwedeza Chile. Zionetsero za ophunzira, zoponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi apolisi, zinasanduka chiwembu chofala kwambiri. Chilichonse chinakayikiridwa: maphunziro, thanzi, ndi nyumba zovutirapo; ndalama zapenshoni zomwe, zomwe zidaperekedwa mwabizinesi pansi paulamuliro wankhanza, zidalemeretsa makampani ndikusaukitsa okalamba; kunyozedwa kwa amayi ndi madera a komweko; kuzunzidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; chitaganya chaumbombo ndi madyedwe ndi kudzikonda kofala.
Ndipo taonani, moyo watsopano unauzira Allende, mneneri wamasomphenya wa dongosolo latsopano. Chithunzi chake chinayikidwa pazikwangwani masauzande ambiri pamayendedwe amtendere omwe mamiliyoni adatenga nawo gawo, mawu ake owopsa adakongoletsedwa ndi makoma osawerengeka, ndipo dzina lake lidaitanidwa ndi zigawenga zobisika zomwe zidatchingira zotchinga ndikumenyana ndi apolisi ndi miyala yamoto ndi ma cocktails a Molotov.
Kuti athetse kusakhutira kwa anthu omwe akhumudwitsidwa ndikudzutsanso mwadzidzidzi, chigamulo chinakhazikitsidwa chomwe chinafunsa ovota ngati akufuna kusintha malamulo a Pinochet. Mu Okutobala 2020, muyesowu udadutsa ndi 78 peresenti ya mavoti ndipo adatsatiridwa mu Meyi 2021 ndi zisankho za nthumwi zomwe zingalembe lamulo latsopano, ndi anthu ambiri mokomera kusintha kwakukulu momwe dziko limadziganizira.
Monga ngati kukonzanso kwa maloto aku Chile a chilungamo ndi kufanana sikunali kokwanira, mu Disembala 2021 a Gabriel Boric, mtsogoleri wachikoka, wojambula zithunzi, wazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu, adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti, kugonjetsa mdani wake, José Antonio Kast, wosilira kwambiri Pinochet, ndi pafupifupi 56 peresenti ya mavoti. Zinkaoneka kuti lumbiro la Boric lakuti “ngati dziko la Chile linali chiyambi cha usilikali, lidzakhalanso manda ake” linali litatsala pang’ono kukwaniritsidwa.
Tsopano Allende sanali m'misewu ndi Constitutional Convention, komanso kamodzinso kulowa La Moneda. Patsiku la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Boric, pulezidenti watsopanoyo adaphwanya ndondomeko: m'malo moyenda molunjika ku nyumba ya pulezidenti, adawoloka malo kuti aganizire kwa mphindi imodzi kutsogolo kwa fano la Allende lomwe linamangidwa pafupi ndi khonde limene adagwedeza. chabwino kwa iye pueblo zaka khumi ndi zitatu Boric asanabadwe. Nyaliyo idaperekedwa kwa m'badwo watsopano, zomwe Boric adatsindika kumapeto kwa mawu ake usiku womwewo:
Monga Salvador Allende ananeneratu pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, ndifenso, nzika anzathu, kutsegula grandes alamedas kudzera mwa amene adzadutsa munthu waufulu, amuna ndi akazi omasuka, kumanga chitaganya chabwinoko.
Masomphenya amenewa a dziko la Chile losiyana anaphatikizidwa m’malamulo olembedwa m’miyezi imeneyo, amene anapereka ufulu kwa Chilengedwe, akazi, ndi midzi ya eni eni, ndipo anapangitsa boma—osati msika—kukhala ndi udindo wa ubwino wa anthu. Ndinaona kuti tsiku la referendum kuvomereza kuti malamulo atsopano anali September 4, 2022. Ndi njira yabwino bwanji yokondwerera, zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha Allende ndi makumi atatu ndi ziwiri ataikidwa m'manda, kuti dziko lomwe anali kuyembekezera, monga wa demokalase ndi wosintha zinthu, zinali kuchitikadi? Ndi mphindi yabwino iti kutsazikana, osati kwa Allende monga momwe tidachitira titadutsa momwe adatsala pang'ono kutha, koma ku mphamvu ya ulamuliro wankhanza? Sizinayenera kutero. Lamulo lomwe Allende akanalilemekeza komanso lomwe limaphatikizapo maloto a Boric linakanidwa ndi pafupifupi 62 peresenti ya ovota.
Choyipa kwambiri chinali kubwera. Pa 7 May chaka chino, osankhidwawo adasankha nthumwi makumi asanu zomwe zidzayesenso kulemba lamulo latsopano. Zipani zakumanja zidapeza mipando yochulukirapo makumi atatu ndi inayi, pomwe makumi awiri ndi atatu mwa iwo a Partido Republicano motsogozedwa ndi Kast, yemwe adamenyedwa mwamphamvu ndi Boric ndipo adanenapo nthawi zambiri kuti amakonda kusunga malamulo a Pinochet. .
Zatsala pang'ono kuneneratu zomwe zidzachitike kusintha kodabwitsa kwa zisankho za voti. Kodi zikutanthauza kuti titha kuyembekezera kuti Kast akhale purezidenti wotsatira wa dzikolo, wotsanzira wina wa Trump kumwera kwa dziko lapansi, Bolsonaro wina? Kodi zikuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale zaku Chile ndi zofunika kwambiri, pomwe mamiliyoni aku Chile omwe sanavotepo kale akuwonetsa malingaliro awo osasintha? Kapena kodi zotsatira za zisankhozi zinali zosakhalitsa kwakanthawi, ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi kulephera kwa Boric kuthana ndi zovuta zingapo (upandu, kusamuka, kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu, ndi mikangano yachiwawa pakati pa boma, eni malo akuluakulu, ndi madera amtundu)? Kodi adzapeza njira yosinthira pulogalamu yake ndikuyambanso kuchitapo kanthu?
Funso lenileni ndiloti chidziŵitso chenicheni cha dziko la Chile chagona, funso lomwe lidzakambidwenso pamene zaka makumi asanu zachiwembu zikuyandikira. Kodi mfundo za Pinochet zausilikali komanso mantha omwe adayambitsa zidalowa mozama kwambiri m'magulu a anthu kotero kuti ntchito zamtsogolo zakusintha kwakukulu zidzalephereka? Kapena ndi Allende grandes alamedas wakacili kucenjela kwamyaka yoonse eeyi? Kodi zowopsya za ulamuliro wankhanza zidzagogomezedwanso nthawi ina ndikutsimikizira anthu aku Chile kuti ayenera kukana aliyense amene satsutsa mwamphamvu zolakwa za zaka za Pinochet?14 Kapena kodi zolakwa za Revolution ya Allende zidzakhala kutsogolo ndi pakati, monga nzika yotopa ikufuna dziko lomwe silidzakhalanso polarized?
Mabala a ku Chile ndi ozama, koma mosasamala kanthu za momwe aku Chile amasankha kuthana ndi zowawa zathu ndi mikangano, cholowa cha Allende chikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zina kupyola malire a dziko lake. Kufunika kwa kusintha kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusachita zachiwawa komwe mtsogoleri wapaderayu adayambitsa -ndipo sanakwaniritse zaka XNUMX zapitazo - kwakhalanso nkhani yofunika kwambiri m'nthawi yathu ino. Ndi mitundu yatsopano ya Pinochet yomwe ikuvutitsa mayiko ambiri, kukakamira kwa Allende m'moyo wake wonse kuti kuti maloto athu abereke zipatso timafunikira demokalase yochulukirapo ndipo osachepera - nthawi zonse, demokalase yochulukirapo - ndiyofunikira kuposa kale. Akutiuza kuti sipangakhale njira yothetsera mavuto omwe akuvutitsa dziko lapansi - nkhondo, kusalingana, kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri, ziwopsezo ziwiri zakusintha kwanyengo ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya - popanda kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu kwa amuna ndi akazi ambiri opanda mantha ndi achangu omwe akuguba. kudutsa makonde amtsogolo.
Zaka XNUMX pambuyo pa imfa yake, Salvador Allende akulankhulabe ndi ife.
—Ogasiti 24, 2023
zolemba
1Izi zinayambitsa kuyesa kochititsa chidwi pakudziyendetsa. Onani Peter Winn, Weavers of Revolution: The Yarur Workers ndi Chile's Road to Socialism (Oxford University Press, 1986)
2Allende, yemwe anali dokotala, anadzipereka kuyambira ali wamng’ono kutumikira anthu a ku Chile omwe ankakhala m’malo amene ankawatcha kuti “mkhalidwe wosakhala waumunthu.” Onse ngati nduna ya zaumoyo ndi zaumoyo m'boma la Popular Front (kuyambira 1939 mpaka 1942) komanso ngati senate, adathandizira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa chitetezo cha anthu komanso machitidwe azaumoyo, nthawi zonse amatsindika kuti njira yabwino yowonetsetsera thanzi la anthu ndi anthu, makamaka makanda ndi amayi, kuti azidyetsedwa bwino. Monga mtumiki (ali ndi zaka makumi atatu ndi chimodzi) adanena kuti, "Kwa el pueblo ndimakonda mbale ya mphodza m'malo mwa botolo la mankhwala a tonic." Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi moyo wa Allende, mawu oyamba abwino kwambiri ndi Mario Amorós, Allende (Barcelona/Madrid: Ediciones B, 2013), limodzi mwazolemba zina zambiri pamutuwu m'Chisipanishi. Mbiri yokhayo (yaifupi) ya Allende yofalitsidwa mu Chingerezi ndi Victor Figueroa Clark, Salvador Allende: Revolutionary Democrat (Pluto, 2013). Mawu oyambira abwino kwambiri akupezeka mu anthology ya malingaliro ake andale, Salvador Allende Reader: Chile's Voice of Democracy, lolembedwa ndi James D. Cockcroft (Ocean, 2000).
3Kulankhula, amene analandira mphindi khumi kuyimirira ovation, angapezeke mu Salvador Allende Reader. Paul E. Sigmund anatsutsa m’nkhani yake yakuti “The Invisible Blockade and the Overthrow of Allende” (Nkhani Zachilendo, Januwale 1974) kuti popanda kukana kuchuluka kwa zomwe US akuchita motsutsana ndi Chile, chipwirikiticho chinali ndi kupambana kwake chifukwa chamkati osati zakunja. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za nkhondo yachuma yaku America ku Chile, onani Peter Kornbluh, Fayilo ya Pinochet: Dossier Yosasinthika pa Atrocity and Accountability (New Press, 2003). Onaninso Marc Cooper, "Kissinger ndi CIA ku Chile: Kuyankhulana ndi Peter Kornbluh," Choonadi, July 6, 2023.
4Ngakhale thandizo lazachuma komanso ndalama zambiri ku Chile zidalepheretsedwa, thandizo lankhondo laku America kunkhondo linakula kwambiri pakati pa 1970 ndi 1973.
5Pakutanthauzira kusinthika kwa imfa ya Allende, onani zolemba zanga, Kulowera Kumwera, Kuyang'ana Kumpoto: Ulendo Wa Zinenero Ziwiri (Farrar, Straus ndi Giroux, 1998), pp. 51-59. Kuti mumve chidule cha zolemba zambiri pankhaniyi, kuphatikiza zotsutsa za chiphunzitso chodzipha komanso zolemba zambiri, onani Hermes Benítez, Las muertes de Salvador Allende: Matembenuzidwe a sus últimos momentos (Valparaiso: RIL, 2013).
6Onani Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: Kukwera kwa Disaster Capitalism (Metropolitan, 2007). Kuti mumve zambiri zakukoka kwa Friedman pa mfundo za Pinochet, onani Sebastian Edwards, Project ya Chile: Nkhani ya Chicago Boys ndi Kugwa kwa Neoliberalism (Princeton University Press, 2023).
7Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi Margaret Thatcher anali kuyesa izi m'dziko lake, ndipo posakhalitsa inali nthawi ya Ronald Reagan.
8Mothandizidwa ndi kadinala wachikatolika wopita patsogolo Raúl Silva Henríquez, Allende anakumana ndi Aylwin mwakabisira pa August 17, 1973. Ngakhale kuti sanagwirizane, patapita masiku asanu Allende anatumizira Aylwin kalata yaitali yofotokoza mmene mavutowo akanathere. Aylwin sanayankhe.
9Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, chiphunzitsochi chinavomerezedwa ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, chomwe, powopa kuti ndondomekoyi ikupita patsogolo, inali mphamvu yochepetsetsa kwambiri mu mgwirizano wa Allende.
10Kulephera kwa msewu waku Chile wopita ku socialism kunali ndi zotulukapo zopitirira malire ake. Kusintha kwamtendere kwa Allende kudalandilidwa ndi chifundo ndi magulu ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku Europe. Eurocommunism, kusintha kwa mbiri m'maphwando amphamvu a Chikomyunizimu ku Italy, France, ndi Spain kupita ku projekiti yomwe inali pafupi ndi demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kusiyana ndi kusintha kwakukulu, kochokera ku kufufuza kosasunthika kwa zifukwa zomwe polojekiti ya Allende inatha momvetsa chisoni kwambiri, kusintha komwe kunalipo. zidzasintha mmene ndale ndi mgwirizano m’mayikowo.
11Zotsatira kwa iwo za kusaweruzika kolakwika kumeneku zidadziwika bwino ndi Larry Birns mu "Imfa ya Chile," Ndemanga ya New YorkNovembala 1, 1973.
12Woweruza adatsimikiza mu 2019 kuti Frei adaphedwa mu 1982 ndi achitetezo a wolamulira mwankhanza ali m'chipatala kuti akamuchite opareshoni yotetezeka. Ngakhale kuti khoti la apilo linakaniza chigamulocho patapita zaka ziwiri ndipo Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri posachedwapa linavomereza kuchotsedwa kwa luso linalake, umboni wa kuphedwa kumeneku, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, udakali wosatsutsika. Mwaona Magnicidio: La history del crimen de mi padre (Madrid: Aguilar, 2017) ndi Carmen Frei, mwana wamkazi wa Purezidenti wakale.
13Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kumangidwa uku ndi zotsatira zake, onani wanga Kuopsa Kwambiri: Mayesero Odabwitsa Osatha a Augusto Pinochet (Nkhani Zisanu ndi ziwiri, 2002).
14Ndizofunikira kuti Sebastián Piñera, yekhayo yemwe ali ndi ufulu wokhala Purezidenti (kawiri) kuyambira pomwe demokalase idabwezeretsedwa, adavoteranso Pinochet mu 1988 plebiscite. Kukumbatira kwa chipani cha Kast kwa Pinochet sikungapitirire mosagwirizana. Ndipo pamene Luis Silva, waku Republican yemwe adapeza mavoti ochuluka pazisankho zaposachedwa za Constitutional Council, adawonetsa chidwi chake kwa Pinochet chifukwa anali mtsogoleri wandale, Purezidenti Boric adanenanso momveka bwino kuti Pinochet sanali wolamulira wankhanza koma "wakatangale komanso wakuba. ndipo…osati mtsogoleri weniweni. ”
Ariel Dorfman, Pulofesa Wolemekezeka Emeritus of Literature ku Duke, ndiye mlembi wa seweroli Imfa ndi Namwali, mndandanda wa ndakatulo Mawu ochokera Kumbali Ina ya Imfa, ndipo posachedwapa, bukuli The Suicide Museum. (Seputembala 2023)
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Ndinakhala ku Latin America kwa zaka zambiri. Sindinayeserebe kulemba ndi kufotokoza zomwe ndidawona ndikuziphunzira. Zinali zondichitikira kwambiri. Ndidakhala, ndisanakhale komweko pomwe ndimaganiza kuti zikhala moyo wanga wonse utali womwe ukanakhalira, ndinali ku Chile kumapeto kwa boma la Pinochet pomwe, monga momwe zidakhalira, likufika kumapeto. . Panali mtendere wovuta, palibe amene ankadziwa zomwe zidzachitike. Asilikali okhala ndi zida ndi apolisi anali paliponse ku Santiago. Ndinadzipeza ndekha, mwangozi ndinakhulupirira panthawiyo, ndikuyang'ana pansi pa mbiya yamfuti. Alendo mumsewu samandiyang'ana, ndipo ngati atatero, maso adatembenuka. Pambuyo pake ndidaphunzira kuchokera kwa wolemba waku Chile kuti kuyankha kodziwikiratu komanso kosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe kunali komwe kudachitika m'zaka za boma za Pinochet kwa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amawakonda aku Chile. Ndakhala ndikuwerenga kwa zaka zambiri nkhani za moyo ndi tanthauzo la Dorfman ku Chile kwawo. Ulendo wopita ku Chile umapangitsa kuti munthu amve zomwe akulemba.