Gwero: The New York Review
Santiago-Monga maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, dziko la Chile, lomwe ndidachokera, likukumana ndi zovuta zingapo. Chomwe chili cholimbikitsa ndi njira ya demokalase, yolenga, komanso yodalirika yomwe yapeza kuti ithane ndi vutoli: Convención Constitucional (msonkhano wachigawo) womwe wapatsidwa ntchito yopanga Magna Carta kuti alowe m'malo mwa malamulo a wolamulira wankhanza a Augusto Pinochet, omwe, kuyambira pamenepo. kuvomereza kwake mwachinyengo mu 1980, kwalepheretsa masinthidwe ofunikira. Msonkhanowu udachitika chifukwa cha kupanduka komwe kudachitika mu Okutobala 2019, pomwe mamiliyoni a nzika zokwiya adafuna kuti dziko lawo lisinthidwe kwambiri, komanso pakudziganizira kwawo.
Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe mamembala amsonkhanowu akukambirana ndi zaku Chile koma zikuwoneka kuti ndizodziwika bwino kwa owerenga ku United States ndi kwina kulikonse: Momwe mungachepetsere kusiyana kwachuma, kuyankha kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena omwe alibe zikalata, kusintha apolisi achiwawa. kukakamiza, kuteteza ufulu wolankhula m'magulu omwe akuwunikidwa mowonjezereka, ndikulimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo popanda kusokoneza kukula kwachuma. Ndi momwe mungamangire chizindikiritso chatsopano cha dziko poyang'anizana ndi amnesia yomwe yalola kuti nkhanza zakale, makamaka kwa anthu amitundu ndi mitundu yachibadwidwe, kukwiriridwa ndi kuiwalika.
Ngati kuyesaku pakutanthauzira dziko kukuyenda bwino, kutha kukhala chitsanzo cholimbikitsa kumayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ngati ovota akanakana zosinthazi, mu referendum yomwe ikuyenera kumapeto kwa Seputembala, zitha kusokoneza chidaliro cha anthu aku Chile mu demokalase ngati njira yothetsera mavuto adziko lomwe, monga mayiko ambiri masiku ano, lingagonjetsedwe ndi mayesero. za authoritarianism.
Zomwe zili m'malamulo atsopanowa sizikudziwikabe, koma mfundo zina zakuti ndondomekoyi ikupita kuti tingadziwike pa zomwe zinalembedwa ndi mamembala 155 a msonkhanowo. Nthumwi izi, zosankhidwa ndi chisankho mu Meyi watha, zimachokera kumadera akutali kwambiri a dzikolo, ndi kupezeka kwakukulu kwa madera omwe amanyalanyazidwa ku Chile. Ndi kukula kwa kuyimira uku, kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso zaka zapakati pa makumi anayi ndi zisanu, mamembala a msonkhanowo amawoneka ngati anthu ochuluka komanso osiyana siyana a ku Chile komweko kusiyana ndi osankhika omwe alamulira dziko lino kwa zaka zoposa mazana awiri kuchokera pamene ufulu unayamba. . Mwinanso chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, nthumwi makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha zimachokera ku zipani zokondera, kutanthauza kuti sangathe kuletsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe ambiri amsonkhano amakondera ndipo dzikolo likulira.
Chidziwitso cha anthu ambiri, mpaka pano, chakhazikika pa zoyesayesa zowunikiranso kusintha kwa mabungwe ndi ndale komwe Chile ikufuna ngati ikuyenera kulamulidwa mosiyana. Momwe mungalowerere muulamuliro wapulezidenti womwe umapereka ulamuliro wambiri kwa munthu m'modzi, kutsogolera ulamuliro wa autocracy, ziphuphu, ndi nkhanza? Ndipo Nyumba Yamalamulo: Kodi iyenera kuthetsedwa, kapena kuchepetsedwa kwambiri? Kapena kodi bungwe logwirizana chotere ndilofunika kutsimikizira kuti zigawo zomwe zili ndi anthu ochepa koma zofunika kwambiri mdziko muno zikhalebe ndi oyimira? Ponena za oweruza, angawatsekere bwanji kuti asapanikizidwe komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti sakuchepetsa kusintha komwe aku Chile ambiri akufuna? Kodi anthu amtundu wanji, kapena amene tsopano atchedwa “mitundu” ayenera kusangalala ndi udindo wotani? Kodi angabwezere bwanji minda ya makolo awo ndi ufulu kwa iwo popanda kuwononga zofuna za anthu ambiri omwe si a ku Chile omwe tsopano ali ndi mindayo kapena amagwira ntchito?
M'mawu ake ofotokozera malamulo ofunikira a Chile, msonkhanowu uli ndi mnzake wofunikira kwambiri kwa Purezidenti wosankhidwa a Gabriel Boric, wazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi yemwe anali wophunzira wakale. Monga mamembala ambiri amsonkhanowu, amadzitcha ngati wokonda zachikazi komanso wolimbikitsa zachilengedwe, komanso munthu wolemekeza kwambiri zilankhulo ndi miyambo yaku Chile. Ndipo monga mapiko opita patsogolo a msonkhanowu, amakhulupirira kuti anthu aku Chile sangapindule ndi chithandizo chokwanira chaumoyo, maphunziro, nyumba, mapulani a penshoni, ndi chitetezo pokhapokha ngati dzikolo likukana mfundo zachuma za neoliberal zomwe zimatsatirabe ndikumanga m'malo mwake gulu lokhazikika pa mgwirizano. m’malo mwa phindu ndi ulemerero.
Nzika ndi chinthu chachitatu pakupanga maziko atsopano a dziko. Adasankha Boric mu Disembala ndi mavoti ochuluka kwambiri m'mbiri ya dzikolo, akuposa mdani wake - wandale wampingo wakumanja yemwe amati amasilira a General Pinochet ndi a Donald Trump - ndi oposa 11 peresenti. Komabe, zisankho si njira yokhayo imene anthu a ku Chile angasonyezere ziyembekezo zawo za tsogolo la dzikolo; msonkhanowu wapatsa anthu njira yapadera komanso yoyambirira yofotokozera zomwe amakonda mwadongosolo lademokalase.
Magulu akuluakulu a anthu aku Chile - pafupifupi nzika miliyoni - adatumiza zoyeserera kumsonkhanowu, makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu mwa iwo omwe adathandizidwa ndi oposa 15,000 omwe adasaina, poyambira kuti ayenerere kuganiziridwa ndi nthumwi. Malingaliro awa amasiyanasiyana pazandale komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana: ena amateteza katundu wamba ndi magulu ankhondo, ena amalankhula za kupereka ufulu kuzinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza nyama ndi madzi oundana, ndikukhazikitsa dziko la Chile ngati lipabuliki yamitundu yambiri, zinenero zambiri. Ambiri amabwereza zomwe zidanenedwa ndi zionetsero zam'misewu zaka zingapo zapitazi: kutengera chuma chamchere ndi madzi m'manja mwaokha, kulembetsa cannabis mwalamulo, kuletsa nkhanza zomwe apolisi achitira achinyamata ndi osauka, ndikukhazikitsa thanzi ladziko. dongosolo kwa onse ndi penshoni zotsimikizika kwa anthu akuluakulu.
Ngakhale kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkhano kudzakhala kopambana kwambiri, komanso kuyanjana kwademokalase kwachepe, njira yamtsogolo sikhala yophweka.
Msonkhanowu wasokonezedwa ndi kusagwirizana komanso kusagwirizana. Gulu laphokoso la nthumwi zachipongwe laumirira pazolinga zingapo zazikulu - monga kusintha utsogoleri, Congress, ndi mabwalo amilandu ndi msonkhano wapadziko lonse wosadziwika bwino - ngati kuti dziko la Chile lilipo masiku ano m'boma lofanana ndi la Russia losintha mu 1917. Ngati nthumwizo sizinagwirizane pa kusintha kwakukulu, zidzapereka zipolopolo kwa omwe adzalimbikitsa ovota kuti akane lamulo latsopano la malamulo pamene kugwa kwa plebiscite.
Msonkhanowu wachitanso ntchito yolakwika mpaka pano polankhula za kupita patsogolo kwakukulu komwe wapanga pomwe ukuchepetsa malingaliro opitilira chikwi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana mu Magna Carta yatsopano. Ili ndi vuto lomwe lakulitsidwa kwambiri ndi kampeni yolimbana ndi chidani kuchokera kwa olemba mabulogu akumanja ndi ma TV. (Tangoganizani ngati olemba malamulo a US ku Philadelphia mu 1787 adayenera kuchita ntchito yawo yokambirana pamaso pa vitriol yosalekeza komanso zosokoneza zomwe zidatumizidwa pa Facebook ndi Twitter.)
Ponena za Boric, adaphatikizira mwaluso mu nduna yake ena mwamayanjano a demokalase omwe adawatsutsa kuti anali odekha kwambiri m'mbuyomu. Koma akukumana ndi Congress pomwe otsutsa amalamula mipando yokwanira kuti imuletse kusintha kwakukulu komwe adalonjeza kuti akhazikitsa, njira zomwe magulu omwe adalimbikitsa kusankhidwa kwake sadzasiya kusokoneza.
Komabe, pamapeto pake, tsogolo la malamulo atsopano komanso pulezidenti yemwe akubwera zidzadalira anthu aku Chile. M’mwezi wapitawu kapena kupitirira apo nditakhala kuno, ndalankhula ndi anthu ambiri a m’dziko langa amene atopa ndi mliri. Zambiri mwazokambirana zanga zinkachitika m’maola aatali amene akudikirira pamzere—kuti akalandire chithandizo chamankhwala m’zipatala zosatha kapena m’basi imene sinabwere, kulipira ngongole kubanki yopanda antchito, kukonza vuto ndi foni kapena ntchito zapa intaneti, kapena kukanena za kugwiriridwa kwa mankhwala ozunguza bongo m’dera lawo kupolisi yotaya mtima.
Uwu ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu ambiri aku Chile masiku ano: kudikirira ndikudikirira zina. Ndinayamba kukhumudwa kwambiri, ngakhale kupsa mtima komwe kunalipo pansi pa nthaka, chifukwa cha kuleza mtima.
Panthawi ina, ndinakumana ndi mayi wina wachikulire wosauka kuchipatala. Anali pamenepo, akudikirira namwino woti amusamalire—mapazi ake atamanga bandeji, manja ake ali ndi nyamakazi, mwachionekere anali wosadya mokwanira. Anauzidwa kuti afike 8 AM. Maora atatu anali atatha, ndipo palibe amene anamusamalira. Ndinamufunsa kuti apirira bwanji?
“Ndiyenera kukhala,” iye anayankha mwaulemu kwambiri. Zoonadi, ulemu ndiwo mawu amene munthu amva pamilomo ya aliyense—pakuti ndicho chimene amachilakalaka kwambiri: kuchitidwa monga anthu athunthu. “Ndiyenera kuleza mtima,” iye anabwereza motero. "Koma kuleza mtima kwanga sikungatheke."
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama