Pa Disembala 3, 2023, anthu ambiri olembetsa ku Venezuela adavota pa referendum yokhudza dera la Essequibo lomwe likutsutsana ndi dziko loyandikana nalo la Guyana. Pafupifupi onse amene adavota anayankha kuti inde ku mafunso asanuwo. Mafunso awa adafunsa anthu aku Venezuela kuti atsimikizire kuti dziko lawo ndi la Essequibo. โLero,โ anati Purezidenti waku Venezuela Nicolas Maduro, "palibe opambana kapena olephera." Wopambana yekha, adatero, ndi ulamuliro wa Venezuela. Wotayika wamkulu, Maduro adati, ndi ExxonMobil.
Mu 2022, ExxonMobil anapanga phindu la $55.7 biliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamakampani olemera kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Makampani monga ExxonMobil, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zamafuta. Ili ndi mahema padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera ku Malaysia kupita ku Argentina. Mu zake Ufumu Wachinsinsi: ExxonMobil ndi American Power (2012), Steve Coll limafotokoza momwe kampaniyo ili "boma lamakampani mkati mwa dziko la America." Atsogoleri a ExxonMobil akhala ndi ubale wapamtima ndi boma la US: Lee "Iron Ass" Raymond (Chief Executive Officer kuchokera ku 1993 mpaka 2005) anali bwenzi lapamtima la Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa US Dick Cheney ndipo adathandizira kukonza ndondomeko ya boma la US pakusintha kwanyengo. ; Rex Tillerson (wolowa m'malo mwa Raymond mu 2006) adasiya kampaniyi mu 2017 kuti akhale Secretary of State waku US motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Donald Trump. Coll akufotokoza momwe ExxonMobil amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za boma la US kuti apeze malo osungiramo mafuta ochulukirapo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ExxonMobil imapindula ndi zomwe zapeza.
Poyenda mโmalo osiyanasiyana ochitira zisankho ku Caracas patsiku lachisankho, zinali zoonekeratu kuti anthu amene anavotawo akudziwa ndendende zimene amavotera: osati motsutsa kwambiri anthu a ku Guyana, dziko lokhala ndi anthu oposa 800,000 chabe. koma amavotera ufulu waku Venezuela motsutsana ndi makampani monga ExxonMobil. Mkhalidwe wa voti imeneyiโngakhale kuti nthaลตi zina unkasonkhezeredwa ndi kukonda dziko lako kwa Venezuelaโunali wofunitsitsa kuchotsa chisonkhezero cha mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kulola anthu aku South America kuthetsa mikangano yawo ndi kugawana chuma chawo pakati pawo.
Pamene Venezuela Anatulutsa ExxonMobil
Pamene Hugo Chรกvez adapambana chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Venezuela mu 1998, adanena nthawi yomweyo kuti chuma cha dziko-makamaka mafuta, omwe amapereka ndalama zothandizira chitukuko cha dziko - ayenera kukhala m'manja mwa anthu osati makampani amafuta monga. ExxonMobil. โEl petroleo es nuestroโ (mafuta ndi athu), anali mawu atsiku limenelo. Kuchokera ku 2006, boma la Chรกvez lidayamba kusinthana ndi mayiko, mafuta ali pakati (mafuta adasinthidwa mu 1970s, kenako adasinthidwanso zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake). Makampani ambiri amafuta amitundumitundu adavomereza malamulo atsopano owongolera makampani amafuta, koma awiri adakana: ConocoPhillips ndi ExxonMobil. Makampani onsewa adafuna ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri, ngakhale bungwe la International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) apezeka mu 2014 kuti Venezuela imangofunika kulipira ExxonMobile $ 1.6 biliyoni.
Rex Tillerson adakwiya, malinga ndi anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ku ExxonMobil panthawiyo. Mu 2017, a Washington Post adathamanga a nkhani zomwe zidagwira malingaliro a Tillerson: "Rex Tillerson adawotchedwa ku Venezuela. Kenako anabwezera.โ ExxonMobil idasaina mgwirizano ndi Guyana kuti ifufuze zamafuta akunyanja mu 1999 koma sanayambe kuyang'ana gombe mpaka Marichi 2015 - chigamulo choyipa chidabwera kuchokera ku ICSID. ExxonMobil idagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zankhondo yaku US yolimbana ndi dziko la Venezuela kuti ikhazikitse ntchito zake m'gawo lomwe anthu amakangana komanso kusokoneza zomwe dziko la Venezuela likunena ku dera la Essequibo. Uku kunali kubwezera kwa Tillerson.
Zoyipa za ExxonMobil ku Guyana
Mu 2015, ExxonMobil analengeza kuti anapeza โmadamu a mchenga okhala ndi mafuta apamwambaโ okwana mamita 295; Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mafuta akuluakulu omwe amapezeka m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Kampani yayikulu yamafuta idayamba pafupipafupi Kufunsana ndi boma la Guyana, kuphatikizapo malonjezo oti lipereke ndalama zilizonse zomwe zidzachitike pofufuza mafuta. Pamene a Mgwirizano Wogawana Zopanga pakati pa boma la Guyana ndi ExxonMobil idatulutsidwa, idawulula momwe Guyana idayendera bwino pazokambirana. ExxonMobil inapatsidwa 75 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe mafuta amapeza kuti abwezeretse mtengo, ndipo ena onse adagawana 50-50 ndi Guyana; kampani yamafuta, nayonso, imamasulidwa ku msonkho uliwonse. Ndime 32 ("Kukhazikika kwa Mgwirizano") ikunena kuti boma "sadzasintha, kusintha, kuchotsa, kuthetsa, kulengeza kuti n'chosavomerezeka kapena chosatheka, kufuna kukambirananso, kukakamiza kusintha kapena kusintha, kapena kufunafuna kupewa, kusintha, kapena kuchepetsa Mgwirizanowu. โ popanda chilolezo cha ExxonMobil. Mgwirizanowu watsekereza maboma onse amtsogolo a Guyana pakuchita bwino kwambiri.
Choyipa kwambiri ku Guyana ndikuti mgwirizano umapangidwa m'madzi omwe amatsutsana ndi Venezuela kuyambira zaka za zana la 19. Mendacity yochitidwa ndi a British ndipo kenako United States inayambitsa mikangano yamalire m'derali yomwe inali ndi mavuto ochepa asanatuluke mafuta. Mโzaka za mโma 2000, Guyana inali ndi maubale apamtima ndi boma la Venezuela. Mu 2009, pansi pa PetroCaribe scheme, Guyana adagulidwa mafuta otsika mtengo ochokera ku Venezuela posinthana ndi mpunga, phindu pamakampani opanga mpunga ku Guyana. Dongosolo la mafuta pa mpunga lidatha mu Novembala 2015, mwina chifukwa chakutsika kwamitengo yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi. Zinali zoonekeratu kwa owonera ku Georgetown ndi Caracas kuti chiwembuchi chidakumana ndi mikangano yomwe idakula pakati pa mayiko pachigawo chomwe chikukangana cha Essequibo.
Gawani ndi Kulamulira kwa ExxonMobil
Referendum ya December 3 ku Venezuela ndi "mabwalo a mgwirizano" zotsutsa ku Guyana akusonyeza kuuma kwa kaimidwe ka mayiko onsewa. Panthawiyi, pambali pa msonkhano wa COP-28, Purezidenti wa Guyana Irfaan Ali anakumana ndi Pulezidenti wa Cuba Miguel Dรญaz-Canel ndi nduna yaikulu ya St. Vincent ndi Grenadines Ralph Gonsalves kuti akambirane za vutoli. Ali analimbikitsa Dรญaz-Canel kulimbikitsa Venezuela kuti isunge "malo amtendere."
Nkhondo sizikuwoneka kuti ili pafupi. United States yasiya mbali ina yomwe idatsekereza makampani amafuta aku Venezuela, kulola Chevron kutero yambitsaninso ntchito zingapo zamafuta ku Orinoco Belt ndi Nyanja ya Maracaibo. Washington ilibe chidwi chokulitsa mikangano yake ndi Venezuela. Koma ExxonMobil imatero. Ngakhale anthu aku Venezuela kapena aku Guyana sangapindule ndi ndale za ExxonMobil mderali. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu ambiri aku Venezuela omwe adabwera kudzavota pa Disembala 3 adawona izi ngati mkangano pakati pa Venezuela ndi Guyana komanso ngati mkangano pakati pa ExxonMobil ndi anthu a mayiko awiri aku South America.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa ndi Chizindikiro.
Vijay Prashad ndi wolemba mbiri waku India, mkonzi, komanso mtolankhani. Iye ndi wolemba mnzake komanso mtolankhani wamkulu ku Globetrotter. Iye ndi mkonzi wa LeftWord Books ndi director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Walemba mabuku oposa 20, kuphatikizapo Mitundu Yakuda ndi Mitundu Yosauka. Mabuku ake aposachedwa ndi Kulimbana Kumatipanga Kukhala Anthu: Kuphunzira kuchokera ku Movements for Socialism ndi (ndi Noam Chomsky) Kuchotsa: Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, ndi Fragility of US Power.
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