Ngati sitinadziwe m'mbuyomu, kukwera kwa ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse m'zaka zingapo zapitazi kwachititsa phunziro loti ziwonetsero zazikulu zitha kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana pazamakhalidwe ndi ndale. Kungoti amavala ma bandannas ndikumanga zotchinga - komanso amakhala ndi madandaulo enieni - sizitanthauza kuti ochita ziwonetsero akumenyera demokalase kapena chilungamo cha anthu.
Kuchokera ku Ukraine kupita ku Thailand ndi Egypt kupita ku Venezuela, zionetsero zazikulu zakhala zikufuna, kapena zapambana, kuchotsa maboma osankhidwa chaka chatha. M'mayiko ena, zionetsero za anthu ambiri zakhala zikutsogozedwa ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimayang'ana kuchepetsetsa komanso mphamvu zamakampani. M'madera ena, chipwirikiti makamaka chapakati chakhala chida chobwezeretsa anthu osankhika omwe anachotsedwa.
Nthawi zina, pakalibe gulu la ndale, amatha kusokonekera. Koma aliyense amene amaimira, amawoneka ofanana pa TV. Ndipo zionetsero za mโmisewu zakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri pakusintha maboma mโzaka 25 zapitazi moti maulamuliro amphamvu padziko lonse aunjikana mโbizinesi ya zionetsero mโnjira yaikulu.
Kuchokera pakugwetsedwa kwa boma losankhidwa la Mossadegh ku Iran m'zaka za m'ma 1950, pamene CIA ndi MI6 adalipira ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi boma, US ndi ogwirizana nawo adatsogolera ntchitoyi: kuthandizira "kusintha kwamitundu", kupereka ndalama kwa NGOs kasitomala ndi kuphunzitsa olimbikitsa ophunzira, kulimbikitsa ziwonetsero zapa social media ndi kudzudzula - kapena kunyalanyaza - nkhanza za apolisi monga momwe zimawafunira.
Ndipo patapita nthawi pamene adadzikonzekeretsa kulimbikitsa demokalase, akubwerera ku njira zawo zotsutsana ndi demokalase. Tengani dziko la Venezuela, lomwe kwa miyezi iwiri yapitayi lakhala likukhudzidwa ndi ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi boma zomwe zikufuna kugonjetsa boma la Socialist la Nicolas Maduro, pulezidenti wosankhidwa chaka chatha kuti alowe m'malo mwa Hugo Chรกvez.
Otsutsa aku Venezuela omwe ali ndi vuto kwa nthawi yayitali akhala ndi vuto ndi bizinesi ya demokalase, atataya zisankho 18 mwa 19 kapena ma referendum kuyambira pomwe Chรกvez adasankhidwa koyamba mu 1998 - pamasankho omwe adafotokozedwa ndi Purezidenti wakale wa US Jimmy Carter ngati "wabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi" . Chiyembekezo chawo chidakwezedwa mu Epulo watha pomwe wotsutsa adataya Maduro ndi 1.5% yokha. Koma mu Disembala, zisankho zapadziko lonse zidapatsa mgwirizano wa Chavista chitsogozo cha 10.
Chifukwa chake mwezi wotsatira, atsogoleri otsutsa omwe adalumikizana ndi US - ambiri mwa iwo omwe adachita nawo chipwirikiti chomwe chidalephera kuthandizidwa ndi US motsutsana ndi Chรกvez mu 2002 - adayambitsa kampeni yochotsa Maduro, kuyitanitsa otsatira awo kuti "awunikire m'misewu ndikulimbana". Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu, ziwawa zachiwawa komanso kusowa kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, panali zambiri zolimbikitsa kampeniyi - ndipo ochita ziwonetsero adayankha, kwenikweni.
Kwa milungu isanu ndi itatu, awotcha mayunivesite, nyumba zaboma komanso malo okwerera mabasi, pomwe anthu 39 amwalira. Ngakhale zonena za mlembi wa boma la US, John Kerry, kuti boma likuchita "nkhondo yachigawenga" motsutsana ndi nzika zake, umboni ukusonyeza kuti ambiri aphedwa ndi otsutsa, kuphatikizapo asanu ndi atatu a chitetezo ndi atatu oyendetsa njinga zamoto. waya wokhota m'misewu. Otsatira anayi otsutsa aphedwa ndi apolisi, pomwe apolisi angapo amangidwa.
Zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati zionetsero zamtendere zili ndi zizindikiro zonse za kupanduka kotsutsana ndi demokalase, zomwe zimawomberedwa ndi mwayi wamagulu komanso tsankho. Pokhala anthu apakati komanso amangokhala kumadera olemera azungu, zionetserozo zachepa kuphulitsa moto ndi ndewu zamwambo ndi apolisi, pamene mbali zina za zipani zotsutsa zavomereza zokambirana za mtendere.
Thandizo la boma, panthawiyi, limakhalabe lolimba m'madera ogwira ntchito. Monga Anacauna Marin, wogwira ntchito m'deralo mu 23 January barrio mโbuku la Caracas limati: โMโmbiri yakale zionetsero za zionetsero ndi njira imene anthu osauka amafunira kuwongolera mikhalidwe yawo. Koma kuno olemera akuchita zionetsero ndipo osauka akugwira ntchito.โ
Ndizosadabwitsa muzochitika zomwezo Maduro akuwona zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ngati kusokoneza chikhalidwe cha ku Ukraine mothandizidwa ndi US, monga anandiuza. A US akunena kuti ichi ndi "chowiringula" chopanda maziko ndizosamveka. Umboni wa kugonja kwa US ku Venezuela - kuyambira 2002 mpaka Zingwe zowululidwa ndi WikiLeaks zofotokoza mapulani aku US "kulowa", "kudzipatula" ndi "kugawa" boma la Venezuela, kuti lipitilizebe kwambiri ndalama zamagulu otsutsa - ndi voluminous.
Sichifukwa chakuti dziko la Venezuela lili pa malo osungiramo mafuta aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma chifukwa chakuti yatsogolera mafunde opita patsogolo omwe asesa Latin America pazaka khumi zapitazi: kutsutsa ulamuliro wa US, kubweza chuma kuchokera ku ulamuliro wamakampani ndikugawanso chuma ndi mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto azachuma, zopambana zakusintha kwa Venezuela ndizosatsutsika.
Chiyambireninso kulamulira mafuta ake, Venezuela yagwiritsa ntchito pochepetsa umphawi ndi theka ndi umphawi wadzaoneni ndi 70%, kukulitsa thanzi la anthu, nyumba, maphunziro ndi ufulu wa amayi, kukulitsa penshoni ndi malipiro ochepa, kukhazikitsidwa ma co-ops masauzande ambiri. ndi mabizinesi aboma, amayika zothandizira m'manja mwa demokalase yotenga nawo mbali, komanso ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo ndi chitukuko ku Latin America ndi Caribbean.
Chifukwa chake sizosadabwitsa kuti Maduro's Chavistas akadali ndi chithandizo chambiri. Kuti izi zitheke, boma liyenera kuthana ndi kusowa komanso kukwera kwa mitengo - zomwe zili ndi njira zochitira. Mitengo idakwera itachepetsa kupezeka kwa madola kumabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, omwe amayang'anira zakudya kuchokera kunja ndikupereka, pomwe gawo lalikulu lazinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi mitengo zimazembetsedwa ku Colombia kuti zigulitse pamitengo yokwera kwambiri.
Kuchepetsa kwaposachedwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama kwakhudza kale. Ngakhale mavuto ake onse, chuma chikupitirirabe kukula ndipo ulova ndi umphawi zikuchepa. Venezuela ili kutali kwambiri ndi chiyembekezo cha adani ake. Koma chowopsa ndi chakuti pamene zionetserozi zikutha, zigawo za otsutsa zimasanduka ziwawa zazikulu kuti zibwezere kulephera kwawo pabokosi lovota.
Venezuela ndi ogwirizana nawo omwe akupita patsogolo ku Latin America amakhudzidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi - osati chifukwa akupereka chitsanzo chokonzekera ndale ndi zachuma, koma chifukwa awonetsa kuti pali njira zingapo zachikhalidwe ndi zachuma ku dongosolo la neoliberal lomwe linalephera. kumadzulo ndi ogwirizana nawo m'manja mwake.
Otsutsa awo akuyembekeza kuti kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa chigawo kwatopa ndi imfa ya Chรกvez. Chisankho chaposachedwa cha Michelle Bachelet wotsamira kumanzere ku Chile komanso mtsogoleri wakale wa zigawenga zakumanzere Sรกnchez Cerรฉn ku El Salvador akuwonetsa kuti mafunde akuyendabe. Koma zokonda zamphamvu kunyumba ndi kunja zatsimikiziridwa kuti zalephera - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti padzakhala ziwonetsero zambiri zaku Venezuela zomwe zikubwera.
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