Kuyambira mu 1964, mayiko ambiri a m’chigawo cha Sahel (liwu lochokera m’Chiarabu, kutanthauza kuti m’mphepete mwa nyanja, chigawo chakumpoto kwa Africa kum’mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara) alandidwa chiwembu chimodzi kapena zingapo (17 ku Sudan mokha). Zomwe zachitika posachedwa, ngakhale zili ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana, zili ndi zofanana zomwe zimawalekanitsa ndi zigawenga zam'mbuyomu. Ndikunena makamaka za kulanda boma ku Mali, Burkina Faso, ndi Niger. Tiyeni tione zifukwa zawo mwatsatanetsatane. Zigawenga zonsezi, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi asitikali ophunzitsidwa ndi mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda, cholinga chake ndi kumasula dziko ku kudalira kwake pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu olamulira (panthawiyi, France), kudalira komwe kwakhalabe kolimba pambuyo pa ndale. njira zodziyimira pawokha m'ma 1960. Amafuna kuti azitha kuyang'anira zachilengedwe zawo atazindikira kuti zabedwa ndi makampani ochokera kumayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda kapena ochokera kumayiko ena kumpoto kwapadziko lonse lapansi, popanda kuwonjezeka kwa moyo wabwino kwa anthu omwe amachokera m'zigawo zawo. , ngakhale kuti pangakhale gwero la lendi kwa akuluakulu andale achinyengo. Kachiwiri, demokalase ndi nthabwala nthawi iliyonse ikaperekedwa kuchokera kunja. Nthawi zonse ikalimbikitsidwa ndi Kumpoto kwa dziko lonse lapansi, demokalase imafuna kusankha andale omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana a ndale, omwe ali ogonjera, ndi omwe adzatsimikizira kupitiriza kwa zofunkha; kuti izi zitheke, imasonkhanitsa njira zonse zomwe zili nazo, zachuma ndi zofalitsa. Nthawi zonse anthu aku Africa akafuna kutenga demokalase m'manja mwawo ndikusankha andale omwe sali pamndandanda wa omwe avomerezedwa ndi neo-colonialism ndi imperialism, mphamvu zaku North padziko lonse lapansi zimapanga zigawenga kuti "ateteze demokalase". Chachitatu, mantra ya ufulu wa anthu, zikhalidwe zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi ndondomeko yapadziko lonse lapansi (yopangidwa kokha ndi Kumpoto) imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poteteza zofuna za ufumu ndi neo-colonial. Zikapanda kutero, zokonda zimenezo zimakula, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimaiwalika, ndipo anthu amayamba kuchita zachiwawa. Tengani mliri waposachedwa wa COVID ndivuto lothandizira anthu lomwe lidayambitsa. Zokonda zamakampani asanu opanga mankhwala ochokera Kumpoto padziko lonse lapansi zinali zokwanira kuletsa mayiko ngati Brazil, South Africa, ndi India kupanga katemera wogwira ntchito, unyinji komanso pamtengo wotsika. Ndi miyoyo ingati yomwe ikanapulumutsidwa? Chinyengo cha Kumpoto kwapadziko lonse chafika malire omwe Kumwera kwapadziko lonse sikungaiwale mosavuta.
Kodi tikuyang'ana ufulu wachiwiri wa Africa, wokonzedwa kuti ukwaniritse zomwe zinachitika kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo malonjezo ake anali okhumudwitsa kwambiri? Mwina ndi gawo latsopano munjira yomwe yakhala ndi magawo ena posachedwa. Umu ndi momwe tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti Gamal Abdel Nasser adakhazikitsa dziko la Suez Canal (1956), nkhondo yowopsa ya Muammar Gaddafi kuti asinthe ndalama zomwe zimatchulidwa m'mabizinesi apadziko lonse a mayiko a African Union (2011), kapena kulimbana kwa Robert Mugabe ku Zimbabwe kwa ( osachita bwino) kubwerera kwa nthaka yomwe ufulu wodzilamulira unasiya m'manja mwa azungu ochepa (2008).
Mwina ndizovomerezeka kulankhula za gawo latsopano chifukwa gululi likudutsa m'mayiko angapo ndipo mikhalidwe yapadziko lonse ingapangitse kufalikira kwa kayendetsedwe ka mayiko ena ambiri. Zolinga za njira yachiwiri yodziimira zili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Ndimasiyanitsa pakati pa anti-colonial nationalism, anti-imperial nationalism, ndi internal colonialism. Izi si zolinga zopanda madzi, chifukwa chilichonse chili ndi zigawo za chinzake. Pankhani ya maiko omwe anali pansi pa chikoloni cha ku France, gululi ndilotsutsana ndi dziko lachitsamunda chifukwa likufuna kukulitsa decolonization. Zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti kuchotsedwa kwa dziko la France kunali kwamagazi (Algeria) kapena kukambitsirana pamawu a leonine kotero kuti zidasiya maiko atsopanowo akudalira France (Françafrique: kuwongolera ndalama, zosungira ku Bank of France, kuwongolera ndalama ndi zachuma, mwayi wowonjezera wamakampani aku France akumayiko osiyanasiyana kapena aboma, ndi zina). Kudalira kwa neo-colonial komwe Nkrumah adadandaula mu 1965 kunali kodziwika makamaka pa maiko a ku France.
Pankhani ya maiko ena a ku Africa omwe adadziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku chikoloni cha Britain ndi Portugal, mbiri ya ufulu wachiwiri ndi umodzi wotsutsana ndi ufumu wa dziko. Kubedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi makampani akunja omwe amakhala m'maiko osiyanasiyana a Kumpoto kwapadziko lonse (madera ena omwe kale anali olamulidwa ndi azungu monga USA, Canada ndi Australia), dongosolo la (kusokoneza) kwa IMF, ndi Cold War yoyamba zathandizira. kutembenuza maukonde odalira kwambiri ndikupangitsa kuti mtsamunda wakale akhale m'modzi mwa opindula ndi zofunkha, ndipo nthawi zambiri, monga momwe zinalili ndi Chipwitikizi, ngakhale wopindula kwambiri.
Dziko la South Africa ndi vuto lapadera chifukwa, pafupifupi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, lakhala likulamulidwa ndi utsamunda wamkati mumtundu wachiwawa makamaka wa ndondomeko za tsankho za tsankho. Kutha kwa tsankho mu 1994 sikunatanthauze kutha kwa utsamunda wamkati, ngakhale kuti zidasintha kwambiri machitidwe ake. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake mikangano ya anthu ku South Africa, yomwe ingaphatikizidwe mu lingaliro la ufulu wachiwiri, imatenga mawonekedwe a kulimbana kwenikweni, osati kutha kwachigawenga, komwe kumakhudzana ndi kubwerera kwa nthaka. , kulamulira zinthu zachilengedwe, kulimbana ndi kusalingana, ndi katangale wa akuluakulu andale.
Lingaliro la ufulu wachiwiri wa Africa likufuna kusonyeza kuti choyamba chinali chosakwanira. M'malo mokambirana za kusakwanira kwake, kungakhale kofunika kwambiri kupeza chifukwa chake, ngakhale zonse, zinali zotheka. Pokhapokha pamene tidzatha kusanthula mikhalidwe ya kuthekera kwa ufulu wachiwiri uwu ndipo, koposa zonse, kulingalira ngati gawo lachiwirili lidzakhala lomaliza kapena ngati magawo ena adzatsatira. Kulankhula za magawo ndizochitika zowopsa pamene tikuchita ndi kontinenti. Tiyenera kukumbukira nkhani ya ku Egypt, yomwe ufulu wake wochokera ku Britain unali ndi magawo angapo kuyambira 1922 (mapeto ovomerezeka a chitetezo ndi kupitiriza kugwira ntchito) mpaka 1956 (nkhondo yogonjetsa Suez Canal). Ndi zosungitsa zonsezi, ndizomveka kunena za gawo loyamba ndi gawo lachiwiri ngati tidzipatula ku sub-Saharan Africa ndikupatula South Africa.
Sikolondola kwenikweni kunena kuti kudziimira kunali kotheka m’gawo loyamba, ngakhale kuti kunali kosakwanira. Ndi zolondola kunena kuti zinali zotheka chifukwa zinali zosakwanira. Nkhani ya kusintha kwa ufulu wodzilamulira wa madera akale a ku France ndi chitsanzo choopsa kwambiri cha kupitirizabe kudalira pambuyo pa atsamunda, koma sizosiyana. Tangowerengani mgwirizano wa Lancaster House wa Disembala 21, 1979 pa ufulu wa Zimbabwe. M'malo mwake, Lancaster House ndi malo omwe ufulu wodzilamulira wa maiko ena a Britain, monga Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia ndi Tanzania, adakambitsirana ndi malingaliro ofanana. Atsogoleri onse a mu Africa adadutsa kumeneko, kuchokera ku Nkrumah mpaka Nyerere, kuchokera ku Kaunda mpaka kwa Mugabe. Zodalira pambuyo pa ufulu zinakambitsirana kumeneko. Kukambitsirana kotsatira ndi omwe akufuna kulamulira m'madera omwe kale anali atsamunda kwapitilirabe mpaka pano ku London, nthawi ino ku Chatham House.
Kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku chitsamunda cha Chipwitikizi kunali kosiyana mu Africa. Izo zinachitika pambuyo pa nyengo yaitali ya nkhondo zomasula (Angola, Mozambique, ndi Guinea-Bissau) pakati pa 1961 ndi 1975 ndipo zinatha ndi kutha kwa ulamuliro wautali wachifasisti ku Portugal (1926-1974). Ndipotu, zochitika ziwirizi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndipo ma demokalase a Chipwitikizi ali ndi ngongole zambiri zankhondo zankhondo za ku Africa zolimbana ndi chikoloni pofuna kubwezeretsa demokalase kuposa momwe angaganizire. Popeza palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe ingayembekezere kupambana nkhondoyi pakanthawi kochepa (kupatula mwina ku Guinea-Bissau, komwe magulu ankhondo a PAIGC anali ndi maubwino ogwirira ntchito), asitikali ena a Chipwitikizi adapereka njira yothetsera nkhondoyi, kutsatira zomwe zidachitika kale. anayesera kale. Ulamuliro wa chifasisti, komabe, udasankha kusamvera. Poyang'anizana ndi izi ndipo sanathe kuthetsa nkhondoyo, akuluakulu a April Captains olimba mtima, monga momwe adzadziwike, adaganiza zothetsa ulamuliro m'bandakucha pa April 25, 1974. Ngakhale kuti poyamba ankakayikira, ndondomeko ya decolonization, monga kusintha kwa ufulu wodzilamulira. adalola maiko atsopanowa kuti asankhe madera awo atsopano popanda Portugal kuyika zinthu. Izi zokha zikufotokozera chifukwa chake madera onse akale adasankha maulamuliro a socialist ndi malingaliro a Marxist-Leninist. N’chifukwa chiyani anasankha zimenezi?
Yankho la funsoli likuthandizira kufotokoza momwe gawo loyamba la ufulu wa Africa lidachitikira. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idalamulidwa ndi Cold War pakati pa US ndi Soviet Union. Mu Epulo 1955, mayiko 29 aku Asia ndi Africa (komanso oimira magulu osiyanasiyana omenyera ufulu wadziko) adakumana ku Bandung ndi cholinga chokambirana za kuthekera kofotokozera mfundo zawo paokha komanso popanda kugonjera zofuna za imodzi mwa mphamvu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidawonekera. kuchokera kunkhondo. Kuchokera ku Africa, Gold Coast yokha (yomwe tsopano ndi Ghana), Ethiopia, Egypt, Libya, Liberia ndi Sudan inatenga nawo mbali, chifukwa ambiri a kontinenti anali adakali pansi pa ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Ulaya. Msonkhano uwu ndi msonkhano woyamba womwe unachitikira ku Belgrade ku 1961 unayambitsa mfundo ya Kusagwirizana ndi lingaliro la Dziko Lachitatu. Awa si malo oti muwunike kufunikira kwa Msonkhano wa Bandung ndi kusinthika kwake pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira. Ndikungofuna kunena kuti chizindikiro choperekedwa ku mayiko a ku Africa omwe adakali pansi pa ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Ulaya chinali chakuti kusagwirizana kuyenera kuganizira kuti maiko omwe atsamunda ndi a Western bloc ndi kuti, ngati pangakhale zokambirana, izi ndizo. akanalemera kwambiri. Izi zinali nkhani yomwe inkalamulira gawo loyamba la ufulu wa Africa: kumbali imodzi, chikhumbo cha ufulu wodzilamulira komanso, kumbali ina, kufunikira kokambirana ndi atsamunda. Mmodzi mwa atsogoleri oyambirira a ku Africa kutsutsa zotsutsana ndi ndondomekoyi anali Kwame Nkrumah, pulezidenti woyamba wa Ghana, m'buku lake la 1965 lomwe adayambitsa mawu omwe adzalamulira zokambirana zambiri zomwe zinatsatira - neo-colonialism (Neo-Colonialism, Gawo Lomaliza la Imperialism). Mawuwa angatanthauze kusakwanira kwa ufulu wodzilamulira.
Kuti athawe vuto limeneli, yankho lokhalo linali nkhondo yaufulu. Ili ndilo yankho lomwe linatsatiridwa ndi atsogoleri a mabungwe omenyera ufulu m'madera a Chipwitikizi ku Africa, atatha kuyesa njira zothetsera mtendere ndi zokambirana kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma nkhondo inali bwalo linanso la Cold War. Ngakhale kuti US ndi Western Europe adathandizira mobisa kwambiri boma lachifasisti ndi mfundo zake zautsamunda, Soviet Union ndipo kenako China ndi mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala a Soviet bloc adathandizira magulu omenyera ufulu. Izi zikufotokozera za ndale za mayiko atsopano a ku Africa omwe adamasulidwa ku chitsamunda cha Chipwitikizi.
Kuchokera pa zonsezi titha kunena kuti Cold War ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chinapangitsa kuti dziko la Africa likhale lodziimira pawokha. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zizikhala gawo lachiwiri ndipo ndi mwayi wotani womwe ungapatse mayiko aku Africa omwe gawo loyamba silinalole? Chilichonse chikusonyeza kuti tikulowa mu Cold War yatsopano, nthawi ino pakati pa US ndi ogwirizana nawo, makamaka European Union, ndi China ndi ogwirizana nawo, makamaka Russia. Koma popeza mbiri siibwerezanso, sindikuganiza kuti Cold War yatsopanoyi idzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi zam'mbuyomu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pali chowonadi chatsopano, BRICS, kuwonekera kwa gulu la mayiko, ochulukirapo (47% ya anthu padziko lapansi), komanso amphamvu pazachuma (36% ya GDP yapadziko lonse lapansi). Polarization tsopano ili ndi malingaliro ochepa kwambiri: m'malo mwa capitalism motsutsana ndi communism/socialism, capitalism yamitundu yambiri yosakanikirana ndi demokalase yaku Western / autocracy motsutsana ndi capitalism ya boma ndi kusakanikirana kwa demokalase yodziyimira pawokha / autocracy yoyendetsedwa ndi lingaliro la Kumwera kwapadziko lonse. Palibe funso la Bandung Pact yatsopano chifukwa tsopano palibe malo osagwirizana. Kumbali ina, ngakhale zili zowona kuti China ndi Russia ndi mbali ya BRICS, Russia siilinso Soviet Union ndipo palibe mayiko awa omwe ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira okha, popeza India, Brazil, ndi South Africa nawonso ali mbali imodzi. a gulu.
Mgwirizano wamayiko aku Africa omwe akumenyera ufulu wawo wachiwiri uli mkati. Mgwirizano womwe udakhazikitsidwa pakati pa mayikowa ndi BRICS udzakhala wamphamvu pakuwunika ngati ufulu wachiwiri ndi gawo lomaliza kapena gawo lina lomwe lingagonjetsedwe ndi ena omwe pamapeto pake adzatsatira. Ngati uti ukhale womalizira, udzachitika m’gawo lalikulu la ulamuliro wogawana mmene maunansi a mgwirizano, kuthandizana, mapangano opingasa, ndi mapangano achilungamo amalamulira. Tikadakhala kuti tikadakhala kuti tikuyenda mwaufulu kwa anthu ngati m'malo mwa kusamuka ndi kufa m'chipululu, panyanja kapena kudzera pawaya waminga; kudzipereka ku thanzi limodzi ndi mtendere wachilungamo; kukana kwathunthu maphikidwe akale a "thandizo lachitukuko", extractivism yazinthu zachilengedwe ndi anthu, kuyankha molakwika kwa tsoka lomwe likubwera lazachilengedwe, kusintha kwachilengedwe kotero kuti capitalism ipitirire bwino, maziko ankhondo kuteteza zofuna zomwe zili kale kuposa zotetezedwa. Kodi izi ndizotheka mkati mwa dongosolo la capitalist, kaya Kumpoto kwapadziko lonse kapena Kumwera kwapadziko lonse? sindikuganiza choncho. Ngati ndikulondola, gawo lachiwiri la ufulu wa Africa lidzatsatiridwa ndi magawo ena, ndipo izi sizidzakhudzanso Africa, koma dziko lonse lapansi.
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