Mu 1947, Karl Jaspers adafalitsa buku lalifupi lamutu Funso la Kulakwa kwa Germany (Funso la kulakwa)[1]. Inali nthawi ya Germany yomwe inawonongedwa mu thupi ndi mzimu, anthu a pariah, onyozedwa pamaso pa dziko lonse lapansi, chochititsa manyazi kwa anthu, olamulidwa mwaulamuliro ndi njira yankhondo ndi Allies opambana. Jaspers akupereka mitundu inayi ya zolakwa: liwongo laupandu, liwongo la ndale, liwongo lamakhalidwe ndi liwongo lachidziwitso. Mlandu waupandu ndi mlandu wa omwe amaphwanya malamulo adziko kapena apadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ayenera kuweruzidwa ndi makhothi (pankhaniyi, Khoti la Nuremberg). Kulakwa kwa ndale ndiko kulakwa kwa nzika zonse za dziko lomwe lidachita nkhanza zotere, mosasamala kanthu za gawo lachangu kapena lachibwana lomwe adachita pazochitika zawo. Liwongo la makhalidwe ndi liwongo la munthu aliyense pamaso pa chikumbumtima chake, liwongo limene silimafufutika chifukwa chongomvera malamulo basi, thayo limodzi loti sanachitepo kanthu kuti aletse kunyansidwa kotereku, nkhanza zoterozo, ngakhale ngati kuchita chinachake kumaphatikizapo kuika moyo wake pachiswe. moyo. Potsirizira pake, liwongo la kugwiriridwa (lingaliro lotsutsana makamaka) ndilo liwongo la kukhala ndi moyo wopulumuka imfa yosalungama yochuluka, ya kuchitira umboni upandu wochuluka, ngakhale kuti unali wosalakwa; ndiye, potsirizira pake, kulakwa pamaso pa Mulungu.
Ngakhale kuti ndi olemera kwambiri, kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya zolakwa zomwe Jaspers anafuna sikuphatikiza njira yodziimba mlandu yomwe ikuwoneka kwa ine kukhala yofunika kwambiri ku Western masiku ano. Ndikunena za kulakwa kwa mbiri yakale, kulakwa kwa anthu omwe adachita nawo kapena kuvomereza kuti anthu ena athetsedwe kotheratu kapena kosakwanira. Titha kunena kuti zankhanza za chipani cha Nazi zidayang'ana anthu apadera, anthu achiyuda, koma chowonadi ndi chakuti idayang'ananso anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ma gypsies, olumala, Asilavo komanso kuti Ayuda anali achijeremani monga akupha awo, ngakhale achipolishi, Chiyukireniya, Chirasha. , anthu a ku Hungary ndi Ayuda ena ambiri anawonongedwanso. Kulakwa kwa mbiriyakale ndiko kukhalapo kwa ballast komwe kumakhalabe pamtima pa anthu omwe amapindula ndi nsembe zopanda chilungamo za anthu ena, ngakhale nsembeyo inachitika kalekale. M'masiku amasiku ano aku Western, chitsamunda ndi nkhanza zonse zomwe zidatsagana nawo (kupha anthu, ukapolo, ntchito yokakamiza, kuthamangitsidwa, kubera malo ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe) ndizomwe zimayambitsa zolakwa za mbiri yakale ndipo, chifukwa chake, zomwe zimatsimikizira kubwezera.
Ine sindidzayankhapo za Jaspers 'metaphysical wolakwa chifukwa ine sindimadzizindikira ndekha mu presuppositions achipembedzo amene amachirikiza izo, koma ena onse, kuphatikizapo mbiri yolakwa, ndi zonse kufunika kumvetsa ndi kuweruza kuphedwa kwa anthu aku Palestina. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mbiri yakale. Munjira zosiyanasiyana koma zosinthika, Europe, US ndi Israel amagawana zolakwa zamtundu womwewo. Ndi mbiri yolumikizana kwambiri yodzaza ndi zovuta komanso zotsutsana. Europe idatsogolera chitsamunda chamakono ndikuchilungamitsa m'dzina la mfundo yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mpaka lero, mfundo yotukuka bwino yokhazikika pakupambana mitundu. Mfundoyi yakhala ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu zitatu: mfundo ya anthu osankhidwa a atsamunda aku America, anthu apamwamba amtundu wa Nazi Germany - anthu ambuye ( Herrenvolk) โ ndi anthu osankhidwa a Mulungu wachiheberi. Chodziwika bwino cha chiwonetsero chomalizachi chagona pa mfundo yakuti anthu achiyuda onse adagonjetsedwa ndi kupambana kwa mafuko a Nazi ndikukhala akupha anthu a Palestina potenga mawonekedwe a dziko la Zionist. Kuchokera kutsoka lawo lalikulu monga ozunzidwa, mwayi unapangidwa kuti iwo akhale oukira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kulengedwa kwa Boma la Israeli ndi zotsatira ziwiri za upandu woipa kwa anthu achiyuda (omwe agawanika ndi theka chifukwa cha Holocaust) ochitidwa ndi Ajeremani panthawi ya Nazi. Zilinso zotsatira za utsamunda wamakono waku Europe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti dziko la Israeli likhazikike muchitetezo cha atsamunda aku Britain, gawo la Palestine, chilengedwe cha atsamunda ndi ntchito (atsamunda atsamunda), zomwe zidachitika motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha anthu. amene amakhala kumeneko.
Koma kubwerezabwereza kwa kusagwirizana kosiyanasiyana kwa atsamunda ndi tsankho sikuthera pamenepo. Israeli ndi US amagawana chiwopsezo chofanana chopha anthu ku Europe. Dziko la USA poyamba linali koloni lomwe, litakhala lodziimira pawokha kuchokera ku England, lidakhala dziko la atsamunda ndipo, motero, linali ndi DNA yopha anthu. United States ndi dziko lomwe tikudziwa lero chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa anthu amtunduwu, monga momwe Boma la Israeli lakhalira dziko lachitsamunda lomwe lidalembedwapo zakupha anthu aku Palestine, kupha anthu komwe kudachitika pang'onopang'ono kuyambira pomwe dziko la United States linali lachitsamunda. 1948, ndipo tsopano mukukonzekera ndi nkhanza zankhanza kwambiri.
Boma la Israeli, kaya zotsatira za nkhanza zomwe zikuchitikazi zingachitike bwanji, mayiko ambiri amaliwona ngati dziko lachiyanjano komanso gawo labwino la malingaliro a anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe Germany inaliri pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Nazism. Pali mafunso awiri apa.
Mkhalidwe wa dziko la pariah
Funso loyamba ndilakuti chifukwa chiyani USA, ngakhale idakhazikitsidwa pakupha anthu (kuphedwa kwa anthu amtundu wamtundu), sikunaganizidwepo ngati dziko lapariah. Akuluakulu a ku India anachitadi zimenezo, kochititsa manyazi kwambiri kuswa mapangano a msampha pakati pa atsamunda ndi anthu a mโdzikolo, koma mawu awo sankamveka. Komanso, kupatula pazandale zonse, kupatula kuti zofuna za State of Israel zili ndi kupezeka kokhazikika mkati mwa US Congress, kupatula kuti sitikudziwa kuti ndi mayiko ati omwe ali kasitomala. mwa zina, vuto la US kuti litsutse Israeli potsirizira pake lagona pa mfundo yakuti onse ali ndi chikhalidwe chofanana cha kuphedwa koyambirira. Popereka mwayi kwa Israeli, US ikadakhala ikukayikira mbiri yake.
Chifukwa chomwe dziko la US silinkaganiziridwa kuti ndi dziko laling'ono ndi mayiko onse ndi chifukwa, panthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, oposa makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana aliwonse a dziko lapansi anali pansi pa ulamuliro (wogwira ntchito kapena wosalunjika) wa utsamunda wamakono wa ku Ulaya. Tinali pachimake pa miyambo ya atsamunda a ku Ulaya. Lerolino, kumbali ina, tikukhala mโzowawa za dongosolo lapadziko lonse limene linapangidwa ndendende pambuyo pa Chipululutso cha Nazi kotero kuti pasadzapatsidwenso zolakwa zamtundu wotere.
Potchula milandu yachigawenga, Jaspers amaona kuti khoti la Nuremberg, ngakhale kuti linali ndi malire azamalamulo komanso kuti likuyimira chilungamo cha opambana pa ogonjetsedwa, limasonyeza kubadwa kwa dongosolo latsopano la mayiko omwe adzatha kuyankhulanso. za umunthu wonse ndi ulemu wofanana wa anthu onse. Lamuloli lidzawonekera posachedwa pambuyo pake ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa UN ndi misonkhano yonse ndi mapangano omwe adatsata kuti aletse kubwereza nkhanza zotere. NATO palokha sinangopangidwa motsutsana ndi Soviet Union. Idapangidwanso motsutsana ndi Germany. Mluza wa dongosolo lapadziko lonseli udawonekera pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse pakukhazikitsidwa kwa League of Nations ndipo, ngakhale izi zidawonongeka kwambiri ndi kufalikira kwa Nazi, zinali m'dzina la mfundo zake zomwe zidagonjetsa Germany zidawonedwa ngati dziko lachipani.
Monga momwe Jaspers adaneneratu, "dziko lapansi lidzatikayikira kwa nthawi yayitali" (2000: 10); ndipo adaonjeza kuti izi ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti dziko la pariah lidali. Lamulo lomwe linapangidwa mu 1948 lasokonezedwa kuyambira 1991 (kutha kwa Soviet Union) ndi dziko lomwe lidatsogolera, USA. Ndi m'dzina la dongosolo ili kuti Israeli ali pachiwopsezo chokhala dziko la pariah. Ngati dongosololi likugwa, zomwe zikubwera pambuyo pake zimakhala za kusatsimikizika kwakukulu. Ndi kuyanjana kwa US, Israel ikuchita zowopsa zomwe zitha kufa.
Kupambana kapena kugonja?
Funso lachiwiri likukhudzana ndi kufunika kwa ndale za nkhondo ya Israeli ku Gaza. Dziko la Germany linkaonedwa kuti ndi lapariah chifukwa linagonjetsedwa. Mu 1938, a Times ya ku London inafalitsa kalata yotseguka yochokera kwa Churchill yopita kwa Hitler mmene Churchill, pakati pa zinthu zina, analemba kuti: โNgakhale kuti dziko la England linakumana ndi tsoka lofanana ndi limene Germany anavutika mu 1918, ndikanapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti atitumizire munthu wa mโgulu lake [la Hitler]. ] mphamvu ya malingaliro ndi chifuniroโ (2000: 88). Kodi Israeli akugonjetsa nkhondoyi kapena akugonjetsedwa? Pabwalo lankhondo, ndizovuta kuyankha, koma pakuweruza kwa mayiko, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kale kuti Israeli wagonjetsedwa mwamakhalidwe. Lamulo lapadziko lonse lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1948, ngakhale kuti linali lodzazidwa ndi mawu omveka bwino a chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe chonse, linali dongosolo lopanda ungwiro ndi lopanda chilungamo. Sizinatsutse chikoloni ndipo, m'chaka chomwecho chomwe UN inakhazikitsidwa ndipo Chidziwitso Chadziko Lonse cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chinalengezedwa, dziko lachitsamunda la Israeli linapangidwa ndipo dongosolo la tsankho linakhazikitsidwa ku South Africa. Ngakhale zonsezi, dongosolo latsopanoli likufuna kuzindikirika kwa anthu onse, opangidwa ndi anthu, midzi ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ulemu wofanana, komanso kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere. Mbali yabwinoyi idakalipobe mโmaganizo mwa atsogoleri ena andale ndiponso mโmaganizo a anthu padziko lonse. Taonani madandaulo olimba mtima a South Africa motsutsana ndi Israeli ku Khothi Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse, ndikutsatiridwa ndi madandaulo ena ochokera kumayiko ena. Kulimba mtima kofananako kunali mawu a Purezidenti Lula da Silva pa February 17 potsegulira msonkhano wa 37th African Union wotsutsana ndi ntchito zankhondo za Israeli ku Gaza ndi chipwirikiti chapadziko lonse chomwe chayambitsa.
Lamulo lapadziko lonseli laphwanyidwa popanda chilango ndi US, ndipo chirichonse chikusonyeza kuti Israeli atsatira zomwezo, kuti zofuna zake zikhalepo. Kodi ndizotheka, pansi pazimenezi, kunena za kugonjetsedwa? Malinga ndi Immanuel Kant, nkhondo iyenera kuchitidwa m'njira yoti kuyanjanitsa kumatheka kumapeto kwa nkhondo (2000: 48). Ndizodziwika bwino kuti Hitler adachita nkhondoyi mosagwirizana ndi nzeru za Kant. Kuyanjanitsa sikutheka ndi anthu omwe awonongedwa kapena mitembo yodulidwa. Umu ndi momwe asitikali ankhondo aku Israeli akumenyera nkhondo ku Gaza, nthawi zonse akuchita ziwawa zankhondo komanso milandu yolimbana ndi anthu. Ndithu mudzatsutsa kuti opambanawo akutaya chiyanjanitso. Koma mโdziko lamakonoli, lomwe limayesa kulingalira za umunthu wonse ndi ulemu wofanana wa moyo wa munthu, tonse ndife Palestina. Ndi Palestine iyi m'lingaliro lalikulu, kuyanjanitsa ndi Israeli sikungatheke, kaya tipambana kapena kutaya nkhondo pankhondo. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Palestine kwakhala kusamutsa muyeso womwe umasankha kupambana kapena kugonja kuchokera pabwalo lankhondo kupita kumunda wamakhalidwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo mโmunda uwu Israyeli wagonjetsedwa kotheratu. Monga Jaspers adanena mowawa za dziko lake, dziko lapansi lidzakayikira Israeli kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kusakhulupirirana kumeneku si kukayikirana ngati kwina kulikonse. Ndi kusakhulupirira dongosolo la ndale lomwe limadzinenera kuti likuyimira anthu omwe adazunzidwa ndi nkhanza za Hitler komanso kuti ma demokalase onse padziko lapansi adateteza ku kachilombo kotsutsana ndi Ayuda komwe kwa nthawi yayitali Hitler adachita monyanyira ndipo kudapitilira pambuyo pa Hitler m'malingaliro ndi machitidwe a. magulu akutali. Kodi zingatheke bwanji kuti ufulu woipitsitsawu masiku ano ukulamulira ndale za Israeli ndipo nkhani zake zapadziko lonse lapansi zimatsutsana ndi onse omwe ateteza cholinga chachiyuda? Ife, omwe nthawi zonse takhala tikulimbana ndi anti-Semitism, sitinalakwe. Israeli akulakwitsa momvetsa chisoni. Ndikofunikira kuti tisasokoneze anthu achiyuda ndi dziko lachiyuda la Israeli. Ndikofunikira kuti ma demokalase adziko lapansi akonzekere nkhondo ziwiri zovuta kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, kupitiliza kuteteza anthu aku Palestine, motsimikiza kuti, kupatula US, mayiko achitsamunda sanapambanepo, ndipo anthu olamulidwa ndi atsamunda akwanitsa, pamtengo wamagazi ambiri osalakwa, kuti apambane nawo. Palestine adzapambana. Kumbali ina, ndikulandira nzika za Israeli, Ayuda ndi osakhala Ayuda, omwe pamapeto a nkhondo (nthawi zonse amatha) adzamva kuti makhalidwe oipa okha amawagwirizanitsa: kulakwa kwa ndale, makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe (kwa okhulupirira) kuvomereza kapena kupulumuka ku nkhanza zankhanza zoterezi; kusakhulupirira dziko lamtsogolo kwa anthu omwe, atavutika kwambiri, tinaganiza kuti sitingathe kuchititsa kupha anthu ena; lingaliro la chiwonongeko chowoneka ngati osakhala ammudzi pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri akuvutika kuti adziwike wamba.
Ndimadzudzula mwamphamvu zomwe Hamas akuchita polimbana ndi anthu wamba, koma ndikukana kuti Hamas ndi gulu lachigawenga.[2]. Israeli ndi dziko lachitsamunda ndipo mbiri imatiphunzitsa kuti anthu olamulidwa ndi atsamunda akhala akufunafuna njira yamtendere yothetsera ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Iwo anayamba kumenyana ndi zida monga njira yomalizira. Ndimakumbukirabe mmene atolankhani achipwitikizi mu 1973 ankaonera Amรญlcar Cabral (Guinea-Bissau), Samora Machel (Mozambique) ndi Agostinho Neto (Angola) kukhala zigawenga zoopsa zomwe zinkasokoneza mtendere ndi bata โmโzigawo zathu za kutsidya kwa nyanja,โ mawuwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito. ndi atsamunda-fascism kutanthauza madera achipwitikizi. Chaka chotsatira, โzigawengaโ zomwezi zinakondweretsedwa mโmaiko awo monga omasula amphamvu a dziko lawo. Chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe nkhondo zotsutsana ndi atsamunda zidachita pochotsa ulamuliro wa chifasisti, ngwazi zatsopanozi zidakondweretsedwanso ku Portugal, komwe adamasulidwa ndi Carnation Revolution (April 25, 1974) kuchokera ku ulamuliro wankhanza wa Salazar wazaka 48. Zimenezi zinali zaka XNUMX zokha zapitazo. Mbiri ili ndi chipiriro choposa kuleza mtima kwa anthu.
[1] Karl Jaspers, Funso la Kulakwa kwa Germany. Yomasuliridwa ndi EBAshton. New York, Fordham University Press, 2000.
[2] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ngalande zotsutsana ndi opondereza kunagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi kutsutsa kwa Ayuda, mwachitsanzo ku Warsaw ghetto ndi Novogrudok ghetto (lero Belarus). Onani Colin Miazga, Paul Bauman, Alastair McClymont, ndi Chris Slater, โGeophysical investigation of the Miลa 18 resistance bunker in Warsaw, Polandโ Msonkhano Woyamba Wapadziko Lonse wa Applied Geoscience & Energy Expanded Abstracts, (https://doi.org/10.1190/
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