Linali tsiku lokongola la masika ndipo, m'chipinda chowongolera cha nyukiliya, ogwira ntchito adaganiza zoletsa chitetezo kuti chiyesedwe. Pamene iwo anayamba kutero, komabe, pansi pa reactor anayamba kunjenjemera. Mwadzidzidzi, chivundikiro chake cha matani 1,200 chinayaka moto mโmwamba. Matani a radioactive radium ndi graphite anawombera mamita 1,000 kumwamba ndipo anayamba kugwedezeka pansi pamtunda wa makilomita ambiri kuzungulira fakitale ya nyukiliya. Ozimitsa moto oyamba kupulumutsawo anabweretsa matani ambiri amadzi omwe sakanatha kuzima motowo. Ogwira ntchitowo sanavale zovala zodzitetezera ndipo asanu ndi atatu a iwo adzafa usiku womwewo - enanso ambiri m'miyezi yotsatira.
Panali pa April 26, 1986, ndipo ichi chinali chiyambi chabe cha kuphulika kwa fakitale ya nyukiliya ya Chernobyl ku Ukraine, ngozi yoipitsitsa ya nyukiliya ya mtundu wake mโmbiri yonse. Chernobyl amawerengedwa ngati "chochitika cha 7," gulu lalikulu la zoopsa pamasewera International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale. Izo zikanalavula kunja ma radioactivity ambiri kuposa mabomba 100 a Hiroshima. Mwa ogwira ntchito 350,000 omwe amagwira nawo ntchito yoyeretsa, Malinga ndi Bungwe la World Health Organization, 240,000 idzawonetsedwa ndi ma radiation apamwamba kwambiri pamtunda wa makilomita 30 kuzungulira chomeracho. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi anthu angati omwe afa ndi khansa kuyambira pamenepo. Kuyerekeza kwa International Atomic Energy Agency kwa anthu omwe akuyembekezeka kufa kuchokera ku Chernobyl anali 4,000. A Lipoti la Greenpeace la 2006 adatsutsa chiwerengerochi, ponena kuti anthu 16,000 adamwalira kale chifukwa cha ngoziyi ndipo adaneneratu kuti anthu 140,000 afa ku Ukraine ndi Belarus omwe akubwera. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa khansa ya chithokomiro mwa ana, matenda osowa kwambiri kwa iwo, adalembedwa m'derali - pafupifupi milandu 7,000 pofika 2005 ku Belarus, Russia, ndi Ukraine.
Mu March 2011, zaka 25 pambuyo pa ngozi ya Chernobyl, Kuwonongeka kwa tsunami komwe kunayambitsa chivomezi chachikulu cha 9.0 magnitude, kusungunuka kwa zida zitatu za nyukiliya ku Fukushima, Japan. Mvula yochokera ku ngozi ya Fukushima inagwa kutali kwambiri ndi ku Ireland.
Mu 2008, bungwe la International Atomic Energy Agency, linachenjeza boma la Japan kuti palibe malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya mโdzikolo amene angapirire zivomezi zamphamvu. Izi zikuphatikizapo chomera cha Fukushima, chomwe chinamangidwa kuti chitenge chochitika cha 7.0 magnitude. Palibe chidwi chomwe chinaperekedwa panthawiyo. Pambuyo pa ngoziyi, mwiniwake wa fakitale, Tokyo Electric Power, adalembanso ntchito ya Shaw Construction, yomwe idapanga ndikumanga nyumbayo poyamba, kuti imangenso.
Near Misss, Radioactive Leaks, ndi kusefukira kwa madzi
Zonsezi Chernobyl ndi Fukushima, madera ozungulira zomera zowonongekazo anapangidwa kukhala osatha kukhalamo mtsogolomo. Mโmalo onsewa, tsokalo lisanayambe, panalibe amene ankayembekezera ndipo ndi ochepa chabe amene ankaganiza kuti tsoka ngati limeneli lingathe kuchitika. Ku United States, nawonso, ngakhale akudziwa kuyambira 1945 kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya, pankhondo kapena panthawi yamtendere, zimakhala ndi zoopsa zamtundu wodabwitsa, malingaliro ambiri amakhalabe: sizingachitike pano - palibe kwina kowopsa m'zaka zaposachedwa kuposa pa Magombe a Hudson River ku New York, dera lomwe lingakumane ndi ngozi ya nyukiliya yomwe ingawononge anthu ambiri pafupifupi 20 miliyoni.
Pomwe tsoka la Fukushima lidachitika, Purezidenti Obama zotsimikizika Achimereka kuti zomera za nyukiliya za US zinayang'aniridwa mosamala ndikumangidwa kuti zipirire zivomezi. Mawu amenewo anakhudza imodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri m'dzikoli, otchedwa Indian Point Energy Center (IPEC) ku Westchester, New York, yomwe inatsegulidwa koyamba mu 1962. Imodzi mwa malo 61 opangira malonda a nyukiliya m'dzikoli, ili ndi mphamvu zambiri. ma reactor awiri zomwe zimapanga magetsi m'nyumba ku New York City ndi Westchester County. Ili m'dera lachisanu ndi chimodzi lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, dera la New York, mtunda wa makilomita 30 kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Manhattan komanso dziko lapansi. wamphamvu kwambiri pazachuma mzinda.
Chomeracho chimakhala pafupi ndi zolakwika ziwiri za seismic, zomwe zapangitsa omwe akutsutsa kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito. kuyimba kuti afufuze mwatsatanetsatane mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi chivomezi. Kuonjezera apo, mndandanda wautali wa ngozi ndi zoopsa zopitirirabe zangowonjezera mwayi wa masoka. Malinga ndi lipoti ndi National Resources Defense Council (NDRC), ngati tsoka la nyukiliya la kukula kwa Fukushima litagunda Indian Point, kuyenera kuti anthu osachepera 5.6 miliyoni achoke. Mโchaka cha 2003, ndondomeko yochoka mโderali inali yosakwanira mu lipoti ndi James Lee Witt, wamkulu wakale wa Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Akuluakulu aku America atero analimbikitsa Nzika zaku US kuti zikhale mtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera ku chomera cha Fukushima. Kuzungulira kwa ma kilomita 50 mozungulira IPEC kukadutsa Kingston ku Ulster County kumpoto, kudutsa Bayonne ndi Jersey City kumwera, pafupifupi ku New Haven, Connecticut, kummawa, ndi ku Pennsylvania kumadzulo. Zingaphatikizepo mzinda wonse wa New York kupatula Staten Island ndi Fairfield, Connecticut. "Akatswiri ambiri anena kale kuti mapulani aliwonse othawirako sayenera kutchedwa mapulani, koma 'zolemba zongopeka,'" Daniel Aldrich, pulofesa wa sayansi yandale pa Yunivesite ya Purdue, adauza New York Times.
Paul Blanch, injiniya wa nyukiliya yemwe adagwira ntchito pamakampani kwa zaka 40 komanso Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), akuganiza kuti ngozi yoopsa kwambiri ku Indian Point ingapangitse dera, kuphatikizapo madera a Connecticut, osakhalamo kwa mibadwomibadwo.
Malinga ndi lipoti kuchokera ku Indian Point Safe Energy Coalition, panali mavuto 23 omwe adanenedwa pamalopo kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mpaka 2005, kuphatikiza kuphulika kwa chubu la jenereta, kusefukira kwamadzi, moto wa thiransifoma, kulephera kwa mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera zama siren zadzidzidzi, komanso kutayikira kwamadzi otulutsa ma radio. ndi tritium. Pakutulutsa kwaposachedwa kwa tritium, komwe kunanenedwa mwezi watha, ndi kutuluka ya isotope ya radioactive yochokera ku mbewuyi yaphatikiza madzi apansi apamtunda ndi mtsinje wa Hudson. (Zomera zina za nyukiliya zaku US zakhala ndi gawo lawo la kutayikira kwa tritium, kuphatikiza fakitale ya nyukiliya ya Turkey Point ku Florida komwe kutayikirako kulipo pakadali pano. kuopseza zitsime zamadzi.)
Akatswiri amavomereza kuti ngakhale kuti milingo ya tritium ili mโmadzi apansi panthaka pafupi ndi chomeracho ndi โzochititsa mantha,โ tritium yomwe ili mumtsinjewo sidzaonedwa ngati yovulaza mpaka itafika pamlingo waukulu kwambiri wa 120,000 picocuries pa lita imodzi ya madzi. (A picocurie ndi mulingo woyezera wa radioactivity.) Tritium ndiye chinthu chopepuka kwambiri chotuluka kuchokera ku Indian Point, koma Malinga ndi kuwunika kochitidwa ndi dipatimenti ya boma ku New York, zinthu zina zowopsa kwambiri zotulutsa ma radio monga strontium-90, cesium-137, cobalt-60, ndi nickel-63 nawonso akuthawa mu chomeracho ndikulowa m'madzi apansi ndi mtsinje.
Oimira a Entergy Corporation, omwe ali ndi fakitale ya Indian Point, anena kuti sakudziwa kuti kutulutsa kumeneku kudayamba liti komanso komwe kumachokera. "Palibe amene adanenapo za nthawi yomwe kutayikira kudayamba," adalemba Paul Blanch mu imelo kwa ife. "Zikadayamba zaka ziwiri zapitazo." Ndiponso palibe amene akuwoneka kuti akudziwa kumene kutayikirako kuli, kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe akutuluka, kapena momwe angaletsedwere. Kutayikirako kumapitilirabe, m'pamenenso mwayi wa isotopu umakhala wamphamvu kuposa tritium yomwe imawononga madzi akumwa amderalo.
Malinga ndi a David Lochbaum, director of Nuclear Safety Project for the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) ndipo atakhala mphunzitsi wa owunika a NRC, kuopsa kwa kusefukira kwamadzi pa riyakitala kuyenera kukhala kodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kuposa kutuluka kwa radioactive, chifukwa kungayambitse kusungunuka kwapakati. Komabe ngakhale kuyitanidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa Indian Point kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1970s, ikugwirabe ntchito.
Pa Epulo 2, 2000, NRC idavotera imodzi mwa ma reactors awiri a Indian Point kukhala yovuta kwambiri mdzikolo, ndipo idatsekedwa kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa chakulephera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izi, zikuwonekera, ndizofanana ndi ma reactor omwe ali ndi Entergy. Panali 10 โpafupi-ndi"Zochitika ku US zida zanyukiliya chaka chatha, ambiri mwazo zidachitika m'mafakitale atatu a Entergy, malinga ndi UCS. lipoti pa chitetezo cha nyukiliya. Chochitika chapafupi ndi chochitika kapena mkhalidwe womwe ukhoza kuonjezera mwayi wa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa riyakitala ndi 10 kapena kuposerapo. Poyankha, Nuclear Regulatory Commission iyenera kutumiza gulu loyendera kuti likafufuze.
Chiwerengero cha zochitika zoterezi chatsika kuchokera pamene bungwe la UCS linayambitsa kubwerezabwereza kwapachaka mu 2010, โzonse, ndi mkhalidwe wabwino,โ malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba nkhani Lochbaum. โZaka zisanu zapitazo, panali pafupifupi kuลตirikiza kaลตiri zophonya. Izi zati, makampani a nyukiliya ndi abwino kwambiri ngati mwini wake woipitsitsa. NRC iyenera kudziwa chifukwa chake zomera za Entergy zikukumana ndi mavuto ambiri omwe angakhale aakulu. " Kumpoto kwa New York Ginna chomera, akuwonjezera, chakhala chikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali monga Indian Point, koma ndi "zochitika" ziwiri zokha m'mbiri yake. Ku Indian Point โpamakhala chochitika chachikulu zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse.โ
Chomwe chimavutitsa Lochbaum kuposa china chilichonse ndi kusatetezeka kwa Indian Point pa kusefukira kwa madzi. "Panali vuto mu May 2015 pamene transformer inaphulika," adatero. "Panali makina osungunulira moto omwe adayikidwa kuti azimitsa izi. Koma linamaliza kusefukira mโnyumba yoyandikana ndi pamene kuphulikako kunachitikira. Mwamwayi wogwira ntchito anaona kuti inchi imodzi kapena ziwiri za madzi zawunjika. Chipindacho chikanakhala kuti chinasefukira mpaka mainchesi asanu, mphamvu zonse za mโnyumbayo zikanatha. Zikanagwetsa gawo 3 mu 'kuzimitsa kwa siteshoni.'
Izi mwina zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wina wa Fukushima-on-the-Hudson. Ku Fukushima, chivomezicho chitatha kuwononga magetsi komanso madzi osefukira a tsunami adachotsa zosungirako, ogwira ntchito sanathe kutulutsa madzi ozizira muzitsulo za reactor ndipo atatu mwa ma reactors asanu ndi limodzi adasungunuka.
Mu 2007, pamene mwiniwake wa zomera za Indian Point adapempha NRC kuti awonjezere chilolezo cha ntchito ya zomera kwa zaka 20, anapeza kuti alamu yachigumula ikhoza kuikidwa m'chipinda chomwe chikufunsidwa pafupifupi $ 200,000. Monga Lochbaum akufotokozera, "Mwiniwake adatsimikiza kuti zinali zopindulitsa, kuti ngati atayika alamu yachigumula ichi ... [ikhoza kuchepetsa] chiwopsezo cha kusungunuka kwapakati ndi 20%, ndi [kuchepetsa] kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe anthu pafakitale amatha. kukumana ndi pafupifupi 40%, pamtengo wa pafupifupi masenti aลตiri pa munthu aliyense kwa anthu 20 miliyoni okhala pamtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera pafakitale.โ Koma patapita zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, anatiuza kuti alamu ya kusefukira kwa madzi sinaikidwebe.
Kuphulika kwa Mapaipi Otheka
Monga ngati palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chinali chokwanira, zoopsa zatsopano ku Indian Point zakhala zikuchitika m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha payipi yothamanga kwambiri ya gasi yomwe ikumangidwa pano ndi Spectra Energy. Wotchedwa payipi ya Algonquin Incremental Market (AIM), ndi yonyamula gasi wachilengedwe wosweka kuchokera ku Marcellus Shale ku New York ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo kumalire a Canada. Pokhala ndi mainchesi 42 m'mimba mwake, payipi iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ingamangidwe pakadali pano - ndipo nayi nsomba: AIM ikuyenera kudutsa pamtunda wamamita 150 kuchokera pamagetsi opangira magetsi.
Yemwe kale anali wogwira ntchito ku Spectra olembedwa ntchito kuthandizira kuyang'anira chitetezo panthawi yomanga mapaipi adanena mtolankhani kuti kampaniyo idatenga njira zazifupi zowopsa pothamangira kuyambitsa ntchitoyi. Anachitira umboni, adatero, "osachepera khumi ndi awiri" kuphwanya kwakukulu kwachitetezo ndi zolakwa.
Kutenga njira zazifupi pakupanga mapaipi kumatha, pamapeto pake, kutsimikizira bizinesi yowopsa. Kuphulika kwa mapaipi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuphulika kwa gasi monga momwe, mkati March 2014 ku East Harlem ku Manhattan, kupha anthu asanu ndi atatu, kuvulaza 70, ndikugwetsa nyumba ziwiri. Robert Miller, wapampando wa National Association of Pipeline Safety Representatives, amati kukwera kwa zochitika zoterezi mโmapaipi ongomangidwa kumene kupita ku โzomangamanga zosakwanira kapena mwina kusawongolera bwino kwabwino, mapologalamu otsimikizira zaubwino kunjako kuti athetse mavutowa mapaipiwo asanayambe ntchito.โ
Mu January 2015, National Transportation Safety Board inafalitsa kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti ngozi za gasi m'madera "okwera kwambiri" (kumene kuli anthu ambiri ndi nyumba) zakhala zikuwonjezeka. Ndi mzinda wa New York womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi Indian Point, zikuwoneka ngati zosamveka kwa akatswiri odziyimira pawokha kuti malo opangira zida zanyukiliya omwe ali ndi mbiri yachitetezo chambiri mdziko muno aweruzidwa kuti ndi otetezeka mokwanira kuti paipi ya gasi yothamanga kwambiri iyendetsedwe pomwepo.
A kuwunika zoopsa zodzaza ndi zolakwika zinali maziko opitira patsogolo. Richard B. Kuprewicz, katswiri wazomangamanga zamapaipi komanso wofufuza zochitika wazaka zopitilira 40 zamakampani opanga mphamvu, adayitana chiwopsezo chimenecho "choperewera kwambiri komanso chosakwanira."
Pafakitale ina ya nyukiliya pambuyo pake idatsekedwa, monga momwe David Lochbaum akunenera, kuwunikiridwa mozama kwa ngozi kunachitika kuti kungathe kuphulika kutengera momwe zinthu zinaliri zovuta kwambiri. (โSindinaganizepo za mkhalidwe uliwonse umene ungakhale woipa kuposa mmene iwo ankaganizira.โ) Pa Indian Point, kupendekera kowopsa kunachitidwa, komabe, pamaziko abwino koposa. Mwa zina, iwo ankaganiza kuti payipi iliyonse kutayikira kuzungulira chomera akhoza kuyimitsidwa pasanathe mphindi zitatu - ndi mwayi chabwino. โNdi usiku ndi usana. Anasanthula [chomera chinacho] mosamalitsa komanso njira yabwino kwambiri ya Indian Pointโฆ
Tombstone Regulation
Pa zoipitsa zonse zomwe zimatulutsidwa mโdziko la mafakitale lino, mphamvu ya radioactivity, mโlingaliro lina, ingakhale yosaoneka kwenikweni ndi yosayerekezeka, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zowononga kwambiri, zinali chinachake cholakwika. Zotsatira zake, kuopsa kwa atomu ya "mtendere" nthawi zambiri kwakhala kovuta kuyamwa masoka asanachitike - monga momwe zimakhalira. Chilumba Chachitatu cha Mile makina opangira magetsi pafupi ndi Middletown, Pennsylvania, pa March 28, 1979. Ngakhale malo opangira magetsi oterowo atakhala pafupi ndi msewu waukulu kapena dera linalake, kaลตirikaลตiri zimachitika kuti anthu salabadira kwenikweni, mwa zina chifukwa chakuti sayansi ya nyukiliya si malo achilendo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chitetezo ku malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya chakhala chinthu chomwe nzika zadalira boma.
Mbiri ya Indian Point, komabe, ikupereka chikumbutso chodetsa nkhawa kuti mabungwe aboma omwe akuyembekezeka kuteteza nzika ku tsoka sakuchita ntchito yabwino. Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, mwachitsanzo, anthu okhala munjira ya polojekiti ya mapaipi a AIM ayamba akuimba mlandu Bungwe la Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) latsankho lalikulu m'zamakampani. Popeza FERC ili ndi ngodya yoyang'anira ndi kuvomereza zomanga mapaipi onse, izi ndizowopsa. Chidindo chake chovomerezeka pamapaipi chimatha kutsutsidwa kudzera pa madandaulo omwe amabwerera ku FERC yokha, monga Natural Gasi Act ya 1938 adapatsa bungweli mphamvu zomanga mapaipi ku US Kuyambira pamenepo, akuluakulu aboma avomereza mapaipi amtundu uliwonse mosapatula. Choyipa kwambiri, ku Indian Point, Nuclear Regulatory Commission idalumikizana ndi FERC green-kuwalitsa CHOLINGA.
pa nthawi ya zaka ziwiri ndi theka momwe payipi inavomerezedwa ndikuyamba kumanga, atolankhani ambiri adanyalanyaza ntchitoyo komanso kuopsa kwake. Kokha mwezi wa February, pamene Bwanamkubwa wa New York Andrew Cuomo, yemwe wakhala akutsutsa kupatsidwa chilolezo kwa Indian Point, adalengeza koyamba za kuopsa kwa payipi, New York Times, pepala la mbiri ya New York metropolitan area, pamapeto pake asindikiza chidutswa pa AIM. Chifukwa chake zidagwera gulu la anthu omenyera ufulu wamba kuti awonetse kuopsa kwa AIM kwa anthu. Kukana kwake kwa payipi komwe kumatha kubweretsa chilichonse mpaka chochitika cha Fukushima-on-the-Hudson mwachiwonekere chidapangitsa Bwanamkubwa Cuomo kulimbikitsa FERC kuti ichedwetse ntchito yomanga mpaka kuwunika kwachitetezo kumalizidwe, pempho loti bungweli lithe. anakanidwa. M'mwezi wa February, wodabwitsidwa ndi malipoti a tritium akutuluka kuchokera ku mbewu, kazembe nayenso amatsogoleredwa nthambi za boma za kasungidwe ka chilengedwe ndi umoyo kuti zifufuze nthawi yotheka ndi zotsatira za kutayikira koteroko ndi zotsatira zake pa umoyo wa anthu.
Malinga ndi a Paul Blanch, chiwopsezo cha kuphulika kwa mapaipi pafupi ndi Indian Point ndi chimodzi mwa 1,000, zomwe akukhulupirira kuti ndizokwera kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zingachitike. (Iye amaona kuti mwayi umodzi pa miliyoni imodzi ndi wovomerezeka.) โNdakhala ndi zaka zoposa 45 za luso la nyukiliya ndiponso [zochitikira] nkhani za chitetezo. Sindinaonepo [zochitika] zomwe zimayika anthu 20 miliyoni pachiwopsezo, kuphatikiza chuma chonse cha United States popangitsa kuti dera lalikulu lozungulira Indian Point lisakhalike kwa mibadwomibadwo. Sindine wowopsa ndipo sindimadziwika kuti ndi wowopsa, koma kuthekera kwa mzere wa gasi wolumikizana ndi chomera kungayambitse mtundu wa Fukushima kumasulidwa. "
Malinga ndi a Blanch, zoyesa kuwongolera zida za nyukiliya pambuyo pa tsoka lamtundu wa Fukushima- kapena Chernobyl amadziwika pamalonda kuti "malamulo amiyala." Palibe amene angafune kukumana ndi izi ku Hudson, kapena kukhala ndi mini-Hiroshima yaku America zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mochedwa, kapena kupeza miyala yam'manda ikukulirakulira mumzinda wa New York chifukwa cha ngozi yanyukiliya. Chiyembekezo chimodzi choletsa zonsezi ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo kwa nzika za New York: kupitilizabe kukula kwa kukakamizidwa kwa nzika komanso kuchulukira kwa ma alarm pozungulira mapaipi ndi Indian Point. Limapereka tanthauzo latsopano la mawu akuti โmphamvu kwa anthu.โ
TomDispatch zonse Ellen Cantarow adanenanso za Israeli ndi West Bank kuyambira 1979 mpaka 2009 Village Voice, Mayi Jones, Kufufuzandipo Grand Street, pakati pa zofalitsa zina. Kwa zaka zisanu zapitazi wakhala akulemba za kuwononga chilengedwe za mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi.
Alison Rose Levy ndi mtolankhani wochokera ku New York yemwe amalemba nkhani zokhudzana ndi thanzi, sayansi, chilengedwe, ndi mfundo za anthu. Adanenanso za fracking, mapaipi, Trans-Pacific Partnership, kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala, ndi kuipitsidwa zotsatira za thanzi la ntchito za mafakitale kwa Huffington Post, Alternet, Choonadindipo EcoWatch.
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Izi ndizabwino kwambiri, komanso zowopsa, koma sindikuganiza kuti ndizowona kunena kuti, "ochepa adaganiza kuti tsoka lotere (Chernobyl, Fukushima) lingatheke", nthano zopeka zambiri zodziwika bwino zakhala zikulingalira za izi, kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka za nyukiliya.