Pamene Purezidenti wouma mtima wa Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad adapempha Israeli kuti "afafanizidwe pamapu" mu Okutobala 2005, dziko lidawoneka ngati latsala pang'ono kutha kwa mbiri yakale. Zinkawoneka kuti akatswiri amalingaliro adatenganso mphamvu ndikulowanso pankhondo yomwe sipakanakhala kuyankhulana kapena kukambirana - kupambana kwa lingaliro limodzi pa linzake.
Ngakhale Ahmadinejad asanatulutse mawu oopsa a Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini odana ndi Israeli kuchokera mu mbiri yakale, ubale wovuta pakati pa Iran ndi Israeli nthawi zambiri umawoneka ngati umodzi mwa mikangano yomaliza ya mbiri yakale. Kumbali ina kunali Israeli, yowonetsedwa ngati demokalase m'chigawo chozunzika ndi ulamuliro waulamuliro komanso dera lakum'mawa la Enlightenment rationalism. Kumbali ina kunali dziko la Islamic Republic of Iran, lomwe linkawonetsedwa ngati boma la ansembe lobisala lomwe kukana kwawo mayiko akumadzulo komanso kufunitsitsa kuyankhula m'malo mwa Asilamu onse kulikonse kudawonetsedwa ndi kukana kwake kuzindikira kuti Israeli ali ndi ufulu wokhalapo.
Kukangana kwa Israeli ndi Irani ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe malingaliro ozikidwa pamalingaliro awa angasonyezere, komabe. Kungoyang'ana kwapadera pa matope pakati pa mayiko awiriwa kwabwera chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa mozama za njira ya nkhondo yawo. Mfundo yakuti mkanganowu ndi wofunika kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mgwirizano wakale wa Iran-Israel. Asanagonjetsedwe Shah, malingaliro odziwika m'maiko onsewa anali akuti Iran ndi Israeli omwe sanali Aarabu - onse atazunguliridwa ndi nyanja ya Arabu omwe anali adani - adasangalala ndi mgwirizano wachilengedwe. Zowonadi, malinga ngati Iran ndi Israeli zikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zachiarabu zachiarabu, iwo adapanga maubwenzi apachinsinsi achitetezo omwe adapulumuka ku Revolution ya Chisilamu ya 1979. Si Shah yekha amene adachita malonda ndi kugwirizana ndi Israeli; Khomeini nayenso anali ndi gawo lake labwino pazochita za Israeli.
Koma kuyambira kugwa kwa Shah, makamaka kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990, mawu odzudzula omwe akuchokera ku Iran ndi Israeli achititsa khungu anthu ambiri omwe amawona chidwi chodziwika bwino chomwe madera awiriwa omwe sanali Aarabu ku Middle East akugawana nawo: kufunika kowonetsera. mkangano wawo wokhazikika ngati mkangano wamaganizidwe.
โIMFA ILI PA KHOMO KWATHUโ
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1992, Israeli yakhala ikutsatira mfundo yofuna kudzipatula ku Iran padziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka, malinga ndi kazembe wakale wa Israeli ku Washington, opanga zisankho ku Tel Aviv adawona chiyembekezo cha kuyanjana kwa US-Irani ngati chiwopsezo, popeza ubale wabwino pakati pa Washington ndi Tehran ukhoza kubwera potengera kulemera kwa Israeli m'derali.[1] Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kusintha kwa Iran kunachitika pansi pa boma la Labor motsogozedwa ndi Yitzhak Rabin ndi Shimon Peres, atsogoleri awiri omwe zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo adayambitsa kuyesa kukonza ubale pakati pa US ndi Khomeini wa Iran zomwe zinachititsa kuti Iran iwonongeke.
Mawu otupa omwe Rabin ndi Peres adagwiritsa ntchito anali asanakhalepo. Peres, yemwe panthawiyo anali nduna ya zachilendo ku Israel, anadzudzula dziko la Iran kuti โndikukolezera moto wonse ku Middle East,โ kutanthauza kuti kulephera kuthetsa mkangano wa Israeli ndi Palestina kunayamba chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa dziko la Iran mโmalo mwa zolakwa za Israeli ndi Palestine.[2] Mu January 1993, Nduna Yaikulu Rabin anauza a Knesset kuti โkulimbana kwa Israyeli ndi zigawenga zakupha Asilamuโ kunali โkudzutsa dziko limene lili mโtuloโ ku ngozi zachisilamu. "Imfa ili pakhomo pathu," Rabin anamaliza ponena za chiwopsezo cha Iran, ngakhale zaka zisanu m'mbuyomo adanena kuti Iran ndi bwenzi lake.[3]
Andale aku Israeli adayamba kujambula boma ku Tehran ngati anthu okonda komanso opanda nzeru. Mwachiwonekere, iwo anasungabe, kupeza malo okhala ndi "mad mullahs" oterowo sikunali koyambira. M'malo mwake, adapempha US kuti ikhazikitse dziko la Iran, limodzi ndi Iraq ya Saddam Hussein, ngati dziko lankhanza lomwe liyenera "kukhalapo."
TIMTETEZO ZOTETEZA
Poyambirira, kukhazikitsidwa kwa America kunali kukayikira kusintha kwa mtima wa Israeli pankhani ya Iran, ngakhale a Israeli adapititsa patsogolo mkangano womwewo womwe akuchita lero, kuti pulogalamu yofufuza zanyukiliya yaku Iran posachedwa ipereka mwayi kwa atsogoleri amisala yakuda kuti achite bomba. "Chifukwa chiyani a Israeli adadikirira mpaka posachedwa kuti amve chenjezo lamphamvu la Iran ndizovuta, pokhapokha ngati yankho silili lovuta kwambiri kuposa kuti mphamvu ya nyukiliya ya Iran yakula kwambiri," Clyde Haberman wa bungwe la United Nations. New York Times analemba mu November 1992. Haberman anapitiriza kunena kuti: โKwa zaka zambiri, Israeli anali wofunitsitsa kuchita bizinesi ndi Iran., ngakhale kuti ma mullah ku Tehran anali kukuwa kuti athetse 'gulu la Zionist.'[4] Komabe, pamapeto pake, mkangano wamisala wa mullah unakhazikika. Kupatula apo, aku Irani nawonso ndiwo adathandizira kwambiri kugulitsa mkanganowu ku Washington.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a Israeli, kusonkhanitsa mayiko a Kumadzulo kumbali yake kunatheka bwino pogogomezera zikhumbo zodzipha za atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso kutengeka maganizo kwa Iran ndi lingaliro lowononga Israeli. Malingana ngati utsogoleri wa Iran unkawoneka ngati wopanda nzeru, njira zachizolowezi monga kuletsa zikanakhala zosatheka, kusiya mayiko akunja alibe chochita koma kusakhala ndi kulolera kwa Iran. Kodi dziko ngati Iran lingadaliridwe bwanji ndi ukadaulo wa mizinga, mkanganowo udapita, ngati utsogoleri wake sunakhumudwitsidwe ndi zida zazikulu komanso zochulukirapo za Kumadzulo?
Njira ya Israeli inali yowonetsetsa kuti dziko lapansi - makamaka Washington - silingawone mkangano wa Israeli ndi Irani ngati umodzi pakati pa omwe akupikisana nawo paudindo wankhondo mdera lomwe linali lopanda dongosolo lomwe linalibe dongosolo lodziwikiratu. M'malo mwake, Israeli idakhazikitsa mkanganowo ngati umodzi pakati pa demokalase yokhayo ku Middle East ndi teokrase yopanda malire yomwe idadana ndi chilichonse chomwe Kumadzulo kunkayimira. Potengera mawu amenewo, kukhulupirika kwa mayiko aku Western kwa Israeli sikunalinso nkhani yosankha kapena chidwi chenicheni pandale.
KULIPIRA MILOMO SERVICE
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti Iran nayonso idakonda kukhazikitsidwa kwa mikangano. Pamene zigawenga zidasesa Iran mu 1979, utsogoleri watsopano wachisilamu udasiya kudziwika kwa dziko la Pahlavi, koma osati yen yake yamphamvu yaku Iran. Pamene Shah ankafuna suzerainty ku Persian Gulf ndi mbali zina za Indian Ocean, pamene akuyembekeza kupanga Iran ku Japan kumadzulo kwa Asia, boma la Khomeini linkafuna kulamulira dziko lonse lachi Islam. Njira za Shah zokwaniritsira cholinga chake zinali gulu lankhondo lolimba komanso ubale wabwino ndi United States. Koma Ayatollah adadalira mtundu wake wa Chisilamu chandale komanso changu chamalingaliro kuti agonjetse kugawanika kwa Aarabu ndi Perisiya ndikufooketsa maboma achiarabu omwe amatsutsana ndi zolinga za Iran.
M'zaka zonse za m'ma 1980, pamene chidwi cha Iran chinaukakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi Israeli kuti athetse nkhondo ya Iraq, boma la Khomeini linkafuna kubisa zochita zake za Israeli potengera zomwe Iran ikuchita motsutsana ndi Israeli mpaka pamwamba. Mu 1981, mwachitsanzo, Ayatollah Khomeini adayambitsa mwambo wosunga tsiku la al-Qods - Jerusalem Day - pa Ramadan ndendende kuti azipereka milomo ku Palestine panthawi yomwe boma lake likukonzekera kugula zida kudziko lomwe lidadzudzula. monga โwokhala mu Yerusalemu.โ
Pomwe Yasser Arafat ndi utsogoleri wa PLO adakakamiza boma la Iran kuti likwaniritse malonjezo ake kwa Palestina, Khomeini adagwiritsanso ntchito zida zake zolankhula kuti abise mfundo yakuti Iran inakana kuchitapo kanthu pa Israeli.
Ukwati wa ku Iran-PLO unakhala wowawa kuyambira pachiyambi. Arafat ndi gulu lake la akuluakulu 58 a PLO adawonekera ku Tehran osayitanidwa pa February 18, 1979, patangopita masiku ochepa chipambano cha kusinthaku.[5] Ngakhale osinthawo adadzidzimuka, akuluakulu angapo aku Iran adalonjera Arafat pabwalo la ndege ndikupatsa anthu aku Palestine malo ogona pagulu lakale la Boma pa Fereshteh Street kumpoto kwa Tehran.[6] Patatha maola angapo atafika, Arafat adachita msonkhano wa maola awiri ndi Ayatollah Khomeini. Chodabwitsa kwambiri Arafat, Khomeini anali wotsutsa kwambiri PLO ndipo adaphunzitsa mtsogoleri wa Palestina pakufunika kosiya malingaliro ake otsamira kumanzere ndi okonda dziko kuti afike ku mizu ya Chisilamu pa nkhani ya Palestina.[7] Osintha awiriwa sanakumanenso.
Arafat adamvetsetsa mwachangu kuti Iran yachisilamu idzabwereketsa ma Palestine thandizo lapakamwa komanso mwachipongwe. Ndalama zazikulu zaku Palestine zotsutsana ndi Iran ku Shah - makamaka m'magulu akumanzere monga Mojahedin-e Khalq - sizingabweretse phindu lalikulu.[8] Mosasamala kanthu za zotsutsana ndi Israeli, mwachitsanzo, Khomeini adatsutsa pempho lotumiza asilikali a Iran F-14 ku Lebanoni, kumene PLO inali kulimbana ndi asilikali a Israeli pamodzi ndi a Syria ndi Lebanon, kusonyeza kuti Iran sinafune. kutenga nawo mbali kumbali ya Arabu yolimbana ndi Israeli kupitilira kudzudzula kwawo kwachiyuda.[9] Chifukwa chake, aku Iran adawonetsa chidwi chochepa popereka chithandizo chothandiza kwa Apalestina ngakhale Arafat ndi mayiko achiarabu (kupatula Syria ndi Libya) adataya mphamvu zawo kumbuyo kwa Saddam Hussein pankhondo ya Iran-Iraq.
Akazembe aku US ku Iran adazindikira za ubale wa Khomeini ndi PLO. Memo yachinsinsi yomwe idatumizidwa ku Washington kuchokera ku kazembe wa US ku Tehran mu Seputembara 1979 idati "Iran imathandizira mwachangu komanso mopanda malire zomwe zidachitika ku Palestina," koma "zochepa zomwe zimanenedwa za PLO yokha."[10]
Mfundo ya dziko la Iran โinali yopewa kulowerera mโnkhondo ya Palestina,โ anatero a Mahmoud Vaezi, yemwe kale anali wachiwiri kwa nduna ya zachilendo ku Iran. "Ntchito zamakhalidwe" za Iran zidaphimba malingaliro pazaka zoyambilira pambuyo pa chisinthiko, adawonjezeranso, kuletsa udani wa Iran kwa Aluya kuti asamasulire mgwirizano wa Iran ndi Israeli.[11] Komabe, malingaliro a boma lachisinthiko ndi zolankhula zabodza zidaphimba kutsata kwake kwa realpolitik.
โKUCHITA CHISIlamuโ
Pambuyo pa Cold War ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Iraq mu 1991 Gulf nkhondo, malingaliro abwino omwe adayika Iran ndi Israel kumbali imodzi ya geopolitical adasanduka nthunzi. Posakhalitsa, kulibe adani onse omwe ali nawo, Israeli ndi Iran adapezeka kuti ali mumpikisano waluso kuti athe kufotokozeranso dongosolo lachigawo pambuyo pa kutha kwa mphamvu zankhondo zaku Iraq. Koma mwachiwonekere sikunali kotheka kusonkhanitsa unyinji wa Asilamu achiarabu ku mbali ya Iran chifukwa cha zikhumbo zamphamvu za Iran. Apanso, Iran idatembenukira kumalingaliro kuti ibise zolinga zake zenizeni, pomwe ikugwiritsa ntchito zovuta za anthu aku Palestine kufooketsa maboma achiarabu omwe anali okonzeka kutenga nawo gawo munjira ya Oslo ya 1990s.
Chifukwa chake olemba mawu aku Iran adatsogola pakuwunika kwa Israeli "chilakolako chosatha cha mayiko achiarabu," kupondereza kwake anthu aku Palestine, kunyalanyaza zigamulo za UN Security Council ndi "chipongwe kwa Chisilamu" zikuwonetsa kuti kupitiliza kulanda Yerusalemu. Zowonadi, mpaka lero, zonena za Tehran zimalalikira kuti kulimbana kwake ndi Israeli sikukhudza phindu lazandale kapena za Iran yokha, koma za chilungamo kwa Palestina ndi ulemu kwa Islam.
Ndi mkangano wa Israeli ndi Palestine womwe wafotokozedwa m'mawu awa, ndikuwopa kuti anthu awo abwerera m'mbuyo, olamulira a Arab Arabu akuyenera kupondaponda mosamala kuti asawoneke ngati akunyoza zolinga zomwe zalengezedwa za Tehran. M'maso mwa mayiko ambiri achiarabu, mphamvu ya mawu a Iran yapangitsa kutsutsa kwa anthu ku Iran kukhala kofanana ndi kuvomereza kapena kuvomereza malingaliro a Israeli ndi US pa nkhani ya Palestina. Zowonadi, mawu otsutsana ndi Iranian monga chenjezo la King Abdallah wa Jordan la "Shiite crescent" yochokera ku Iran kupyolera mu Saddam Iraq kupita ku Lebanoni kapena Purezidenti wa Aigupto Husni Mubarak akudzudzula ma Shiite aku Iraq monga okhulupilira aku Iran sanalandiridwe bwino ndi anthu achiarabu. Mbiri ya Tehran pro-Palestine ndi chifukwa chimodzi.
MAKAMPA AWIRI KU TEHRAN
Kulimbikitsanso kwa Ahmadinejad kwa mawu odana ndi Israeli kuyambira mu 2005 kuyeneranso kuwoneka pamikangano yayikulu ya Iran ndi US, makamaka mkangano wa nyukiliya womwe ukukankhira mkangano pachimake. Mu Novembala 2005, mkangano waukulu udachitika ku Tehran pakupempha Purezidenti watsopano kuti Khomeini apemphe kuti Israeli achotsedwe pamapu. Kutsutsana kwapadziko lonse kudadabwitsa Tehran ndikukwiyitsa omwe akukambirana ndi zida za nyukiliya, omwe adanena kuti chilankhulochi chikulepheretsa kusanja bwino kwawo komwe kumafuna nthawi imodzi kuti asatumizidwe ku Security Council komanso kuteteza ufulu wa Iran pakulemeretsa uranium.
Msasa wa Ahmadinejad udatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti Iran iyenera kukulitsa mkangano ndikupangitsa Israeli kukhala gawo lofunikira komanso lowoneka bwino lazokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuwona pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ya Iran payokha idapindulitsa Kumadzulo kokha. Pokhapokha pakukulitsa kukula kwa nkhaniyo Iran idapeza njira zoyenera kuteteza udindo wake. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, msasa wa Ahmadinejad unanena kuti, mtengo uyenera kuperekedwa kwa Israeli chifukwa chopanga pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ya Iran kukhala nkhani yodetsa nkhawa padziko lonse lapansi komanso kutsimikizira Washington kuti ikhazikitse mfundo zosapindulitsa.
Ngakhale kuti anthu ochepa kwambiri m'boma la Iran adagwirizana pakufunika koyika Israeli pachitetezo ndi kukulitsa mikangano, adasiyana kwambiri za njira yabwino yokwaniritsira zolingazo.
Malinga ndi mkulu wina wa ku Iran, anthu omwe anali pafupi ndi Ahmadinejad ankakonda kukayikira nkhani zomwe Israeli adatha kuthetsa pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi: kuvomerezeka kwa Israeli ndi kuyenerera kukhalapo, zenizeni za kuphedwa kwa Nazi, ndi ufulu wa Ayuda a ku Ulaya kuti akhalebe m'dzikolo. mtima wa Middle East. Mchitidwe woterewu, adatsutsa kuti ukhoza kugwirizana ndi msewu wa Aarabu wosakhutira ndikuwulula kupanda mphamvu kwa maulamuliro a Arabiya omwe amagwirizana ndi US, omwe angakhale ofanana ndi okakamizidwa ndi kuchita manyazi.
Mawu ochulukirapo ku Tehran adatsutsa kwambiri njirayi, chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe adaneneratu kuti zingayambitse zokambirana zanyukiliya ku Iran. Iwo adakomera njira ya Purezidenti wakale Mohammad Khatami yopempha kuzunzika kwa anthu aku Palestine komanso kusafuna kwa Israeli kuti apereke chilolezo chamayiko, koma kupewa nkhani zotentha monga ufulu wa Israeli wokhalapo komanso Holocaust. Kutengera zonena zamtunduwu, adatsutsa, zitha kubweza ndikutembenuza mayiko ofunikira ngati Russia ndi China motsutsana ndi Iran. Ngakhale kuti boma silinagwirizane kwathunthu, zomwe zinakhumudwitsa Ahmadinejad, chigamulo chinapangidwa kuti palibe msilikali wa ku Iran amene adzaloledwe kubwereza mawu owopsa a Holocaust. Chigamulo chimenecho chinakhala kwa miyezi ingapo mpaka zinaonekeratu kuti Kumadzulo kunali kubwerera.
KUKHALA M'mphepete
Chomwe sichinawonekere pamkangano wamkati ku Tehran, komabe, zinali zolimbikitsa komanso zomwe Iran imagwiritsa ntchito kulungamitsa malingaliro ake pa Israeli. Ulemu wa Chisilamu kapena kuzunzika kwa anthu aku Palestine sikunapezeke pazokambirana.
M'malo mwake, mfundo zonse za mkanganowo ndi zotulukapo zake zinali zamwano chabe. Misasa yonseyi ikufuna kupatsa Iran njira yolimbana ndi US ndi Israeli, m'malo mowona Iran ikuvutika ndi tsogolo la Iraq, komwe kuyambira 1991 mpaka kuukira kwa Washington kunakhalabe kuwongolera zochitika. Onse a Ahmadinejad ndi mdani wake wamkulu, Mlangizi wa National Security Council Ali Larijani, amakhulupirira kuti dziko la Iran silingapite patsogolo pochita bwino ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bush. M'malingaliro awo, Iran idalakwitsa pomwe idavomereza kuyimitsidwa kwa uranium kwa zaka ziwiri ndi theka pakukambirana ndi azungu.
Makampu a Ahmadinejad ndi Larijani amavomerezanso kuti Iran ili bwino kuti iyambe kuika adani ake nthawi zonse podzitchinjiriza. Iran iyenera kukakamiza mayiko akumadzulo kuti adzitchinjirize, m'malo modzitchinjiriza kuzinthu zambiri zaku Western.
Kaya ndi zovomerezeka kapena ayi, kaya zogwira mtima kapena ayi, zonena za Ahmadinejad ndi ziwerengero za boma la Iran ndi zotsatira, osati chifukwa, za malingaliro a Iran. Momwemonso, kufotokozera kwa Prime Minister wa Israeli Ehud Olmert ponena za Iran ngati "mvula yamkuntho yakuda ndi yosonkhanitsa yomwe ikuponya mthunzi padziko lonse lapansi" muzolankhula zake pa May 24, 2006 ku Congress siziyenera kuwonedwa mwachiwonekere. Pali maumboni omveka bwino a njira ya Rabin-Peres m'malangizo ake enanso akuti: "Iran ya zida za nyukiliya imatanthauza kuti dziko lachigawenga likhoza kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu chomwe zigawenga zimakhalira ndi kufa: kuwononga miyoyo ya anthu osalakwa." Komabe, pakadali pano, onse a Iran ndi Israeli akuwoneka kuti (molakwika) akuwerengera kuti kuwonetsa kulimbana kwawo mwamalingaliro ndi malingaliro a apocalyptic kuwapatsa malire otsutsana wina ndi mnzake poyesa kufotokozera dongosolo la Middle East kuti apindule nawo. Ndiye kachiwiri, iwo omwe ali mu zovuta za hegemonic amatero nthawi zonse.
Malemba omveka
[1] Mafunso ndi Itamar Rabinovich, Tel Aviv, October 17, 2004.
[2] Shimon Peres, New Middle East (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), p. 43.
[3] Washington Post, March 13, 1993.
[4] New York TimesNovembala 8, 1992.
[5] Nader Entessar, "Israel ndi Iran National Security," Journal of South Asian and Middle East Studies 27/4 (Chilimwe 2004), p. 5.
[6] Zokambirana ndi Abbas Maleki, yemwe kale anali wachiwiri kwa Minister of Foreign Affairs ku Iran, Tehran, August 1, 2004.
[7] Kuyankhulana patelefoni ndi Nader Entessar, January 25, 2005. Ibrahim Yazdi, nduna ya zachilendo m'boma loyamba lachisinthiko la Iran, adauza ogwira ntchito ku ofesi ya kazembe wa US kuti Khomeini adapempha PLO kuti ikhale ndi chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu ndikufanizira njira yosinthira Iran popanda chiwawa. A Irani adanena kuti chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu chidzawonjezera chiyembekezo cha kupambana kwa Palestine ndipo chidzalepheretsa Marxists ndi zinthu zazikulu pakati pa Palestina. Bruce Laingen ku Dipatimenti ya Boma, October 1979. Ikupezeka kudzera mu National Security Archive.
[8] Behrouz Souresrafil, Khomeini and Israel (London: Researchers, Inc., 1988), p. 46.
[9] Embassy ya US ku Tehran kupita ku Dipatimenti ya Boma, kumapeto kwa September 1979. Ikupezeka kudzera mu National Security Archive.
[10] US Embassy ku Tehran ku Dipatimenti ya Boma, September 30, 1979. Ikupezeka kudzera mu National Security Archive.
[11] Mafunso ndi Mahmoud Vaezi, Tehran, August 16, 2004.
Trita Parsi ndiye wolemba Triacerous Triangle: Zochita Zachinsinsi za Israeli, Iran ndi United States (Yale University Press, ikubwera).
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama