John Nichols: Pamene mudali ndi zaka khumi, mudalemba nkhani yaifupi yokhudzana ndi nkhawa zanu za kukwera kwa fascism. Munali kulemba pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Barcelona kugwa kwa magulu ankhondo achifasisi a Francisco Franco mโmasiku otsiriza a Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni Yachispanya. Anthu aku America omwe adamenya nawo nkhondoyi, monga mamembala a Abraham Lincoln Brigade, adanyozedwa ngati "otsutsa-fascists asanakwane," pomwe adayesa kukweza zida motsutsana ndi ogwirizana a Hitler ndi Mussolini US isanalowe Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse pa Disembala 8. 1941. Pa khumi, mudadzigwirizanitsa ndi otsutsa. Kodi mukukumbukira nkhaniyo?
Ndinali kulemba pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Barcelona, โโFebruary 1939. Ndipo zinangowoneka kokha panthaลตiyo kuti kufalikira kwa chifasisti kunali kosalekeza. Palibe chimene chikanati chiyimitse icho. Nkhaniyi inali yokhudza zimene zinkachitika padzikoli, zomwe zinkachititsa mantha. Ndinali wamkulu mokwanira kuti ndimvetsere zokamba za Hitler pa Misonkhano ya Nuremberg - osamvetsetsa mawu, koma kunali kosavuta kuti ndimvetsere kamvekedwe kake. Munkangoona zimene zinkachitika pamene mliriwu unafalikira ku Ulaya konse ndipo unkaoneka ngati ulibe mapeto.
Barcelona itagwa sikunali kutha kwa dziko la demokalase laufulu ku Spain koma, kwa ine, chofunika kwambiri chinali kutha kwa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. [Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni Yachispanya] sinali nkhondo wamba chabe pakati pa chifasisti ndi ulamuliro wademokalase womasuka; panali kusintha kodabwitsa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunachitika kudera lalikulu la Spain ndipo kudaphwanyidwa ndi ... kuyesetsa kwachikomyunizimu, ma fascists, ndi maulamuliro a demokalase. Sanagwirizane pazambiri, koma adavomereza kuti kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumayenera kuthetsedwa. Barcelona inali chizindikiro chomaliza panthawiyo. Anthu adangothawira ku France ngati akanatha kuthawa.
NC: Izi, monga ndikunena, zimawoneka ngati sizingaimitsidwe. Izi zinali kufalikira ku Europe konse, padziko lonse lapansi. Ndinaphunzira zambiri pambuyo pake kuti okonza mapulani a US, panthawi imodzimodziyo, anali akukumana kale - Dipatimenti ya Boma, Bungwe la Ubale Wachilendo - ndipo anali ndi magulu ophunzirira omwe akugwira ntchito pa zomwe nkhondoyo idzakhalire komanso momwe nkhondo idzakhalire.
Ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyi, 1939, anali akuyembekezera kale kuti nkhondoyo idzatha ndi kugawanika pakati pa maiko awiri, dziko lolamulidwa ndi US ndi dziko lolamulidwa ndi Germany. Icho chinali chithunzi. Chotero lingaliro langa lachibwana silinali lopanda nzeru kwenikweni.
NC: Zinali zogwirizana ndi zokumana nazo zakumaloko. Tinapezeka kuti tinali banja lokhalo lachiyuda mโmadera ambiri a ku Germany ndi ku Ireland. Ndipo aku Ireland ankadana ndi a British ndipo Ajeremani ankakonda Ajeremani ... ndipo ndikukumbukira maphwando a mowa pamene Paris inagwa. Ana mumsewu adapita kusukulu ya Ajesititi komweko ndipo ndimadana nazo kuganiza zomwe amaphunzitsidwa kumeneko, koma adatuluka akuzunza ma antisemite. Zinatenga maola angapo asanakhazikike ndipo mutha kusewera mpira m'misewu ndi zinthu zotere.
Chifukwa chake zidaphatikiza zokumana nazo zanga, zomwe mwamwayi sindinatchulepo kwa makolo anga. Sanachidziwe kufikira tsiku la imfa yawo; kungoti, mโmasiku amenewo, simunalankhule ndi makolo anu zinthu ngati zimenezo. Ndizo zaumwini. Koma kuphatikizika kwa zinthu izi ndi komwe kunatsogolera ku [nkhani] iyi.
NC: Chabwino, sindikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "fascism". Ikugwiritsidwa ntchito momasuka tsopano. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza chilichonse choyipa. Koma fascism imatanthawuzadi china chake m'zaka za makumi atatu. M'malo mwake, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ngakhale malingaliro omasuka anali ndi mtundu wa kuyamikira kwapakatikati kwa fascism. Chotero, mwachitsanzo, Roosevelt anafotokoza Mussolini, Mfascist woyambirira, kukhala โmunthu wosiririka wa ku Italy uja.โ
Ma fascists adakwanitsa kuphwanya gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito komanso gulu la demokalase komanso chikomyunizimu chomwe chidachoka, ndipo ichi chinali chinthu chomwe malingaliro aku Western anali okonda kwambiri. Mabizinesi aku Western ndi dipatimenti ya Boma mu 1937 anali kufotokoza za Hitler ngati munthu wapakatikati ndipo George Kennan, kazembe wathu ku Berlin panthawiyo ndipo pambuyo pake m'modzi mwa olemekezeka kwambiri panthawiyo, anali kulemba kuchokera ku Berlin kuti sitiyenera kukhala. zavuta kwambiri kwa anyamata awa. Pali zinthu zina zolakwika ndi iwo, koma akuchita zinthu zina zabwino kwambiri, kotero kuti ife tikhoza kugwirizana nawo.
Fascism inkamvetsetsedwa ngati chinthu chosiyana kalelo. Sizinali zoipa chabe, zinali ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Linayenera kukhala dziko lamphamvu lomwe lidzagwirizanitsa magawo onse a anthu. Izo zikanalamulira; bizinesi ikayenda bwino koma ikulamulidwa ndi boma lamphamvu. Ogwira ntchito atha kuthandizidwa ngati gawo lothandizira dongosolo lonseli. Sizomwe timatcha fascism lero.
NC: Zomwe zimatchedwa fascism lero ndi chilichonse chowola.
JN: Ndilo tanthauzo lalikulu.
NC: Kutanthauzira kwakukulu.
JN: Kodi pali malo aliwonse, mukamayang'ana padziko lonse lapansi lero, ndipo ndikudziwa kuti mumatero, pomwe mumawona ziwopsezo zikubwera mowopsa?
NC: Chabwino ndikuganiza kuti Brazil mwina ndiye vuto lalikulu kwambiri pakadali pano. Brazil ili m'manja mwa pulezidenti watsopano [Jair Messias Bolsonaro]. Bolsonaro watenga udindo. Brazil, monga mukudziwa, inali ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo: kuzunza, kupha. Bolsonaro amayamika utsogoleri wankhanza wankhondo. Mpaka pomwe amatsutsa, akuti ulamuliro wankhanza ku Brazil sunaphe anthu okwanira. Ayenera kukhala ngati anthu aku Argentina, omwe anali ndi zoipitsitsa zamtundu wa chitetezo cha dziko la Nazi. Anapha anthu 30,000.
Kwakali kukkomana kapati, kubikkilizya antoomwe ku Brazil kwamyaka minji. Mkhalidwe woyamba unali kutsutsidwa mwachinyengo kwa pulezidenti, Dilma Rousseff [mtsogoleri wakale wa Partido dos Trabalhadores, kapena Workers' Party]. Bolsonaro atavotera kuti achotsedwe, adavotera wamkulu wozunza gulu lankhondo, yemwe adayambitsa kuzunzidwa kwa Rousseff. Ndi mtundu wa munthu amene ali kumeneko.
Mfundo za Bolsonaro ndizofunikira kufafaniza nzika, kugulitsa dziko lonse. Nduna yake ya zachuma, Paulo Guedes, ndi mtundu wa ultra-University of Chicago neoliberal, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Chile pansi pa ulamuliro wa Pinochet. Ndipo cholinga chake, monga momwe adanenera, ndi: kubisa chilichonse, kugulitsa dziko lonse kwa osunga ndalama akunja. Akufuna kutsegula Amazon kuti agwiritse ntchito migodi ndi bizinesi yaulimi, yomwe ndi mtundu wakupha padziko lonse lapansi, popeza Amazon ndi amodzi mwa mapapo akulu padziko lapansi.
NC: Momwe iye anasankhidwira ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri. Tiyenera kuisamalira. Tiwona zambiri ngati izi pachisankho chathu chotsatira. Ndi mtundu wa kuyesa. Chinthu choyamba chimene anachita chinali kutsata munthu amene adzapambana pa chisankhocho. Kutengera zisankho, anali Lula da Silva, purezidenti wakale yemwe adatsogolera nthawi yomwe Banki Yadziko Lonse idatcha Golden Decade yaku Brazil, ndikuchepetsa umphawi, kutsegulira mwayi wamaphunziro kwa anthu ochepa, kwa anthu ena - mfundo zogwira mtima. Zolakwa zambiri nazonso, koma kwenikweni mwina anali wolemekezeka kwambiri pandale padziko lapansi. Analinso kuthandizira udindo wa Global South ndi kuyesetsa kwake kuthawa cholowa chautsamunda, chomwe chinali chovuta kwambiri.
Kotero, zomwe adachita ndi Lula da Silva, yemwe anali patsogolo pa zisankho, [ndikuti amutseke] m'ndende kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu, m'ndende yayekha. Osaloledwa kuwerenga chilichonse komanso osaloledwa kunena. Ine ndi mkazi wanga, Valeria, tinapita kukamuona ali mโndende. Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zakukhala wekhawekha, ndicho chilango cha imfa kwenikweni. Koma, mwatsoka, sanaloledwe kunena - mosiyana ndi akupha omwe ali pamzere wophedwa, omwe amaloledwa kulankhula. Mdzukulu wake yemwe ankamukonda wangomwalira kumene ndipo atakambirana zambiri adamulola kuti apite kumaliro kwa ola limodzi, koma osanena kalikonse .... Ngati apulumuka, zidzakhala zodabwitsa. Iye ndi mkaidi wofunika kwambiri pandale padziko lapansi.
NC: Mnyamata uyu ali pafupi kwambiri ndi chinachake monga fascism - osati mu luso lamakono, koma m'lingaliro la zowawa, zankhanza, zankhanza kwambiri, ndi zankhanza - monga ndikuwonera.
JN: Mmene anayambira kulamulira sikumangokhalira kuvutitsa. Ndi chizindikiro cha mmene ndale zikusintha padziko lonse.
NC: Momwe zisankho zidapambanidwira - ndipo izi ndi zomwe ndimaganiza ponena kuti titha kuziganizira - ndi kampeni yodabwitsa pazama media, chomwe ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe anthu ambiri aku Brazil ali nacho ngati gwero la zomwe zimatchedwa "chidziwitso. .โ Mukudziwa, WhatsApp? Zinangodzaza ndi mabodza osaneneka, zosokoneza, zopeka za zinthu zonyansa zomwe a PT [Workers' Party], otsutsa, anali kuchita ... Trump pachisankho cha Novembala], ndizomwe mukuwona. Izi ndi zoneneza zomwe simungathe kuziyankha. Mukudziwa, ndi zonyansa, zonyansa, zachipongwe. Zayamba kale, mukudziwa, ndi milandu ya socialism.
Ndidawona kuti mukulankhula kwa Purezidenti Trump State of the Union, panali kukambirana kwanthawi yayitali pazachipani cha Socialism ndipo mwachiwonekere chakhala chothandizira kutsutsa ambiri omwe ali mu Democratic Party. Pali ochepa a demokalase omwe adawuka ku Democratic Party: Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Rashida Tlaib, ndi ena. Ndipo kotero pali zenizeni kumeneko zomwe tili nazo kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nthawi yayitali kwambiri, kuwuka kwa demokalase-socialist kupezeka munkhani yathu.
NC: Chabwino tiyenera kukumbukira kuti United States ndi dziko lakutali kwambiri, chikhalidwe ndi luntha. Ndikutanthauza, mu dziko lonse, socialist ndi mawu wamba. Chikomyunizimu ndi mawu wamba. Anthu akhoza kukhala achikomyunizimu, chipani cha Communist chikhoza kutenga nawo mbali pazisankho. Kukhala socialist ndikungokhala ngati munthu wamakono. Kuno ku United States, socialism ndi mawu otembereredwa - kotero kutchula munthu wa Socialist ndiko kunena kuti ayenera kukhala chilombo chathunthu, ngati chipani cha Nazi, mwina ngati Stalin. Koma izi ndizosiyana ndi United States.
Tengani Bernie Sanders. Udindo wake sakadadabwitsa [Pulezidenti wakale Dwight] Eisenhower. Mukubwerera ndikuwerenga zomwe Eisenhower adanena, pomwe adanena kuti aliyense amene amakayikira New Deal sakhala m'gulu lathu landale. Kapena kuti aliyense amene akuganiza kuti ogwira ntchito ayenera kuletsedwa mwayi wopanga mgwirizano mwaufulu - ndipo ayenera kubwezeretsedwa kukhala anthu ochuluka, omvetsa chisoni akale - sikuti ndi gawo la dziko lotukuka.
NC: Dzikoli lasunthira kutali kwambiri kumanja panthawi ya neoliberal, kuyambira zaka za Reagan - zaka za Carter-Reagan. Ndiye pamene anthu awa omwe amadzitcha okha "democratic socialists" abwera, iwo kwenikweni akubwerera ku miyambo yomwe ili yofanana kwambiri ndi New Deal. Ndi zathanzi, ndikuganiza, koma zilibe kanthu kochita ndi sosholizimu kapena china chilichonse ngati tanthauzo lachikhalidwe la mawuwa. Kumbukirani zomwe socialism imatanthauza kamodzi. Socialism imatanthauza, pang'onopang'ono, kulamulira kupanga ndi ogwira ntchito, kulamulira mabungwe ena ndi otenga nawo mbali, ulamuliro wa demokalase pa dongosolo lonse la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma.
[Ambiri a asosholisti otchuka a demokalase mu ndale zamasiku ano zaku US] sakufuna zimenezo. Akuyitanitsa zomwe ku Europe zitha kutchedwa njira zademokalase zokhazikika - zomwe ku United States ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kotero, ine ndikuganiza ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri. Koma udzathiridwa phula ndi zotukwana, zauchiwanda, ndi zachidzudzulo. Mutha kukhala otsimikiza za izo. Ndipo zomwe zidachitika ku Brazil, ndikuganiza, ndizoyenera kuyang'ana ngati mtundu woyeserera wa zomwe zikubwera.
NC: Ndikuganiza kuti adzazunzidwa - ndipo izi ndi zoona ngati atathamanga kapena ngati wina aliyense ngati iye athamangira - ku kampeni yoyipa kwambiri, yotukwana pazama TV, pawailesi yakanema, pawailesi. Kumbukirani kuti zida zonsezi zatengedwa ndi kumanja kwambiri. Sindikudziwa ngati mumamvera wailesi? Ndimachita nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Ndikutanthauza, zimapangitsa Fox News kuwoneka yomasuka, mukudziwa? Ndipo izi zimafikira anthu ambiri. Rush Limbaugh amafikira anthu 20 kapena 30 miliyoni, ndikuwauza mwachitsanzo kuti alipo - mawu ake otchuka ndi ati? - ngodya zinayi zachinyengo, mabungwe omwe alipo pamaziko achinyengo: boma, media, maphunziro, ndi sayansi. Iye akuuza anthu kuti: Musakhulupirire mawu amene atuluka mmenemo. Zinthu ngati izi zikufikira anthu ambiri.
JN: Mwatikumbutsa nthawi zonse kuti olemekezeka amaika mphamvu zazikulu poletsa ndi kuchepetsa nkhani zandale.
NC: Zochita zachitukuko zimaganiziridwa ndi gulu la ndale komanso magulu amalonda ngati khansa. Ngati ifika poipa kwambiri, amaganiza kuti muyenera kuimitsa mwamphamvu. Koma zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri pankhani ya khansa kuti mupewe. Ndipo [pali] njira zonsezi zoletsera kuwuka kwa magulu amagulu amagulu omwe angatsutse zomwe zikuchitika.
Kupatutsa chidwi cha anthu kunjira zina ndi njira ina yochitira izi. Kotero, mukudziwa, pali [mauthenga ochokera kwa Trump ndi ogwirizana naye] okhudza khamu la ogwirira, akupha, zigawenga zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutsanulira malire ndi kutiukira ndi kutiwononga. Chabwino, kotero iwo akufuna kuti timvetsere izi osati kuti malipiro athu enieni sanawonjezereke m'zaka makumi atatu, kuti tikutaya phindu, kuti ndondomeko ya ndale ikugwa - kuti zochita zonse zomwe olamulira achita. kuwukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Uthenga ndi โMusayangโane pamenepo. Taonani anyamata awa akuwoloka malire. Nkhawa za anyamata ako kapena china chake."
Pali njira zambiri zododometsa anthu. Iwo apangidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Iwo ndi gawo lalikulu la malonda otsatsa malonda - imodzi mwa mafakitale akuluakulu m'dzikoli - ndipo akugwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano kuti ateteze anthu ngati inu, makamaka achinyamata, kuti asakhale ndi "lingaliro lolakwika," kukhala okonzeka, kukhala otanganidwa. , ndikuchita mitundu ya zinthu zomwe Ocasio-Cortez akuchita. Kuyesera kuyimitsa, ikani mumphukira, musalole kuti iyambe.
NC: Chabwino, ine ndikanaziyika izo mwanjira ina. Ndi chifukwa cha zotsatira za nthawi ya neoliberal kuti mukumva izi. Pali zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zili mbali ziwiri. Nthawi zina ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomwe mukufotokoza. Nthawi zina ndi neofascist.
Pali funso lenileni tsopano la njira yomwe iti ipite. Ku Ulaya ndi ku United States, ndi kumadera ena, kuli kukwera koopsa kwa mkwiyo, kupsa mtima, kuipidwa ndi chinachake. Ndipo funso nlakuti, kodi chimenecho chidzakhala chiyani?
Malinga ndi maganizo a akuluakulu andale mโzamalonda, amafuna kuti chinthucho chikhale โogwirira chigololo amene amadutsa malire.โ Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Ocasio-Cortez, kapena Bernie Sanders, akufuna kuti zikhale ndondomeko za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndipo zomwe zimasokoneza anthu, kuwaponyera pambali, kusokoneza ndale.
Chifukwa chake ndizovuta ku United States komanso ku Europe konse. Koma mkwiyo ndi kuwawidwa mtima kulipo ndipo osiyana [ochita ndale] akufuna kuti akhazikike mโnjira zosiyanasiyana. Ena amafuna kuti mupatutse chidwi chanu pa zomwe zimayambitsa, kuti athe kukuthandizani bwino. Ena amafuna kuti mumvetsere zomwe zimayambitsa, kuti muchitepo kanthu. Ichi ndi kulimbana kwakukulu komwe kukukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikutanthauza, dongosolo la chikapitalist lidakhala ngati lankhanza mu zaka makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi zapitazi. Anthu akuvutika nazo ndipo akwiya, ndipo akuchitapo kanthu.
Funso nlakuti: Kodi adzayankha bwanji? Pachifukwa ichi, ndi pang'ono ngati 1930s. Zikadatha kupita mbali zina. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, panali magulu olimbikitsa anthu ogwira ntchito komanso ademokalase, ma communist ndi magulu ena akumanzere. Panalinso mayendedwe a fascist omwe akukwera. Ndipo panali funso: Ndani ati apambane? Tsoka ilo, tikudziwa momwe izi zidachitikira. Sindikuganiza kuti ndizodabwitsa kwambiri lero, koma ndi zofanana mwamapangidwe.
Tsopano, ife tiri mu nthawi yosiyana, koma ndithudi nthawi yachisokonezo kwambiri. Takhala zaka makumi atatu ndikudalirana kwa mayiko, komwe kukusintha chilichonse chokhudza momwe timagwirizanirana ndi dziko lapansi, takhala zaka makumi awiri kupita kukusintha kwa digito komwe kukusintha chilichonse chokhudza momwe timalankhulirana, takhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka khumi kukhala kusintha kwamagetsi komwe wayamba kusintha chilichonse chokhudza momwe timagwirira ntchito. Anthu akudabwa kwambiri ndi zonsezi. Lingaliro langa ndiloti chipani cha Democratic Party ku United States chalephera kupereka mayankho ambiri amomwe angathanirane ndi kusinthaku. Kodi uku ndikuwunika koyenera?
Zonsezi zinayima kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. Ndipo pali kubwereranso, chomwe chimatchedwa nthawi ya neoliberal, yomwe inapita mosiyana kwambiri ndipo maphwando anasintha. Democratic Party idasunga mgwirizano wosakhazikika pakati pa a Southern Democrats osankhana mitundu ndi ogwira ntchito aku Northern ndi aufulu. Izi zidagwa panthawi ya Civil Rights Movement.
Njira yotsatira [yotsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Richard Nixon ndi omuthandizira ake andale] inali kuyesa kunyamula anthu atsankho ku South ndi kuwabweretsa ku Republican Party. Pakadali pano, ma Democrat adasintha. Iwo anali phwando lozikidwa pang'onopang'ono pa gulu la ogwira ntchito ndikusunga kudzipereka kwina ku zofuna za ogwira ntchito ndi makhalidwe abwino. Pofika mโma 1970, zimenezo zinasintha. A Democrat adangosiya gulu la ogwira ntchito, ndipo adawapereka kwa adani awo. Ndizo zomwe zinachitika. Chipani chomaliza cha Democratic Party, cha mtundu wake waufulu wapakatikati, chinali Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment bill, yomwe idadutsa Congress mu 1978 koma yomwe Carter adatsirira. Pambuyo pake, palibe ngakhale manja kwa ogwira ntchito. Kotero, iwo kwenikweni asiyidwa.
NC: Achi Republican adatha kuwatenga ndipo makamaka ndi njira iyi yosokoneza. Ndipo ikugwirabe ntchito. Koma sizinagwire ntchito nthawi zonse. Ndizosangalatsa pamene Obama adabwera, adapeza mavoti ogwira ntchito. Anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito omwe adavotera Trump adavoteranso Obama. Iwo anakhulupirira nkhani ya chiyembekezo ndi kusintha. Koma adazindikira mwachangu kuti sikusintha ndipo palibe chiyembekezo.
Kumbukirani kubweza ngongole pambuyo pa ngozi ya 2008. Lamulo la chikongolero lachiwongola dzanja linali ndi magawo awiri. Chimodzi chinali kuthandiza achifwamba omwe adachipanga, mabungwe azachuma. Ndipo ina inali thandizo kwa ozunzidwa, anthu omwe anataya nyumba zawo - nyumba zawo zinalandidwa chifukwa chuma chinasowa ndi zina zotero. Chabwino, mukanakhoza kuganiza kuti ndi gawo liti lomwe liyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Mโchenicheni, woyangโanira wamkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Zachuma, Neil Barofsky, anakwiya kwambiri ndi zimenezi moti analemba buku lochititsa chidwi ponena za zimenezi [Bailout: Akaunti Yamkati Ya Momwe Washington Adasiyanitsira Msewu Waukulu Pomwe Akupulumutsa Wall Street]. Koma anthu ogwira ntchito ankatha kuona zimene zinkachitika. Kuyungizya waawo kwaamba kuti: โTulakulwaizyigwa kapati. Iwo sasamala za ife. Ndikulankhula kwabwino basi. โ Chifukwa chake, chinthu chotsatira chomwe mumachita ndikuvotera mdani wa gulu lanu, Trump, yemwe akuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti awasewere koma amatha kusunga malo enaake, mukudziwa, kubweretsa "ogwirira" ndi "akupha" kapena chilichonse. idzakhala yotsatira.
Koma izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndipo anthu ngati Bernie Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez, ndi ena akuyesera kubweretsa chipani cha Democratic Party, momwe chinalili kale - koma popanda mphero ya Southern Democrats, yomwe inali vuto lalikulu kwa Roosevelt ndi The New Deal mpaka ku Civil Rights Movement.
NC: M'malo mwake, tikumana ndi vuto lalamulo. Ngati muyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika tsopano. Tangoyang'anani pa manambala. Pakalipano, mayiko omwe ali ndi pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya anthu amayendetsa Nyumba ya Senate - yofunika kwambiri m'mabungwe .... [Nyumba ya Senate imayang'aniridwa ndi mamembala omwe akuyimira] makamaka akumidzi, achikhalidwe, achikulire, nthawi zambiri azungu, magulu achipembedzo omwe akucheperachepera. Koma adzasunga mphamvu zawo. Tsopano izo zatsala pang'ono kubweretsa vuto la malamulo oyendetsera dziko. Ndipo zindikirani kuti izo sizingasinthidwe mwa njira iliyonse yovomerezeka. Sizingasinthidwe ndi kusinthidwa chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuletsa kusintha kulikonse.
JN: Ali ndi mphamvu zoletsa kusintha kwa demokalase. Koma mumadandaula ndi zosintha zomwe zimakondedwa ndi osankhika.
NC: Muyenera kusamala kwambiri za zosintha. Zoyipa kwambiri pamabizinesi, ndipo m'malingaliro mwanga, amphamvu kwambiri mwa iwo, ALEC, American Legislative Exchange Council, [akugwira ntchito] kuti apangitse aphungu a boma kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kwa malamulo komwe kukhazikitse malire a bajeti aboma. . Kodi malire a bajeti oyenerera amatanthauza chiyani? Zikutanthauza kuti mumathetsa mapulogalamu onse opereka chithandizo. Mumathetsa chilichonse chomwe chili chopindulitsa kwa anthu wamba. Zachidziwikire, mumasunga bajeti ya Pentagon mu stratosphere - ndipo mosakayikira mumasunga ndalama zambiri kumakampani azachuma, mphamvu, ndi mabungwe azachuma. Koma iwalani Social Security kapena Medicare kapena maphunziro. Tsopano ndicho chimene bajeti yolinganiza ili. Mutha kuziwona zikugwira ntchito m'maboma omwe ali ndi bajeti yoyenera.
Pali nkhondo yeniyeni, yayikulu yomwe ikuchitika, pansi pomwepa. Zing'onozing'ono ndi zidutswa zake zikuwoneka, koma zitsogolera, ndikuganiza, zovuta zazikulu posachedwapa.
NC: Mutha kuwerenga zolembazo muzolemba zamabizinesi kunena kuti mabanki akulu, JPMorgan Chase, mabanki akulu akuwonjezera ndalama zawo mumafuta oyambira. Tsopano izo nzosangalatsa kwambiri. Mukawerenga zinthu izi mutayamba, mutha kuyamba kuganiza. Tiyerekeze, dziikeni nokha m'malo a Jamie Dimon, CEO wa JPMorgan Chase. Amadziลตa zonse zimene timadziลตa ponena za kutentha kwa dziko ndi zotulukapo zake zowopsa kwambiri, zimene zayandikira. Koma akuyikabe ndalama osati kungochotsa mafuta, koma owopsa kwambiri pamafuta, mchenga wa Canada wa phula.
Ndiye chikuchitika nchiyani mmutu mwake? Chabwino ngati mukuganiza za izo, si zovuta kwambiri. Ali ndi zosankha ziwiri. Chisankho chimodzi ndikuchita ndendende zomwe akuchita, yesani kuwonjezera phindu la JPMorgan. Chosankha china chimene ali nacho ndicho kusiya ntchito nโkulowedwa mโmalo ndi munthu wina amene angachite chimodzimodzi. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu la mabungwe.
Palibe chifukwa chongolankhula za anthu oyipa omwe amachita izi ndi izo. M'mabungwe, iwo alibe chosankha, chomwe chimatiuza zomwe tiyenera kuyang'ana: dongosolo la mabungwe. Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe simukufuna kuti apatutsidwe. Kotero, inu mukuwerenga New York Times, mumaphunzira zambiri. Mukuwerenga atolankhani zamalonda, a Wall Street Journal.
Mโnkhani imeneyo munalemba kuti: โPankhani ya udindo wa anthu anzeru, pali mafunso enanso odetsa nkhawa. Anzeru ali ndi mwayi wovumbula mabodza a maboma, kusanthula zochita malinga ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zolinga zawo komanso zolinga zobisika. M'mayiko a Kumadzulo, osachepera, ali ndi mphamvu zomwe zimachokera ku ufulu wa ndale, kuchokera ku chidziwitso ndi ufulu wofotokozera. Kwa ochepa omwe ali ndi mwayi, demokalase ya Kumadzulo imapereka mpumulo, zipangizo ndi maphunziro ofunafuna choonadi chobisika kumbuyo kwa chophimba cha kupotoza ndi kupotoza, malingaliro ndi zofuna zamagulu, zomwe zochitika za mbiri yakale zimaperekedwa kwa ife. Udindo wa anthu anzeru ndiye wozama kwambiri kuposa zomwe zanenedwa komanso zomwe amatcha udindo wa anthu opatsidwa mwayi wapadera womwe aluntha amakhala nawo. โ
Zimandichititsa chidwi kuti mโmoyo wanu wonse mwayesetsa kwambiri kukwaniritsa udindo umenewu. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti payenera kukhala chinthu cha chiyembekezo pamenepo.
Kodi malo amenewa anali otani mu 1966? Tangoganizani mmbuyo ku chimene icho chinali. Choyamba, imodzi mwa nkhondo zoipitsitsa mโmbiri ya anthu inali kukuchitika. Panthawiyi, United States inali itawononga dziko la South Vietnam. Wolemba mbiri wamkulu wa ku Vietnam, Bernard Fall, wolemekezeka kwambiri ndi boma ndi wina aliyense, analemba panthawiyo kuti sankadziwa ngati anali katswiri wa ku Vietnam. Sanadziwe ngati dziko la Vietnam likhalabe ndi chikhalidwe komanso mbiri yakale pachiwopsezo choyipa kwambiri chomwe chidayambikapo kudera lalikulu kwambiri.
Pafupifupi ku United States kunalibe zionetsero. Ndinali kukhala ku Boston. Ndi mzinda womasuka. October 1965 linali tsiku loyamba lapadziko lonse la zionetsero. Chifukwa chake tinayesa kuguba ku Boston, kupita ku Cambridge Common, komwe mumakamba nkhani. Ine ndimayenera kukhala mmodzi wa oyankhula. Idaphwanyidwa ndi owonetsa, makamaka ophunzira omwe sanafune kumva nkhani za makoswe amtundu wa Vietnam.
Tsiku lotsatira la mayiko ochita zionetsero linali March 1966, zimenezi zisanalembedwe, mwamwayi, nkhaniyo isanayambe kuperekedwa. Tidadziwa kuti sitingakhale nawo pa Boston Common. Tinkafuna kukakhala ndi msonkhano mu mpingo, chabwino? Tinakumana mu mpingo wa Arlington Street. Mpingo unaukiridwa. Tomato, zitini, owonetsa, apolisi kunja kuti asaphulike. Izi ndi zomwe zinkachitika mu 1966.
Nanga nโcianinso cinali kucitika mโdzikoli? Chabwino, tinali ndi malamulo aboma a nyumba omwe amafunikira tsankho, zomwe zimafunikira nyumba yoyera ya federal. Ndipo tinali ndi malamulo osokonekera, malamulo oletsa kusokonekera omwe anali ovuta kwambiri kotero kuti a Nazi anakana kuwavomereza. Pamene chipani cha Nazi chinali kufunafuna zitsanzo za Malamulo a Nuremberg, malamulo a tsankho, iwo anayang'ana padziko lonse lapansi. Za okhawo omwe adatha kupeza komwe malamulo aku America. Koma malamulo a US anali okhwima kwambiri kwa a Nazi. Malamulo a ku United States anali ozikidwa pa zimene zinkatchedwa โDontho Limodzi la Magazi.โ Kotero ngati agogo anu aakulu, aakulu, agogo-akazi anali akuda, ndinu akuda, mukudziwa? Zimenezo zinali zolemetsa kwa a Nazi. [Malamulo amenewo] anali akugwirabe ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 1960. Malamulo odana ndi sodomy, ndithudi.
Panalibe mayendedwe aakazi oti alankhulepo. Azimayi anali asanavomerezedwe ndi Khoti Lalikulu monga anzawo azamalamulo, monga anthu. Zimenezi sizinachitike mpaka mu 1975, pamene [khoti] linapereka ufulu wotumikira mโmabwalo amilandu a boma monga mnzake. Tikhoza kumapitirira. Ndikutanthauza kuti dzikolo linali loipa kwambiri kuposa mmene lilili panopa.
Kodi chinasintha nโchiyani? Panalibe mphatso zochokera kumwamba. Chomwe chinasintha ndi anthu ambiri, makamaka achinyamata, anayamba kukonzekera, anayamba kuchita khama, kuvutika, kulipanga kukhala dziko labwino kwambiri.
NC: Tengani Green New Deal ya Ocasio-Cortez, yomwe tsopano ndi lingaliro lalikulu kwambiri. Tsopano zili pakati pa ndondomeko. Chaka chapitacho, mwinamwake, izo zinanyozedwa. Zinachitika bwanji? Kodi kusintha kumeneku kunachitika bwanji? Gulu la achinyamata ochokera ku Sunrise Movement linakhala mu ofesi ya [Wokamba Nyumba] Nancy Pelosi, [ndipo nkhani yawo] idatengedwa ndi aphungu angapo. Posachedwa idakhala vuto lalikulu. [Bwanamkubwa wa Washington] Jay Inslee wangolengeza kumene kuti adzasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa demokalase, chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri pakuwopsa kwa kusintha kwanyengo. Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe mungakambirane, mutha kuchitapo kanthu. Tilibe nthawi yochuluka. Chabwino, zonsezi ndi zifukwa zokhalira ndi chiyembekezo. Zinthu zambiri zayenda bwino ndipo zasintha chifukwa chachangu, okonzeka, odzipereka omwe adapita kukagwira ntchito ndikusintha dziko. Ndicho chifukwa chake kukhala ndi chiyembekezo.
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Kotero, apa ndi pamene ife tiri. โVuto lanyengoโ siliri kokha mkhalidwe wakuthupi wa dziko lapansi, ndi kusasunthika, chiwawa, ndi kusuntha koyenera kwa dziko lapansi. โTilibe nthawi yochuluka,โ akutero Noam. Ndikukhulupirira kuti akulondola kuti pali "chifukwa chokhalira ndi chiyembekezo." Komanso, kodi tili ndi chosankha chotani? Tonsefe tiyenera kupeza njira yochitira zinthu, mโmawu osavuta, mโnjira yoyenera kutanthauza mwanzeru, mwaulemu, ndi (kukhululukira mawu olengedwa) kumanga.