Msonkhano wa United Nations on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) unayamba msonkhano wake wa 13 kumapeto kwa sabata ku Doha, Qatar. Nthumwi zomwe zikuyenda mozungulira malo a msonkhano zidayenera kukambirana za chiboliboli cha kangaude cha Louise Bourgeois cha mita 10, chithunzi choyenera pamsonkhano pomwe mayiko amphamvu ayamba kuzunguliza maukonde awo omwe angagwetse osazindikira.
Pamene mapanelo pa mwayi ndalama zinachitika mu malo otseguka a msonkhano, m'zipinda kumbuyo zokambirana anapitiriza mofulumira. Zolembera zofiyira zidalemba pa "mawu okambitsirana a Purezidenti", kupitiliza ndewu zomwe zidayamba ku Geneva. Zolemba zomwe zidatsitsidwa zimatipatsa lingaliro labwino la zomwe zikuchitika ku Doha.
Popeza sikungakhale kothandiza kuti mayiko omwe ali mamembala a 194 akambirane chikalata chonga ichi payekhapayekha, bungwe la UNCTAD lagawidwa m'magulu angapo okambirana. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri ndi Gulu la 77 (G-77) + China, lomwe likuimira mayiko a 132. Mwa sheer heft, G-77 + China iyenera kukhala bloc yamphamvu kwambiri, koma sichoncho.
Amphamvu kwambiri ndi Gulu B, lomwe likuyimira mayiko a North Atlantic ndi ogwirizana nawo. Pakukambilana, Gulu B lagawika magawo awiri: European Union (EU) ndi gulu la JUSSCANNZ (lomwe limaphatikizapo Japan, United States, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Norway ndi New Zealand). Ku UNCTAD, Gulu la JUSSCANNZ (lofupikitsidwa monga JZ) ndilo gulu lomwe likuchita nawo kwambiri. Kazembe waku Switzerland ku UNCTAD akuwoneka kuti watenga udindo wa mtsogoleri wamagulu.
Ndemanga yodziwika kwambiri pamawu otayikira ndi mawu otsatirawa "JZ delete". Cholembera chofiyira cha nthumwi za JZ chinawunikira chikalata cha "mgwirizano", makamaka kulimbana ndi kuyesa kwa G-77 kubweretsa nkhani zandalama, mitengo yazinthu ndi njala pazokambirana.
Chimodzi mwa ziganizo zapadera zomwe zachotsedwa ndi gulu la JZ ndi izi, "Kupeza mwayi wopeza chakudya - chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri zaumunthu - ndizofunikira kwambiri (JZ kuchotsa)." Chinanso chomwe European Union idachotsa pambuyo powonjezera G-77 + China ndikuti anthu ali ndi ufulu "mankhwala pamitengo yotsika mtengo (G-77) {EU delete}".
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa G-77 + China ndi magulu a JZ / EU akuwonekera m'madera awiri: (1) udindo wa boma pa chitukuko, (2) funso la kayendetsedwe ka ndalama.
Boma. Kuikidwa mu Accra Accord (chikalata chomaliza cha UNCTAD XII mu 2008) ndi chizindikiro cha kusiyana kwa filosofi pakati pa Kumwera ndi Kumpoto pa ndondomeko ya boma ndi chitukuko. Kumpoto kumakonda "msika" ngati wotsogolera zochitika zamagulu. Dziko la South likufunitsitsa kuti Boma lilowererepo kuti likhazikitse ntchito za msika.
"Maiko omwe akutukuka kumene," bungwe la Accra Accord linanena, "ayenera kutsata njira zachitukuko zomwe zimagwirizana ndi momwe zilili m'kati mwa dongosolo la Boma lothandizira." "Boma lothandizira" ili ndikutumiza "njira zake zoyang'anira ndi ndale kuti zigwire ntchito yopititsa patsogolo chuma, kuyang'ana bwino anthu ndi ndalama".
Ku Doha, okambiranawo ali pa ntchito yotsutsana ndi adjective kuti ayenerere boma: G-77 + China ndi mpando wa UNCTAD amakonda mawu akuti Accra, "kuthandiza", pamene JZ ndi EU akufuna "zogwira mtima". Kuchokera ku JZ timapeza, "Boma logwira ntchito, logwira ntchito ndi anthu apadera, osapindula ndi ena ogwira nawo ntchito, lingathandize kupanga ndondomeko yogwirizana yachitukuko ndikupereka malo oyenerera ogwirira ntchito zachuma."
"Boma logwira ntchito" ndilotsatira ndondomeko ya Banki Yadziko Lonse ya "Ulamuliro Wabwino" - bungwe labungwe lomwe lili ndi maziko ovomerezeka omwe amagwirizana ndi "chitukuko chamalonda" cha nthawi yathu. Pamene G-77 + China idawonjezera kachidutswa, "Boma lili ndi gawo lofunikira," tidapeza inki yofiira, "JZ delete". Boma silikanatha kuloleza kapena kuchita mbali yofunika. Anayenera kukhala ngalande ya "okhudzidwa", osati nzika kapena ogwira ntchito, koma gawo la "zachinsinsi" (ndi "zachinsinsi" liwu laulemu la "kampani").
Zachuma. Gulu la JZ limathetsa ndime yoyamba ya mawuwo, yomwe kwenikweni ndi mawu, ndiyeno imadula ndime zisanu zotsatirazi. Mzere wofiira umadutsa muzolinga zilizonse zachuma, njala, mphamvu ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndime yazachuma ikuwonetsa kuti palibe kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kokhudza chitukuko komwe kungachitike pokhapokha "tikalumikizanenso zachuma ndi chuma chenicheni". Uwu ndi mpatuko kwa omwe amalimbikitsa kudalirana kwachuma komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi ndalama.
Pambuyo pake m'malembawo, mikangano ikupitirirabe. Gulu la G-77 + China likulingalira njira zoyendetsera ndi kuyang'anira misika yazachuma komanso kulola "malo azachuma" kuti mayiko "ayankhe kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi mfundo zotsutsana". Zonsezi zimadulidwa ndi JZ. Zonse zomwe zatsala ndi izi, "Zochita za UNCTAD ziyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa ntchito yake yaikulu, mkati mwa mphamvu zomwe zilipo kale, komanso popanda kusokoneza ntchito za mabungwe ena apadziko lonse." Potchula "mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi", JZ iyenera kuganizira za International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Maonedwe apano a IMF Pazachuma Padziko Lonse ("Kukula Kuyambiranso, Ngozi Zikukhalabe", Epulo 2012) ikupereka kuwunika kwachuma komwe kukuchulukirachulukira komanso kowopsa kwazachuma koma sikuyimitsa kuyitanitsa kulikonse.
"M'mayiko ambiri azachuma," ikutero IMF (tsamba 21), "magawo azachuma adachulukirachulukira ndikuchulukirachulukira zaka khumi zisanachitike mavuto azachuma. M'kupita kwanthawi, kuchepa ndi kutsitsa ndi njira zofunika kuti dongosolo likhazikike."
Mabanki aku Europe akuyenera kuchita ntchito zochepetsera ndalama za US $ 2.6 thililiyoni pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi, pomwe maboma ndi mabungwe akumayiko osiyanasiyana akufuna kupereka njira zamitundu yonse kuti mabanki abwezeretse ndalama zawo. Kuthandizira kutha kuchitika kuti athandize mabanki, koma sipadzakhalanso kuwongolera mabanki kupita patsogolo (kupatula kuthekera kwa kuchepa kwa anemic leverage ratios). Kukonzekera kwa UNCTAD sikunena za Europe.
Lipoti la IMF likunena kuti chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zazikulu kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi "kulowa kwachuma kosakhazikika", ndalama zotentha zomwe zimalowa ndi kutuluka m'maiko kufunafuna phindu mwachangu m'malo modera nkhawa zandalama zachitukuko.
Mayiko ena adadziteteza ku zovuta zamavuto azachuma pogwiritsa ntchito "njira zanzeru zoyendetsera ndalama zomwe zimalowa, monga misonkho pazachuma zina, nthawi yocheperako, komanso zofunikira zandalama" (p 26). IMF siimatsutsana ndi ndondomeko ndi ndondomekozi, koma imawawona ngati akugwira ntchito "yofunika kwambiri pochepetsera kukhudzidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zowonongeka pachuma".
Palibe zamtunduwu zomwe zikuloledwa muzolemba za UNCTAD. Gulu la JZ lidathetsa mawu omveka bwino awa, "Kuwongolera kokwanira ndi kuyang'anira misika yazachuma, komanso kasamalidwe ka ngongole, zitha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira popewa komanso kuthetsa mavuto." Kumpoto kwa IMF kumaloledwa kuyamika zida zanzeru, koma izi siziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi UNCTAD.
Lipoti la IMF likunena kuti pazaka khumi zapitazi mitengo ya zinthu yakwera pafupifupi katatu. Mitengo yazakudya ndi zopangira zidafika pafupi ndi nsonga zomwe zidapezeka m'ma 1970. IMF ikuimba mlandu kukwera kumeneku chifukwa cha kulowa kwa "chuma chamsika chomwe chikubwera", chomwe ndi BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) ndi mayiko ogwirizana nawo m'zaka khumi zapitazi.
Zikuoneka kuti mitengo ya zinthu idzatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Pofuna kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali, IMF imalimbikitsa ndondomeko zotsutsana (kusunga nthawi ya boom, kugwiritsa ntchito panthawi yotsika), kuchepetsa ngongole za anthu komanso kusinthasintha kwa ndalama zosinthira.
Palibe zokamba za ntchito ya ongoyerekeza pamisika yazamalonda. Mawu a UNCTAD adalowa mu zokambiranazi mwachisawawa kwambiri, "Ndikofunikira kuti olemba ndondomeko azindikire ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zatsopano komanso zogwirizana pamagulu a dziko, madera ndi mayiko kuti achepetse kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali." Cholembera chofiira chinatuluka, ndipo JZ adachotsa chiganizocho. Sipayenera kukhala kugwirizana pakati pa njala ndi ulamuliro wandalama pamisika yazamalonda.
Pamsonkhano wotsegulira, wachiwiri kwa mlembi wamkulu wa UN, Asha-Rose Migiro, adawerenga zomwe mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la Ban Ki-moon adapempha UNCTAD XIII kuti ikhazikitse "maziko a mgwirizano wachitukuko pambuyo pamavuto." "Zambiri zili pachiwopsezo," adatero Ban.
Zowonadi izi ndi zoona, koma pali njira yayitali kuti "kuvomerezana" kufikire ndi "JZ kuchotsa" kuponya inki yofiira pa chikalata cha UNCTAD. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti, pa Epulo 22, Sanya Reid-Smith wa Third World Network adatenga nthumwi za JZ ndi EU kuti zisiye zomwe adalonjeza kale. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa kuti kazembe Omar Hilale waku Morocco adalonjeza kuti G-77 ikhala yolimba ndikupereka zotsatira zamphamvu pofika pa Epulo 25, ngakhale gulu la JZ lidachita bwino.
Vijay Prashad ndi Pulofesa ndi Mtsogoleri wa International Studies ku Trinity College, Hartford, United States. Masika ano asindikiza mabuku awiri: Arab Spring, Libyan Winter (AK Press) ndi Amalume Swami: South Asians in America Today (New Press). Ndiwolemba wa Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World (New Press), yomwe idapambana 2009 Muzaffar Ahmed Book Prize.
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