Mu 2000, George W. Bush ndi Al Gore ndi omwe adapambana komanso olephera pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa United States chomwe chinali pafupi kwambiri, Gore akupeza 48.4% ndipo Bush adapeza 47.9% ya mavoti pakati pa zolakwika ndi chinyengo. Nkhaniyo pamapeto pake idagamulidwa osati powerengeranso mavoti, koma ndi chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu la US kuti asawerenge mavoti. Izi zinali zosalongosoka, zodabwitsa, ndipo zinapanga chipongwe pa chisankho. Koma chisankho chaposachedwa cha Afghanistan chinali choipitsitsa.
Tengani kukhumudwa konse kwa omwe adazindikira kuti mavoti awo sanawerengeredwe, kukhumudwa konse mu dongosolo lachisankho losawonekera lomwe lidachitika ku US mu 2000, ndipo lingalirani zosintha zingapo. Tangoganizani dziko lakunja, atero UK, akubwera kudzapanga mgwirizano wogawana mphamvu pakati pa Gore ndi Bush. Tangoganizani za mgwirizano womwe ukukhudza kusintha kwadzidzidzi ku malamulo a US kuti athe kukwaniritsa zokhumba za wopambana ndi wolephera pampikisanowo. Tangoganizani wogonja pampikisanowo akuumirira osati kungochotsa zotsatira za zisankho, komanso kuti zotsatira zake zisawululidwe poyera. Izi zimatifikitsa pafupi - koma zisankho zaposachedwa ku Afghanistan zinali zoipitsitsa.
Mbiri ina: Mu Okutobala 2001, yemwe adadziwika kuti wapambana pazisankho za US, George W. Bush, adatumiza asitikali kukaukira Afghanistan ndikubweretsa kusintha kwa boma ku Kabul. Ambiri a Afghanistan anali, kuyambira 1996-2001, anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Taliban, gulu lothandizidwa ndi Pakistani lomwe linali kumenyana ndi madera ndi chuma cha Afghanistan. Otsutsa a Taliban anali mgwirizano wa akuluakulu, omwe amaphatikiza mphamvu zankhondo, madera, ndi malonda, ndi zochitika zalamulo ndi zoletsedwa, m'njira yomwe inawapangitsa kuti adziwike ngati 'ankhondo'. Omenyera nkhondo anali atalamulira ku Kabul, kuwononga ndi kulanda madera awo a Afghanistan kuyambira 1992-1996, ndipo adagwirabe mbali zina za Afghanistan mu 2001. Kuukira kwa Bush kudapangitsa kuti a Taliban abwerere ndipo akazembe ankhondo kubwereranso ku mphamvu. A Taliban adawoloka malire kupita ku Pakistan ndipo, patatha zaka zingapo, adabwerera kukamenyana ndi boma la Afghanistani ndi US kuchokera kumadera akumwera kwa Afghanistan.
Kuyambira kuukira kwa US ku 2001 mpaka pano, Afghanistan yakhala ikulamulidwa ndi mgwirizano wina. Olamulira ankhondowo anali atabwerera. Boma la Afghanistan lopangidwa ndi US, motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Karzai, lidayesa kutengera akazembe ankhondo momwemo, ndikuchita bwino. A US adayang'anira kusankhidwa kwa akuluakulu ankhondo ku boma, kulembedwa kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, ndi machitidwe awiri a zisankho omwe adabweretsa akuluakulu ankhondowo ku nyumba yamalamulo, ndi Karzai pa chitsogozo chake. Asitikali ankhondo adaperekedwa ndi asitikali aku US (ndi a US, Canada, ndi anzawo ena), omwe adamenya nkhondo ndi a Taliban kuchokera m'malo awo okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndikumenya ndege kumwera kwa Afghanistan komanso kumalire a Pakistan. Chumacho chidakonzedwanso ndi a US ndi NATO omwe adathandizira nawo, omwe adapereka ndalama panjira yachifundo, yoyendetsedwa ndichifundo yomwe imathandizira mabungwe omwe siaboma (NGOs) pamapulogalamu aboma. Boma la Afghan linathandizidwa nthawi imodzi ndi mayiko akumadzulo pazankhondo komanso pazachuma komanso amanyozedwa kuti anali achinyengo komanso osagwira ntchito.
US idakhazikitsa maziko ake pakati pa Asia ndikulimbikitsanso chigawocho, komanso idaphunzitsa Afghanistan momwe iyenera kuyimilira payokha pamapeto pake - kuyimirira, mwina, motsutsana ndi mnzake waku US, Pakistan, ndi Taliban. 2014 idakhazikitsidwa ngati tsiku loti dziko la US lichoke, ndipo ngakhale lingakhale tsiku lodziwikiratu, pomwe magulu ankhondo ndi maziko atsalira, linali tsiku lophiphiritsa komanso lofunikira, ndipo chisankho cha 2014 ku Afghanistan chinakhazikitsidwa kukhala chofunikira. Ngati zikuyenda bwino, kukakhala kusamutsa mphamvu mwamtendere kuchoka ku boma losankhidwa kupita ku lina. Pambuyo pa zaka 13 zokhala pansi, a US atha kunena kuti adakhazikitsa bwino demokalase, osachepera pang'onopang'ono 'demokalase' ngati dziko lomwe lili ndi boma losankhidwa lomwe likulowa m'malo mwa lina.
Zomwe Afghanistan idapeza m'malo mwake ilibe mawu enieni asayansi yandale, koma palibe njira yomwe ingatchulidwe kuti demokalase mwanjira iliyonse.
A Taliban adawopseza ovota ndikuyesa kusokoneza zisankho, koma anthu adavota. Malinga ndi malamulo a dziko la Afghanistani, ngati ofuna kupikisana nawo sapeza unyinji wokwanira mugawo loyamba, pamakhala chiwongolero chachiwiri ndi oyimira woyamba ndi wachiwiri pamavoti. Mugawo loyamba la mavoti mu April 2014, Abdallah Abdallah adapambana 45% ya mavoti, Ashraf Ghani 31.56%.
Onse otsogolera otsogolera ali ndi kugwirizana kwa omenyera nkhondo. Abdallah Abdallah anali pafupi ndi Ahmed Shah Masoud, yemwe adatsogolera Northern Alliance motsutsana ndi a Taliban mpaka kuphedwa kwake kusanachitike 9/11, 2001, ndipo adachita kampeni pafupi ndi msilikali wotchuka wankhondo. Ashraf Ghani ali ndi maubwenzi ofooka kwa omenyera nkhondo, koma chipani chake chimaphatikizapo General Rashid Dostum, m'modzi mwa akazembe omwe akhalapo kwanthawi yayitali komanso okonzekera bwino (onani buku la Anthony Giustozzi la Empires of Mud kuti mudziwe mbiri ya Dostum ndi akazembe ena). Ghani adachita kampeni ngati msika waulere, pafupi ndi Kumadzulo, wokonda zachitukuko chachuma komanso anti-corruption. Alinso ndi nkhani ya TED, mbiri yolimba ya pro-West (https://www.ted.com/talks/ashraf_ghani_on_rebuilding_broken_states).
Unali ulendo wachiwiri, mu June, zinthu zinayamba kusokonekera. Zinadziwika koyambirira kwachiwiri kuti Ghani apambana. Zotsatira zoyambirira ziyenera kulengezedwa mu Julayi, koma zidachedwa. Pamene adalengezedwa, Ghani ndi 56.44% ndipo Abdallah 43.56%, Abdallah Abdallah adati akana kuvomereza zotsatira, ponena zachinyengo. Popeza kuti boma latsopano la Afghanistan liyenera kumenyana kapena kukambirana ndi a Taliban (akhoza kuchita zonse ziwiri) ndipo sakanatha kutsutsidwa ndi gulu lamphamvu, Abdallah Abdallah ayenera kuti adaganiza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti azilamulira mosasamala kanthu za chisankho. zotsatira. Kuwunika koyang'aniridwa ndi UN kwa mavoti kudakonzedwa, ndipo kunamalizidwa mu Seputembala.
Kodi zotsatira za kafukufuku wotsogozedwa ndi UN wa mavoti zinali zotani? Sitingadziwe konse, chifukwa US adakambilana mgwirizano wogawana mphamvu, kupanga Purezidenti wa Ghani ndikupanga ntchito yatsopano kuti Abdallah adzaze yotchedwa "Chief Executive Officer". Chimodzi mwa ziganizo za mgwirizanowu, zomwe Abdallah anaumiriza, chinali chakuti zotsatira za kuwerengeranso zisawululidwe. Sikuti mavoti aku Afghan samawerengera, zowerengera sizingadziwike.
Zina mwa ndemanga zakumadzulo zakhala zachilendo monga chisankho chokha. Mkonzi wa NYT pamutuwu ("A Shaky Step Forward in Afghanistan", Sept 21/14) nthawi yomweyo amayamika Kerry chifukwa chokambirana za mgwirizanowu uku akuwutcha "kutali ndi demokalase" ndikuti "pamapeto a tsiku, mamiliyoni a anthu opitilira 3 / 10 adachitapo kanthu. Ovota aku Afghan omwe sanamvere ziwopsezo za Taliban zoponya voti tsopano angodabwa ngati mavoti awo awerengedwa. " Wothirira ndemanga pa BBC, David Loyn, adaganiza zofalitsa zongopeka zomwe adamva pazachisankho: "gwero lina lidandiuza kuti malire a chipambano atha kukhala pafupifupi 3% koma ziwerengero zina zomwe akuluakulu aku Afghanistan anena zakhala ngati 10%," koma kenako adatsimikiza kuti "palibe chotsimikizika pokhapokha kapena mpaka bungwe la Independent Election Commission ku Afghanistan litasindikiza zotsatira zomaliza," kusiya owerenga kudabwa chifukwa chake adaponya ziwerengero za 21% ndi 14% kunja uko (BBC News, Sept XNUMX/XNUMX, "Opikisana nawo Purezidenti wa Afghanistan. saina mgwirizano wa mgwirizano"). Atolankhani aku Western adanenanso kuti onse a Ghani ndi Abdallah akuthandizira mgwirizano wolola asitikali aku US kukhalabe ku Afghanistan. Njira imodzi yofotokozera mwachidule ndemangazi ingakhale: Sitikudziwa kapena kusamala momwe anthu a ku Afghan adavotera, koma zikuwoneka kuti zofuna za azungu ku Afghanistan zidzatetezedwa ndi mgwirizano umene mayiko a West adachita.
Pakati pa zonse zosatsimikizika pa zomwe zinachitika, zokhudzana ndi zochitika zenizeni ndi zobisika za osewera, omwe mavoti awo adawerengedwa komanso omwe ananyalanyazidwa, ndicho chimodzi chokhazikika: Zokonda zakumadzulo zimasamalidwa. Zokonda zaku Western ndichifukwa chake anthu aku Afghan aphulitsidwa ndi bomba, ndichifukwa chake anthu aku Afghan aperekedwa ndi ofuna kusankha, ndichifukwa chake mavoti awo adawerengedwa, ndichifukwa chake mavoti awo adanyalanyazidwa. Kaya mgwirizanowu ugwira kapena ayi - ndipo mwina sizitero - Afghanistan ndi chitsanzo china cha momwe kuwukira kwa US sikubweretsa demokalase, ngakhale patatha zaka khumi.
Justin Podur amakhala ku Toronto ndi mabulogu ku podur.org.
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