Zikuwoneka kuti njira yotsutsa Purezidenti Chavez ndikuyambitsa chipwirikiti ndi chipwirikiti ku Venezuela momwe angathere, kotero kuti Chavez asakhalenso ndi mwayi wina kupatula kuyitanira boma ladzidzidzi. Izi zitha kuyambitsa kulanda boma kapena kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku US.
Popeza kuti Venezuela ili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi; ndizotheka kuti boma la US lilowererapo mobisa, ngati silikuchita kale mobisa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zovuta zomwe zikuchitika ku Venezuela mwina ndi chiwembu chofuna kugwetsa boma la Chavez mothandizidwa ndi US.
Pamene ndikulemba izi, pa Epulo 9, bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la mgwirizano ku Venezuela, Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV) yapempha kuti anthu ayambe kunyanyala kwa masiku awiri. Bungwe la zamalonda ku Venezuela, FEDECAMERAS, lalowa nawo pachiwonetserochi ndipo lapempha mabizinesi ake onse kuti atseke kwa maola 48.
Aka kanali kachiŵiri m’miyezi inayi kuti mabungwe awiri, a mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi a eni mabizinesi, aganize zolumikizana ndi kumenyera boma lamanzere la Purezidenti Hugo Chavez. Kodi chikuchitika ndi chiyani ku Venezuela? Chifukwa chiyani magulu awa ndi ena ambiri akulumikizana motsutsana ndi Chavez?
Chavez adatenga ulamuliro kumapeto kwa 1998 pakupambana pachisankho, kuyitanitsa “Bolivarian Revolution†potengera ngwazi yodziyimira pawokha ya Latin America komanso mwana wokondedwa wa Venezuela, Simon Bolivar. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Chavez wakhala akuyesera kuchotsa mphamvu zozikika za anthu aku Venezuela, omwe amaimiridwa ndi akuluakulu a ndale ndi azachuma, omwe adalamulira dziko la Venezuela kwa zaka zoposa 40 mu demokalase yachinyengo posinthana mphamvu pakati pa zipani ziwiri zozikika.
Chavez adasintha koyamba malamulo a dziko la Venezuela, kudzera mumsonkhano wamalamulo komanso referendum, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamalamulo omwe akupita patsogolo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu akale osankhika anatsala pang’ono kuthamangitsidwa ku ulamuliro wa ndale mkati mwa zisankho zisanu ndi ziŵiri, zimene zinachitika pakati pa 1998 ndi 2000. posachedwapa ayamba kupangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta momwe ndingathere kwa Chavez.
Ngakhale kuti Chavez poyambilira anali kutchuka pafupifupi 80%, kutchuka kwake kudatsika pang'onopang'ono mchaka chathachi, akuti akufikira otsika 30's tsopano. Kaya chifukwa cha kuchepa kumeneku chinali kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa kusintha kwake komwe analonjeza, kusapita patsogolo kwakukulu pakuchepetsa ziphuphu ndi umphawi, kapena chifukwa cha nkhanza zosalekeza pa boma lake, sizikudziwika – mwachiwonekere ndi chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi.
Mkangano pakati pa Chavez ndi olemekezeka akale wafika pachimake posachedwa. Choyamba, pamene Chavez adapereka malamulo angapo a 49, omwe, mwazinthu zina zambiri, amayenera kuonjezera ndalama za boma za mafuta ndikugawanso malo. Bungwe lazamalonda linatsutsa mwamphamvu malamulowa ndipo lidaganiza zoyitanitsa mabizinesi ambiri pa Disembala 10.
Mgwirizano wa mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Venezuela, CTV, udaganiza zolowa nawo pachiwonetserocho, poganizira momwe malamulo adawonongera bizinesi ndikuyika ntchito ku Venezuela.
Kuthekera, komabe, thandizo la CTV pakunyanyala kwakukulu kudabwezera chifukwa Chavez adakakamiza mabungwe kuti achite zisankho zatsopano za utsogoleri wa CTV komanso kusazindikira utsogoleri wawo, chifukwa cha milandu yachinyengo. utsogoleri wakale wa bungwe la alonda adadzilengeza yekha wopambana pachisankho ndipo anakana kupereka zotsatira zovomerezeka ndi mavoti ku boma.
Nkhani yayikulu yachiwiri, yomwe yadzetsa vuto lalikulu kwa Chavez, idachitika pomwe Chavez adasankha mamembala atsopano asanu okhulupirika kwa iye ku board of director a kampani yamafuta aboma, PDVSA, kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamafuta ndi yachitatu. wogulitsa mafuta ambiri ku US
Komanso, adasankha katswiri wodziwika bwino wazachuma komanso wotsutsa kwanthawi yayitali wa PDVSA kukhala purezidenti wawo. Akuluakulu a PDVSA adadandaula motsutsa, ponena kuti kusankhidwa kwawo kunali ndale chabe osati chifukwa cha kuyenera kwake kotero kuti kuopseza kusokoneza ufulu wa kampani ndi meritocracy yake.
Chavez wakhala akutsutsa kuti mamembala a bungwe ndi pulezidenti akhala akusankhidwa ndale komanso kuti boma liyenera kulamuliranso PDVSA chifukwa chakhala chosagwira ntchito bwino, boma mkati mwa boma, omwe oyang'anira akuluakulu akukhala moyo wapamwamba kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, komanso mosabisa, Chavez akufuna kutsimikizira kuti PDVSA imatsatira magawo opanga OPEC, kuti mtengo wamafuta ukhalebe wokhazikika komanso wopindulitsa. PDVSA, komabe, ili ndi mbiri yakuchepetsa magawo a OPEC chifukwa oyang'anira ake amaika ndalama zambiri pamsika kuposa pamtengo wabwino wamafuta.
Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri ya zionetsero komanso kuchepa kwa ntchito mkati mwa PDVSA, makamaka kumbali ya oyang'anira, utsogoleri wa bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku CTV, omwe onse ali m'gulu la anthu osankhika akale, adaganiza zolowa nawo mkanganowu pothandizira oyang'anira PDVSA. , akutsutsa kuti ikuchita mogwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito a PDVSA pakupempha kwawo kuti ayambe kunyanyala tsiku lonse.
Bungwe lazamalonda lidatsatiranso zomwezo, powona uwu ngati mwayi wina wochititsa manyazi komanso mwina kugwetsa Chavez, ndikuthandiziranso kumenyedwako. Poganizira tsiku loyamba kukhala lopambana, a CTV ndi ofesi ya zamalonda aganiza zokulitsa chiwopsezochi kwa maola 24. Komabe, monga PROVEA, bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe la Venezuela lati, ngakhale malamulo a dziko la Venezuela amatsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wonyanyala, kunyanyalako sikuloledwa chifukwa chaphwanya malamulo ovomerezeka kuti anthu ayambe kunyanyala.
Poganizira kuti mabizinesi ambiri azinsinsi ndi mamembala amgulu lazamalonda ndipo amatsutsa Chavez, chiwonetserochi chawoneka bwino. Sitingathe kudziwa ngati ogwira ntchito akukhulupiriradi sitiraka ija ndipo dala sagwira ntchito potsutsa boma, chifukwa mabizinesi ambiri adatsekedwa ndi oyang'anira.
Mabizinesi ambiri anali otseguka ndipo ambiri mwa mabungwe omwe si aboma anali kugulitsa mwachangu m'misewu monga mwa nthawi zonse. Inde, maofesi onse a boma ndi mabanki onse, omwe maola awo amalamulidwa ndi boma, anali otseguka. Pamodzi, magawowa amakhala pafupifupi 40% ya ogwira ntchito ku Venezuela.
Mikangano ya ku Venezuela yafika pamlingo waukulu, ngati wina amvetsera zolankhula za mbali ziwiri za mkanganowo. Mbali zonse ziwiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma hyperbole kwambiri, mosinthana kutchula kuti kumenyedwako kulephera kwathunthu kapena kulephera kwathunthu.
Zitsanzo zina za momwe mikangano yakhalira yokhutiritsa komanso yotenthetsa maganizo ikuwonekera m'mawu obwerezabwereza otsutsa a Chavez monga "wolamulira wankhanza wankhanza wankhanza" yemwe akufuna "Cubanize" Venezuela. Chavez ndi omutsatira, kumbali yawo, amatchula otsutsa kuti ndi achinyengo ( “escualido†) achinyengo oligarchy.
Ma seti onse a zilembo ndi ma caricatures a chowonadi. Ndithudi, osankhidwa a oligarchical ku Venezuela amatsutsana ndi Chavez, koma kutsutsa kwa Chavez kwakula kwambiri ndipo kwakula kwambiri kuposa oligarchy, kuphatikizapo anzake ambiri akale ndi omutsatira. Kumbali ina, ngakhale Chavez amagwiritsa ntchito mawu otukwana, otsutsa sanapezebe nthawi imodzi yomwe waphwanya malamulo a demokalase a Venezuela mwanjira iliyonse.
Kulephera kwakukulu kwa Chavez, malinga ndi kawonedwe kopita patsogolo, mwina kwagona mumayendedwe ake odziyimira pawokha, ndichifukwa chake ambiri omwe adamuthandiza atalikirana ndi boma lake. Nthawi zonse wina akatsutsa mfundo zake amakhala akuzikana ndikuzichotsa m'boma lake.
Zotsatira zake zakhala kutayika kosalekeza kwa utsogoleri wandale zandale komanso kusintha kwakukulu mu nduna zake, zomwe zapangitsa kukhazikitsa mfundo zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika kukhala zovuta.
Kutayika kwa chithandizo chambiri kwadzipangitsa kumva mwamphamvu kwambiri pamavuto aposachedwa, zomwe zidapangitsa Chavez kuwoneka wosungulumwa kuposa momwe angakhalire. Kupatula otsatira chipani chake, omwe ndi ochuluka kwambiri ndipo ambiri amachokera kwa osauka “barrios,†magulu omwe akupita patsogolo a mabungwe a anthu sanyalanyazidwa ndi Chavez ndipo sakhala otanganidwa. M'malo mwake, magulu osamala a mabungwe a anthu, monga chamber of Commerce ndi utsogoleri wakale wa bungwe la alonda ali m'gulu la olimbikitsa anthu.
Komabe, ndondomeko za Chavez’ zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa athandizira kugawidwa kwa nthaka kwa alimi osauka, udindo wa nyumba zodzimanga za barrios, kukwera kosasunthika kwa malipiro ochepa komanso malipiro a mabungwe aboma, ndi kulembetsa ophunzira opitilira 1 miliyoni pasukulu omwe sanalembedwepo, kungotchulapo zochepa zomwe adachita.
Ponena za nkhani zapadziko lonse lapansi, Chavez wakhala patsogolo pogwira ntchito yolimbikitsa mgwirizano wapakati pa Third World, polimbana ndi neo-liberalism, komanso kuthandizira Cuba.
Kuzindikira chomwe nkhondo yayikuluyi ikukhudza kwakhala kovuta kwa munthu wakunja. Zilakolako zimayaka kwambiri kotero kuti n'kosatheka kupeza kusanthula kwabata ndi kulingalira pa zomwe zikuchitika. Kodi bungwe la zamalonda, utsogoleri wa mabungwe ogwira ntchito, anthu apamwamba, ndi magulu akuluakulu apakati akukhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi "ndale" za PDVSA ndi kusankhidwa kwa komiti yogwirizana ndi boma?
Mwina. Koma kodi kutsutsa kuikidwa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti anthu azinyanyala ntchito? Ayi ndithu. Zikutheka kuti magawowa akuda nkhawa kuti kulowerera ndale kwa PDVSA kumatanthauza kutaya mwayi wopeza ng'ombe ya ndalama za ku Venezuela: mafuta. Osati zokhazo, madandaulo ambiri omwe munthu amamva za Chavez ali ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi kalembedwe kake kusiyana ndi ndondomeko zokhazikika zomwe wakhazikitsa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro atsankho ku madandaulo otere, kutanthauza kuti Chavez, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake komanso mawonekedwe a anthu ambiri komanso mawonekedwe ake a Indio, ndi munthu wamba, “negro.
Sizithandiza kuti pafupifupi zoulutsira nkhani zonse, kupatula maukonde a TV oyendetsedwa ndi boma, mwa pafupifupi ma TV asanu akuluakulu, ndi imodzi mwa nyuzipepala zazikulu pafupifupi khumi zikutsutsana kotheratu ndi Chavez.
Mawailesi ndi mawailesi nthawi zambiri amafalitsa pafupifupi ziganizo zilizonse zotsutsa ndipo nthawi zambiri samatulutsa zidziwitso zaboma. Chavez, chifukwa chokhumudwitsidwa ndi atolankhani mosalekeza akuukira atolankhani kuti ndi wa oligarchy wakale wa alonda komanso kuti sanasindikize chilichonse koma mabodza, nthawi zina amawawopseza kuti ndi milandu yamilandu.
Zowonadi, atolankhani ayankhanso chimodzimodzi, pomuneneza Chavez kuti amawopseza atolankhani ndi zomwe adalengeza komanso kutumiza zigawenga kuti ziwopseza atolankhani ndi nkhanza. Ofalitsa ayesa kuchita manyazi Chavez padziko lonse lapansi potengera nkhani yake ku Organisation of America States komanso ku US, omwe adayankha bwino madandaulo awo ndipo adadzudzula Chavez chifukwa choti salemekeza ufulu wa anthu.
China chomwe Chavez wachita pofuna kuthana ndi ma TV ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomwe limalola boma kuti litenge mawayilesi onse owulutsa nkhani zofunika za boma. Ma TV ndi mawayilesi onse akuyenera kuulutsa zilengezozi.
Pakunyanyala kwakukulu Chavez adaganiza zopita kunja ndikusokoneza zowulutsa za TV ndi wailesi kangapo panthawi ya sitiraka. Boma likugwiritsa ntchito mawayilesi pano lapereka zida zowonjezera kwa otsutsa ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poganiza zokulitsa sitirakayi kuyambira tsiku limodzi mpaka awiri.
Cholakwika chachikulu cha Chavez chinali kunyalanyaza kwake kofunikira kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe chomwe chingathandizire “Bolivarian Revolution†’chimene magulu opita patsogolo a mabungwe azachitukuko angachirikize ndi kulimbikitsa pakati pa anthu ndi mayiko ena, ngakhale kutsutsana ndi atolankhani otsutsa kwambiri.
Ngakhale kulakwa kwakukulu kwa utsogoleri wake, Chavez akupitirizabe kuthandizidwa ndi omwe akupita patsogolo chifukwa njira yokhayo yomwe yadziwonetsera yokha mpaka pano ndikubwerera ku chikhalidwe cha quo ante, kumene gulu lapamwamba, pamodzi ndi magulu osankhidwa a gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. akuluakulu aboma amagawana mafuta a ku Venezuela pakati pawo, kusiya osauka, omwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwa anthu onse a ku Venezuela, kuti adzisamalira okha.
Komabe, pakadali pano, njira yomwe ingachitike mwachangu komanso yomwe ingatheke kwa Chavez ndi kuukira kwa asitikali kapena kulowererapo kwa US, popeza Chavez sadzasiya ntchito ndipo popeza ali paudindo movomerezeka mpaka 2004, pomwe voti yoyitanitsa ikhoza kuyitanidwa. . Izi zikutanthauza kuti omwe akupita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi akuyenera kuchita mogwirizana ndi boma la Chavez ndikumuthandizira, ngati kupewedwa kwina kwa mtundu wa Chile kuyenera kupewedwa.
Gregory Wilpert amakhala ku Caracas, ndi katswiri wakale waku US Fulbright ku Venezuela, ndipo pakali pano akuchita kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha pazachikhalidwe cha anthu pachitukuko.
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