जुलाई 3, 2013 मा, इजिप्टको सेनाले एक कु'एटाट गर्यो र मुस्लिम ब्रदरहुडका राष्ट्रपति मोहम्मद मोर्सीको लोकतान्त्रिक रूपमा निर्वाचित सरकारलाई हटायो। इजिप्टमा हजारौं इजिप्टका नागरिकले मोर्सीको समर्थनमा प्रदर्शन गरेका थिए।
एक महिना पछि, इजिप्टको सेना र पुलिसले कायरोमा धेरै नरसंहार गरे, सयौं निहत्था प्रदर्शनकारीहरूलाई मारे। इजिप्टको अवैध सरकारको बिरूद्ध ब्रदरहुडका समर्थकहरूले ठूलो मात्रामा शान्तिपूर्ण विरोध प्रदर्शनलाई अधिकारीहरूले सैन्य प्रतिक्रिया दिए। मुख्यतया ब्रदरहुडमा लक्षित भए तापनि क्र्याकडाउनमा अन्य राजनीतिक विपक्षी समूह र व्यक्तिहरू पनि समावेश थिए।
Four Dutch citizens of Egyptian origin, who were present during three of the most brutal massacres in summer 2013, filed a petition in the Netherlands that charged Egyptian Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim with crimes against humanity. In September 2014, the Dutch law firm of Seebregts & Saey submitted a formal request to the Dutch prosecutor to prosecute Ibrahim. Dutch criminal courts have jurisdiction under the International Crimes Act when a Dutch national has been the victim of a crime. Due to head of state immunity, the lawsuit did not name Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who ordered the Rab’a massacre when he was Defense Minister.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) undertook a one-year investigation into the conduct of security forces responding to the demonstrations. In its report titled “All According to Plan: The Rab’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt,” HRW concluded, “police and army forces systematically and intentionally used excessive lethal force in their policing, resulting in killings of protesters on a scale unprecedented in Egypt.” HRW also determined “the killings not only constituted serious violations of international human rights law, but likely amounted to crimes against humanity, given both their widespread and systematic nature and the evidence suggesting the killings were part of a policy to attack unarmed persons on political grounds.” Although HRW was able to confirm that some protesters used firearms in a few instances, they did not justify “the grossly disproportionate and premeditated lethal attacks on overwhelmingly peaceful protesters.”
Rab'a नरसंहार
There were over 20,000 protesters in Rab’a Square. In what HRW called “the gravest incident of mass protester killings,” Egyptian police, snipers and military personnel opened fire on unarmed demonstrators on August 14, 2013, “killing at least 817 and likely more than 1,000.” Security forces used live ammunition “with hundreds killed by bullets to their heads, necks, and chests.” Snipers fired from helicopters over Rab’a Square.
"पुलिसले गरेको धेरै जसो गोलीबारी अविवेकी भएको देखिन्छ," HRW ले फेला पारे, "गम्भीर खतरा हुन सक्ने सशस्त्र प्रदर्शनकारी बन्दुकधारीहरूलाई लक्षित गर्नुको सट्टा प्रदर्शनकारीहरूको भीडको सामान्य दिशामा खुला रूपमा गोली चलाइएको थियो।"
The Rab’a mosque, which served as a refuge, particularly for women and children, “held so many corpses that it felt like it ‘had turned into a cemetery,’” one protester told HRW. An 18-year-old boy came into the hospital and said his stomach hurt. A doctor noted, “I looked down and his intestines were all out. He had taken several bullets and [later] died.” The doctor also reported that another person “took a bullet in the face, causing his face to open and tongue to fall out . . . He spent 40 minutes looking at me and gesturing for help, but I couldn’t do anything. Surgery was not possible.”
मृत्यु "शान्तिपूर्ण प्रदर्शनकारीहरूको भारी बहुमतको सामूहिक सजायको लागि रकम," HRW निष्कर्षमा पुग्यो।
प्रदर्शनमा उपस्थित निवेदकहरूमध्ये एक जना घाइते भएनन् तर उनको दाहिने र बायाँपट्टिका मानिसहरूलाई गोली लागेको थियो। अधिकारीहरूले रब्बा स्क्वायरमा रहेको अस्पतालमा आगजनी गर्दा उहाँ पनि त्यहाँ हुनुहुन्थ्यो र बाहिर जान नसक्ने लगभग 300 बिरामीहरू मारिए।
Republican Guard Square
On July 7, 2013, about 2,000 Brotherhood supporters began a peaceful sit-in. Shortly before dawn on July 8, police and army units opened fire, targeting those in the protest and others emerging from prayers at the mosque. Authorities killed 61 protesters with live ammunition and injured 435. Most suffered gunshots to the head, neck and chest.
One of the petitioners was hit by a bullet, but survived.
Manassa Memorial
At least 95 protesters were killed on July 27, 2013. A field hospital doctor reported, “From 2 a.m. until 8:30 a.m. it was a steady stream; the bodies kept coming. Most had gunshot wounds in the head, neck or chest. The hospital was overflowing; we were completely over capacity.” Another field house doctor told HRW: “All of the dead were either dead on arrival or died immediately after they arrived, because of where they were hit; if you’re hit in the head or chest, you won’t last very long. The entire hospital floor was covered with injured people. It was beyond imagination.”
यस प्रदर्शनमा उपस्थित दुई याचिकाकर्ताहरू घाइते भएनन् तर चोट लाग्ने खतरा थियो। अलि टाढा रहेका अरुलाई पनि गोली लागेको थियो ।
मानवता विरुद्धको अपराध
डच कानूनले मानवता विरुद्धको अपराधको अभियोगमा आजीवन जेल सजायको व्यवस्था गरेको छ। अपराधलाई जानाजानी हत्या वा तुलनात्मक प्रकृतिको अन्य अमानवीय कार्यको रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ जसले जानाजानी गम्भीर पीडा वा गम्भीर शारीरिक वा मनोवैज्ञानिक क्षति निम्त्याउँछ, जब राज्य नीति अनुसार नागरिक जनसंख्या विरुद्ध व्यापक वा व्यवस्थित आक्रमणको भागको रूपमा गरिन्छ।
HRW ले पत्ता लगायो कि "सुरक्षा बलहरूले व्यवस्थित रूपमा र जानाजानी ठूलो मात्रामा निहत्था प्रदर्शनकारीहरूलाई राजनीतिक आधारमा मारे। । । व्यापक रूपमा, 1,150 को जुलाई र अगस्टमा 2013 भन्दा बढी प्रदर्शनकारीहरूको मृत्यु भयो।"
HRW थप निष्कर्षमा पुग्यो, "[t] सुरक्षा बलहरूले प्रदर्शनलाई तितरबितर पार्न बल प्रयोग गर्ने तरिकाले इजिप्टको सरकारले तय गरेको नीतिहरू झल्काउँछ।" वास्तवमा, "सरकारले हजारौं प्रदर्शनकारीहरूको मृत्युको लागि अनुमान र योजना बनाएको थियो।"
रब्बा नरसंहार "आन्तरिक मन्त्रालयले बनाएको योजना र तीन हप्ताको तयारी पछि मन्त्रिपरिषद् र राष्ट्रिय रक्षा परिषदले अनुमोदन गरेको योजना अनुसार कार्यान्वयन गरिएको थियो," HRW ले इब्राहिमको बयानलाई उद्धृत गर्दै तय गर्यो कि उसले फैलावटले ठूलो संख्यामा मार्नेछ। प्रदर्शनकारीहरु।
इब्राहिमले सार्वजनिक कथनहरू खुलासा गरे जुन उनलाई पहिले नै थाहा थियो कि प्रदर्शन अन्त्य गर्न पुलिस र सैन्य कारबाहीका क्रममा धेरै मानिसहरू मर्नेछन्। Rab'a नरसंहारको भोलिपल्ट, इब्राहिमले भने "वितरक योजना 100 प्रतिशत सफल भयो," यसले राखिएको योजनालाई पालना गरेको संकेत गर्दछ।
In a televised interview on August 31, 2013, Ibrahim confirmed that the Interior Ministry expected losses of “10 percent of the people,” adding, “you will find thousands lost from their side.”
“Abject politicization of justice”
HRW learned that “[s]ecurity forces detained over 800 protesters on August 14, 2013, some of whom they beat, tortured and in some cases summarily executed.”
On April 11, 2015, 51 Brotherhood supporters were convicted in a mass trial, based on the testimony of a single police officer. HRW said the evidence presented at the trial demonstrated that the men were disseminating news about and organizing peaceful protests in opposition to the military coup and removal of Morsi. Fourteen of the defendants were sentenced to death and the other 37 were given life sentences. According to Joe Stork, deputy Middle East and North Africa director of HRW, “The fact that people who covered and publicized the mass killings in 2013 could go to prison for life or be executed while the killers walk free captures the abject politicization of justice in Egypt.”
मोर्सीलाई २०१२ मा राष्ट्रपति भवन बाहिर १० जनाको ज्यान गएको प्रदर्शनबाट हिंसा भड्काउने र यातना दिएको आरोपमा दोषी ठहर गरिएको थियो। उनलाई २० वर्षको जेल सजाय सुनाइएको थियो।
The Dutch lawsuit
इब्राहिम विरुद्धको मुद्दा डच अभियोजकको कार्यालयमा विचाराधीन छ। अभियोजकले इब्राहिमलाई मुद्दा चलाउन अस्वीकार गरेमा, निवेदकहरूले हेगको उच्च अदालतले अभियोजकलाई मुद्दा चलाउन आदेश दिन अनुरोध गर्न सक्छन्।
There has been no legal accountability for the massacres conducted by the Egyptian military government against the largely peaceful protesters. If high government officials in Egypt are permitted to commit crimes against humanity with impunity, it will encourage similar actions in the future – both in Egypt and elsewhere. Since there is little prospect for justice in Egypt itself, the Dutch lawsuit may be the only vehicle for accountability for these most serious crimes.
मार्जोरी कोन थॉमस जेफरसन स्कूल अफ लका प्रोफेसर र नेशनल लयर्स गिल्डका पूर्व अध्यक्ष हुन्। उनको सबैभन्दा भर्खरको पुस्तक "ड्रोन्स र लक्षित हत्या: कानूनी, नैतिक, र भूराजनीतिक मुद्दाहरू" हो।
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