ʻO ka papa hana keʻokeʻo, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻoulu i ka manaʻo kūʻokoʻa wale nō no kāna mau hana koho balota kuʻuna Repubalika, ua lilo i nūhou no kekahi mea ʻē aʻe: wahi a ʻO ka mea hoʻokele waiwai ʻo Anne Case lāua ʻo Angus Deaton, ka mea lanakila o ka makana Nobel hou loa i ka ʻoihana waiwai, ʻo kona mau lālā i ka makahiki 45 a 54 mau makahiki e make ana i ka helu kūpono ʻole. ʻOiai ke hoʻomau nei ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā keʻokeʻo waiwai, ua emi ke ola o nā keʻokeʻo ʻilihune. ʻO ka hopena, i nā makahiki ʻehā i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo ʻilihune a me ka poʻe waiwai a hiki i ʻehā makahiki. ʻO ka New York Times i hōʻuluʻulu i ka Deaton a me ka Case study me kēia poʻomanaʻo: "Loaʻa Loaʻa, E hālāwai me ka Longevity Gap. "
ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia kēia. Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli, ʻo ka moʻolelo hōʻoluʻolu ʻAmelika ʻo ia ka meaʻai maikaʻi a me ka mālama olakino e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā ola lōʻihi no nā mea āpau. No laila, ua puka mai ka polū nui mai ka uliuli a ʻo ia, e like me ka Wall Street Pai ʻōlelo, "kahaha. "
ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i ka poʻe keʻokeʻo, e pili ana i ka poʻe o ke kala, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka pōmaikaʻi o ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mālama olakino, nā kaiāulu palekana, a ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kūʻokoʻa mai nā hōʻino a me nā pōʻino i hana ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele. -ʻili. Aia kekahi ʻokoʻa nui o ka lāhui i ka lōʻihi - 5.3 mau makahiki ma waena o nā kāne keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele a me 3.8 mau makahiki ma waena o nā wahine keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele - ʻoiai, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia. haiki ana no na makahiki elua i hala iho nei. ʻO ka poʻe keʻokeʻo wale nō, ke make nei i nā helu he nui i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ma waena o ka makahiki waena, ʻo kā lākou make nui i helu ʻia ma muli o ka pepehi kanaka, ka waiʻona, a me ka hoʻohui i ka lāʻau (opiate maʻamau).
Aia kekahi mau kumu kūpono e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo ma mua o ka poʻe ʻeleʻele i ka pepehi ʻana iā lākou iho. ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe nona nā pū, a makemake nā kāne keʻokeʻo i ka pū i mea e pepehi ai iā lākou iho. No kekahi, ʻo nā kauka, me ke kānalua ʻole i ka hana ʻana i nā stereotypes o nā keʻokeʻo ʻole ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻeha opiate ikaika i nā keʻokeʻo ma mua o ka poʻe kala. (Ua hāʻawi ʻia iaʻu i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi oxycodone i nā makahiki e kūʻai i kahi ʻoihana liʻiliʻi ʻole.)
ʻO ka hana lima - mai ka kali ʻana a hiki i ka hana kūkulu hale - hiki ke hoʻopau koke i ke kino, mai nā kuli a i hope a me ka rotator cuffs, a ke hāʻule ʻo Tylenol, hiki i ke kauka ke koho i kahi opiate e hoʻopau iā ʻoe i ka lā.
Ka Uku o ka Manaolana
Akā ke hele nei kekahi mea hohonu ma ʻaneʻi. E like me New York Times Paul Paul Krugman waiho ia, ʻO nā "maʻi" e alakaʻi ana i ka make ʻana o ka papa hana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻo ia ka poʻe o ka "kaumaha," a ʻo kekahi o nā kumu i ʻike ʻia he waiwai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā mea no ka poʻe papa hana o kēlā me kēia kala.
Ua ulu au ma kahi ʻAmelika kahi kanaka me ke kua ikaika - a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, kahi hui ikaika - hiki ke manaʻo kūpono e kākoʻo i kahi ʻohana ma kāna iho me ka ʻole o ke kulanui. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hala loa ia mau hana, koe wale no ke ano o ka hana i haawiia i na wahine a me na kanaka kala i na wahi e like me ka hale kuai, ka hooponopono aina, a me ka lawe kaa kalaka. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻo ka poʻe ma lalo o 20% o ka hāʻawi kālā keʻokeʻo ke kū nei i nā kūlana waiwai e like me ka poʻe i kamaʻāina lōʻihi i ka poʻe ʻeleʻele ʻilihune, e komo pū ana me ka hana hewa a me nā wahi noho pōʻino.
ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi keʻokeʻo he mea wale nō o ka pono waiwai. E like me ka mea akamai nui ʻApelika-ʻAmelika W.E.B. Ua kākau ʻo Du Bois i ka makahiki 1935, "Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hui keʻokeʻo o nā limahana, ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi uku haʻahaʻa, ua uku ʻia ma kahi ʻano o ka lehulehu a me ka uku noʻonoʻo."
ʻO kekahi o nā mea o kēia uku i ʻike ʻole ʻia ke kani ʻia i kēia lā, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Du Bois i ka poʻe hana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo "ua hoʻokomo manuahi ʻia me nā papa keʻokeʻo āpau i nā hana lehulehu, nā paka lehulehu, a me nā kula maikaʻi loa." I kēia lā, he kakaikahi nā wahi ākea ʻaʻole i wehe ʻia, ma ke kānāwai, i nā ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai ua mālama ʻia nā kula "maikaʻi" no ka poʻe waiwai - ʻo ka hapa nui o ke keʻokeʻo a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika me ka pipi ʻana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi i ka fairy. lepo o "kekahi." ʻOiai ua nalowale ka poʻe keʻokeʻo i ka waiwai waiwai, ua loaʻa i nā ʻeleʻele nā lanakila, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka de jure manaʻo. ʻO ka hopena, ua emi ka "uku noʻonoʻo" i hāʻawi ʻia i ka poʻe keʻokeʻo.
No ka hapa nui o ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika, hiki ke helu ʻia ke aupuni no ka mālama ʻana i ka mana keʻokeʻo a me ka pono ma o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kauā a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma hope. I ka wā i kaumaha ai ke aupuni pekelala ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka desegregation, ua waiho ʻia ka poʻe keʻokeʻo hana e pale i ko lākou pono e emi iho ana ma ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻākau e like me ke Kiaʻāina Alabama (a ma hope aku ka moho pelekikena) ʻo George Wallace a me kāna mau hope pseudo-populist keʻokeʻo. ia Donald Trump.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā o ka mālama ʻana i ka mana keʻokeʻo ua hoʻohuli ʻia mai ke aupuni federal a i ka mokuʻāina a laila ka pae kūloko, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā pūʻali mākaʻi kūloko, ka mea, e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ua lawe ʻia me ke ʻano hoihoi. lilo i mea hōʻino aupuni a me ka honua. ʻO ka kahu, no ka laʻana, ke mālama nei i ka helu o ka helu o nā ʻAmelika (ʻeleʻele ka hapa nui) i pepehi ʻia e nā mākaʻi (e like me kēia manawa, 1,209 no 2015), ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻeleʻele kūʻē, ma ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka Black Lives Matter a me ka nalu o nā hōʻike hōʻikeʻike ma ka pā kula, ua hoʻopio hou i ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe i noho mua ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana i nā pono kīwila.
ʻO ka moʻomeheu hoʻi, ua hele liʻiliʻi i ka like ʻana o ka lāhui, inā ʻaʻole, ma kekahi mau wahi liʻiliʻi, piʻi ʻeleʻele. Inā ʻo ke kiʻi kiʻi o ka mua o ke kenekulia iwakālua ʻo "Negro" ʻo ia ka minstrel, ua lawe ʻia ke kuleana o ke kua'āina maʻalahi i ka moʻomeheu kaulana i kēia kenekulia e nā poʻe i loko. Duckʻana a Here Comes Honey Boo Boo. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka honua leʻaleʻa, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā keʻokeʻo hana ma ke ʻano he moronic, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻeleʻele he hyper-articulate, alanui-akamai, a i kekahi manawa e like me Kanye West. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i ka manaʻo maʻamau o ke kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo ke ʻoki nei nā ʻāpana o ka media i ka ʻakaʻaka mai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻeleʻele akamai a me nā bumpkins keʻokeʻo kuaʻāina, e like me ka mea hoʻokani ʻo Tina Fey. Kimmy Schmidt hiki ʻole ke haki. Hiki i nā kānaka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e like me aʻu, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kēia mau huaʻōlelo a me nā laina kuhi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nō ke koho ʻana i ka pelekikena ʻeleʻele mua. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻAmelika hānau mua e kamaʻilio e "hoʻihoʻi i ko mākou ʻāina." ʻO ka poʻe waiwai i hoʻokumu i ka Tea Party; ʻO ka poʻe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e ʻoluʻolu iā lākou iho me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā decal hae Confederate i kā lākou mau kaʻa.
Ma ka pali lalo o ʻAmelika
ʻO kēia mau mea a pau, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pono keʻokeʻo, ʻoi aku ma waena o nā keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi loa, ua lilo i mea paʻakikī a no laila, no kekahi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki. Ua ʻoluʻolu mau ka poʻe ʻilihune keʻokeʻo i ka ʻike ʻana ua ʻoi aku ka ʻino a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻia o kekahi ma mua o lākou; ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa lāhui ka lepo ma lalo o ko lākou mau wāwae, ka pōhaku a lākou i kū ai, ʻoiai i ka wā e pōʻino ana ko lākou kūlana.
Inā ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ke aupuni, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka pae federal, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka pono keʻokeʻo, a laila, ʻo ia nā hana kumu a nā poʻe a me nā hui liʻiliʻi e kōkua ana e hoʻopiha i ka hakahaka - e hana ana i nā micro-aggressions e hoʻopuʻi ana i nā pā kula. hōʻino lāhui uā ʻia mai nā kaʻa ʻokiʻoki, a i ʻole, ma kahi ʻoi loa, ka pana ʻana o kahi hale pule ʻeleʻele kaulana no kāna mau hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka wā Kuleana Kivila. ʻO Dylann Roof, ka mea pepehi kanaka Charleston nāna i hana pēlā, he haʻalele i ke kula kiʻekiʻe hana ʻole a hōʻike ʻia he mea hoʻohana nui i ka waiʻona a me nā opiates. ʻOiai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻi make e kau ana ma luna ona, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō ke hele nei ʻo Roof i kahi make mua.
Hiki i nā hana hoʻomāinoino lāhui ke hāʻawi i kā lākou poʻe hana keʻokeʻo me ka manaʻo lanakila lanakila, akā lawe lākou i kahi ʻano hana kūikawā. Pono e hoʻoikaika, no ka laʻana, e huli i kahi kukini ʻeleʻele a huli aʻe e hōʻino iā ia mai kāu kaʻa; pono ia hana - a me ka opu ikaika - i pena he slur lāhui i ka lepo ma luna o ka paia lumi hale moe. Hiki i nā haumāna o ke kula ke hana i ia mau mea ma muli o ke ʻano o ka nāwaliwali o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ka ʻike i ka pau ʻana o ke kula e uku ʻia kā lākou ʻaiʻē. ʻAʻole pili i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, akā naʻe, paʻakikī loa ka mālama ʻana i ka manaʻo o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lāhui i ka wā e hakakā nei e paʻa i kona wahi ponoʻī ma kahi kokoke i lalo o kahi ʻoihana hilinaʻi ʻole.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hōʻike olakino he mea ʻawaʻawa ka racism i ka poʻe e hōʻike nei - ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua ola maikaʻi nā hanauna o nā mea nona nā kauā waiwai - ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana i lalo a me ka huhū lāhui he kono ikaika i ke ʻano o ka manaʻolana e alakaʻi i ka pepehi kanaka. ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole, ma ka pū a i ʻole nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke wāwahi i ke kaupaku aniani inā ʻoe e kū ana ma luna o ka hau.
He mea maʻalahi i ka poʻe naʻauao liberal ke manaʻo i ka pono i ko lākou inaina no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, akā, ʻo ka poʻe elite hoʻonaʻauao kulanui e hoʻopuka ana i ka poʻe naʻauao i loko o ka pilikia, me ka emi ʻana o nā manaʻo a me ka paheʻe mau loa no nā ʻōpio. Ua hāʻule nā ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa i nā manawa paʻakikī, mai ke aʻo ʻana i ke kulanui a i ka nūpepa a me ke kānāwai. ʻO kekahi o nā hewa maikaʻi loa i hiki i kēia elite pili ke hana ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i kona haʻaheo ma o ka inaina ʻana i kēlā - o kēlā me kēia kala a i ʻole ka lāhui - e hāʻule wikiwiki ana.
ʻO Barbara Ehrenreich, a ʻO TomDispatch mau a me ka lunahooponopono kumu o ka Pāhana Hōʻike Paʻakikī Waiwai, ke kumu o Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Geting By in America (i kēia manawa i kahi paʻi makahiki 10th me kahi huaʻōlelo hou) a me ka mea hou loa i ka autobiographical Noho me ke Akua ʻāhiu: ʻImi ʻO ka poʻe hoʻomaloka no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā mea āpau.
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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