Ua neʻe ka poʻe ʻōiwi mai Oaxaca i loko o Mekiko a i ka
US no nā makahiki. Nui ka poʻe braceros i ka wā o ia papahana
22 makahiki holo mai 1942 a i 1964. Ma na awawa mahiai Mekiko mai
ʻO Sinaloa i Baja Kaleponi, ʻo Oaxacan migrants ka iwi kuamoʻo o
ka poʻe hana i hiki i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai.
As
ʻO ka hopena, ua noho nā kaiāulu o Oaxacans ma kahi ākea
e alakai ana mai ko lakou mokuaina mai, ma o Veracruz, kahi a lakou
hele mua ma ke ʻano he poʻe hana ma ka ʻohi kō, ma ke komohana ʻākau
ʻO nā māla tōmato a me nā strawberries ma Mexico, i nā awāwa
o Kaleponi o San Joaquin a me Oregon's Wilamette Rivers,
a i Washington State, Florida, a ma o aku.
Ma Madera, Kaleponi, lawe nā hale ʻaina i nā inoa Mixtec. I ka wā o nā hālāwai
o Florida's Coalition of Immokalee Workers, hiki i na kanaka ke
lohe ʻia ke kamaʻilio mālie ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo like ma hope o ka lumi.
Hoʻohana nā hale kūʻai mea hale o Los Angeles i nā limahana ʻōlelo Zapotec, a
ʻO nā mea ʻōlelo Triqui he ʻāpana koho koʻikoʻi ma Oregon's PCUN
uniona no na limahana mahiai.
Akā, ʻoiai kēia hoʻopuehu ʻana, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻōiwi o Oaxaca
loaʻa i kahi ala e hui ai, ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻōlelo a me ko lākou mau kūlanakauhale o
kumu, akā ʻo ko lākou ʻike he poʻe malihini Oaxacan. E like me ka hiki
manaʻo ʻia mai ka noho like ʻana o ko lākou mau kaiaulu
ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka palena, aia kahi kikowaena o ka hana ma Fresno
a o kekahi ma Oaxaca. ʻO ka hui ma ka puʻuwai ka
ʻO Frente Indigena Oaxaqueña Binacional, ka ʻōiwi Binational
ʻO Oaxacan Front, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1987 ma nā hālāwai ma Kaleponi
awāwa waena, Los Angeles, a me San Diego. I kona hoʻokumu ʻana i ʻOkakopa
5, 1991 ua kapa ʻia ʻo Frente Mixteco Zapoteco Binacional no ka mea
makemake nā mea hoʻokumu e hoʻohui i ʻekolu hui Mixtec a ʻelua
ma waena o nā malihini Zapotec. Ma hope koke iho, hoʻomaka ka hui e ʻimi
he hoʻolālā e hōʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kaiāulu Oaxacan.
oiai
hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o Mexico a me US ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana mai
Oaxaca i ka imi i ka hana, ua hana ka neʻe o kanaka, i
he manaʻo, hoʻokahi kaiāulu nui, aia ma nā wahi like ʻole i ka manawa like.
Noho ʻana o Mixtec, Zapotec, Triquis, a me nā ʻōiwi ʻē aʻe o Oaxacan
hui ma ke kahawai 3,000 mile mai Oaxaca a i ka Pakipika
Hoʻopili ʻia ke komohana ʻākau e ka moʻomeheu like ʻole a me ka ʻōlelo, a
e nā hui kaiaulu e lawe pū me lākou mai kahi a i
wahi. Hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o nā hui ma waena o Oaxacan
ma nā kūlanakauhale maʻamau o ka hānau ʻana—he mea ʻike ʻole i waena o nā malihini
i ka US mai nā ʻāina he nui. Akā, ua ulu pū nā Oaxacans
ka Frente, ka mea e hoʻohui i nā hui ʻōlelo like ʻole i mea e hoʻolaha ai
paio kaiaulu a me na wahi hana no ka pono pilikanaka.
“Iwaena
ʻOaxaqueños ʻōiwi, ua loaʻa iā mākou ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu
a me ka hui," wahi a ka luna hoʻokele Frente ʻo Rufino Dominguez. “I ka manawa
neʻe ka poʻe mai kahi kaiāulu ma Oaxaca, ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kōmike
ka poʻe mai ko lākou kūlanakauhale hānau. Ua lokahi a ola
kokoke loa kekahi i kekahi. He kuʻuna ʻaʻole mākou
lilo, ma kahi a mākou e hele ai.
I ka makahiki 1984, i kona wā ʻōpiopio, haʻalele ʻo Dominguez iā Oaxaca a neʻe aku
i Sinaloa, kahi āna i hoʻokumu ai i ka Organizacion del Pueblo Explotado
y Oprimido (Organization of Exploited and Opressed People), a
hui pū me nā alakaʻi e like me Benito Garcia a me nā hui like
ka Hui Kūʻokoʻa o nā mea mahiʻai a me nā limahana mahiʻai (CIOAC)
i ka hahau ana iwaena o ka poe mahiai o ka mokuaina. Nā kūlana no
ʻO ka poʻe malihini ma Sinaloa ka mea hōʻino o Mekiko a ua kau ʻia nā hahau
ia lakou i ka maka o ka lehulehu. “Noho mākou i nā kahua hana i hana ʻia
nā ʻili kila,” i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Jorge Giron, mai ke kūlanakauhale Mixtec
o Santa Maria Tindu. Noho ʻo ia me kona ʻohana ma Fresno, akā
he kanaka mahiai ma Sinaloa ia mau makahiki.
“I ka wā wela ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomanawanui. I ke kakahiaka mākou
e huipu a puni ka foreman a haawi i na bkeke no
ka ʻohi ʻōmato. Hoʻohana pinepine lākou i ka wai, a holo mākou
ko makou kamaa a hele i ke kula me ke kamaa ole. I ke kakahiaka nui
e maloʻo ka wai a i kekahi manawa e komo e like me ka hana ʻana
mai oe, aka, aole makou i ike i na kamaa. E hana mākou mai
ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. ʻOiai mākou i hana he ʻumi a ʻumikūmākahi mau hola, ʻo mākou
uku i ka palena iki. Ua hoʻokele ka poʻe nona nā kahua hoʻomoana i nā hale kūʻai ʻoihana i kūʻai aku
ai ma ka aie. "I ka Pōʻaono e uku ʻia mākou a laila mākou
e hele e uku i kā mākou aie. Ma ke ʻano he kāne hoʻokahi, ua moe ʻo Giron i kahi lumi
me 15 mau mea e ae.
ʻO Giron
hōʻaiʻē iā CIOAC no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ʻino loa o ko lākou kūlana. “ʻO lākou
hoʻonohonoho i ka hapa nui o nā hahau. Ua makemake lākou i nā kuleana o nā limahana
e mahalo ʻia, mālama ʻia kā mākou uku a me nā hana, hale maikaʻi,
ka wai kahe, a me ka lawe ʻana i ka hana. A hana lakou
e hoʻokō i nā mea he nui o ia mau mea. "
Ma hope o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā kūlana e like me kēia, ʻo Rufino Dominguez
hahai i ke ala hele malihini ma ka ʻākau ma waena o ke Kaiwa o Kaleponi,
i San Quintin ma ka peninsula o Baja Kaleponi. “Ua hoouna aku au ia Benito
he leka e hiki mai ana no ka nui o na pilikia iwaena o ko kakou poe
ma laila," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Dominguez. “Ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho
mau tausani kanaka. Ma San Quintin, ua kau lakou i na hahau
pono. Mai laila aku ʻo Dominguez i ka palena, a hoʻopau i Selma,
Kaleponi, ma waho o Fresno. Ma laila ʻo ia i hālāwai ai me nā limahana mahiʻai mai
kona mokuʻāina home, ka mea i makemake nui e hoʻonohonoho.
"ʻO wau
me he mea lā aia wau i koʻu kūlanakauhale. Ua hauʻoli loa nā kānaka a pau,
aloha mai ia'u. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi o lākou, 'Aloha ʻoe e ka compañero Rufino.
E haʻi mai iā mākou, he aha ka mea e hana nei ma ko mākou kūlanakauhale? He aha kāu i hana ai ma Sinaloa
a me Baja Kaleponi? He aha kāu e hana ai e kōkua iā mākou ma ʻaneʻi?' Ua
mea hou loa ʻaʻole au i ʻike i kahi e nānā ai e ʻike i ka lā
ala mai. ʻOiai, ua hoʻomaka wau e wehewehe i kā mākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma Sinaloa a
Baja, a hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā ʻano hui like ʻole ma aneʻi.
ʻO ka hana mua o ka Frente i ka makahiki 1993, i ka manawa
noi ʻia iā California Rural Legal Assistance (CRLA) nāna e hana
he kūlana limahana no ka mea hoʻonaʻauao nāna e wehewehe i nā pono hana
i nā limahana mahiʻai Mixtec ma ke awāwa waena o ka mokuʻāina, i kā lākou
ʻōlelo ponoʻī. ʻO Dominguez ka mea mua i hoʻolimalima ʻia no ia hana.
ʻO ka makahiki hoʻokahi ʻo Cesar Chavez, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka United Farm Workers,
make ma Arizona.
Ua hoʻomaka ka Frente i ka hui pū me kona hope, ʻo ka UFW's
pelekikena hou ʻo Arturo Rodriguez. Ua hoʻonohonoho ka hui i hoʻokahi mahina
mai Delano a hiki i Sacramento, e hoʻopili hou ana i kona seminal
i ka makahiki 1967, e hoʻokani i ka poʻe mahiʻai Kaleponi i kāna hana hou ʻana
kūpaʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho kahua. Ua like ke kuikahi me ka Frente
manaʻo no ka uniona—e lanakila i ke kākoʻo ma waena o kahi pūʻulu koʻikoʻi ma nā kula,
ke kaiāulu ulu o nā malihini ʻōlelo Mixtec mai Oaxaca.
"Ua ʻike mākou he hui ikaika ka UFW
nā limahana mahiʻai," wehewehe ʻo Dominguez. “ʻO lākou hoʻi
ua ʻike iā mākou he hui e hakakā nei no ka pono o ka ʻōiwi
nā malihini. He mōʻaukala kēlā hoʻolaha no mākou, no ka mea, ʻo ka hui hope loa
ʻike mai iā mākou ma ke ʻano maʻamau. "
Akā, he pilina pili ʻole ia a ua manaʻo nā mea hoʻoikaika Mixtec
Hōʻike pinepine nā lālā UFW i nā ʻano hoʻokae like ʻole
ma waena o nā Mekiko i hoʻi i ka home i ka poʻe ʻōiwi. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka
Ua hoʻohana ka hui hānau i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka makahiki 500 makahiki
no ka hoea ana mai o Christopher Colombus i Amerika ma ke ano he kahua
e hoʻokani i kāna kāhea ʻana i nā pono ʻōiwi.
I ka wā i kū ai ka pūʻali Zapatista ma Ianuali 1, 1994, ua koke ka Frente
ua hoʻokau i nā hana e koi ai i ke aupuni Mekiko e hōʻole
e hoʻohana ana i ka pūʻali koa nui ma Chiapas. Mai Fresno a i Baja Kaleponi
i Oaxaca, ua hele nā mea hoʻoikaika Frente i ka pōloli a hōʻike
i mua o nā consulates a me nā keʻena aupuni.
"Ua kōkua kēlā neʻe binational iā mākou e ʻike i ka wā aia
neʻe ma Oaxaca pono e neʻe i ka US i
hana i ka manaʻo i ke aupuni Mekiko. Ua kōkua kēlā iā mākou e ulu
nui loa," wahi a Dominguez. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu e hoʻololi ka hui
kona inoa. Ua makemake ʻo Triquis a me nā poʻe ʻōiwi ʻē aʻe o Oaxacan
komo, akā ua manaʻo ka inoa o ka Frente i kāpae ʻia iā lākou. Ua lilo
ka Frente Indigena Oaxaqueña Binacional, ka Oaxa-
hiki Binational Front. Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona ʻano binational.
Ma 1993 ua hoʻomaka ka Frente i ka hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi ma Oaxaca. “ʻO mākou
ua hoʻomaka me nā papahana hoʻohua like ʻole e like me ke kanu ʻana i ka
ʻO ka pomegerane Pākē, ka forajero cactus, a me nā strawberry,"
Ua wehewehe ʻo Dominguez, "no laila nā ʻohana o nā malihini i ka
Loaʻa iā US kahi kālā e ola ai. " Ua ulu aʻe kēlā mau hana
ʻelima mau keʻena ʻokoʻa ma ka mokuʻāina a me kahi waihona lālā ʻoi aku ka nui
ma mua o kēlā ma US, ma mua o 70 mau kūlanakauhale. I ka makahiki 1999, ka Frente
hana kuʻikahi me ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Democratic Revolution
(PRD), a koho i kekahi o kona mau alakai, o Romauldo Juan Gutierrez-
Cortez, i ke Keena o na Hope mokuaina ma ka Apana 21. “No
ʻO ka manawa mua a mākou i lanakila ai i nā caciques, "ʻo Dominguez.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻolālā hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Frente i ka moʻomeheu o
ʻO nā kaiāulu ʻo Oaxacan, ʻoi aku ka ʻoihana i kapa ʻia ʻo tequio.
"ʻO kēia ka manaʻo e pono ai mākou e komo i ka hui
hana e kākoʻo i ko mākou kaiāulu," wehewehe ʻo ia. "I ko mākou mau kaiaulu
ua ʻike mākou kekahi i kekahi a hiki ke hana pū. ʻO kēlā hoʻomaopopo
ʻO ke kōkua like ʻana e maʻalahi iā mākou e hoʻonohonoho iā mākou iho.
Ma nā wahi a pau a mākou e hele ai, hele pū mākou. He ala ia o ka'u olelo ana
ʻaʻole ʻōlelo hoʻokahi - ʻōlelo pū mākou a pau. “Ke hooikaika nei makou
i ʻole e nalowale ko kākou mau kaiaulu i kā lākou moʻomeheu, kā lākou ʻōlelo,
a me kā lākou mau moʻomeheu.
Ma waho aʻe o ke aʻo ʻana i nā limahana i kā lākou kuleana hana, ʻo ka Frente
hoʻonohonoho i nā kaiāulu ma nā wahi kuaʻāina o Kaleponi. ʻO kekahi o lākou
ʻO Malaga, he paka kaʻa ma waho o Fresno, kahi o ka nui o nā kānaka
mai San Miguel Cuevas ma Oaxaca. Ua ʻike nā kamaʻāina i kēlā
ua haumia ka ʻāina ma lalo o ko lākou mau hale no nā makahiki he ʻaila
a me nā ʻōpala ʻona mai Chevron a me nā hui aila ʻē aʻe. Me ke kokua
ʻO CRLA, ua kau ka Frente i kahi hoʻolaha, i lanakila i hoʻokahi miliona kālā
mai Chevron a ʻehiku miliona hou aʻe mai nā mea hoʻohaumia ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia
ua hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonoho hou i nā ʻohana o ia wahi. Ua lawe kekahi mau kamaaina
kālā, akā ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i hui pū i kā lākou kālā a me ke kōkua ʻana o ka Frente,
kūkulu hale hou.
Ua hoʻomaka pū ka hui e hoʻololi i ka mana kuʻuna
o ke ola kalaiaina kaiaulu e na kanaka. ʻO Oralia Maceda, he 26 makahiki
mea hoʻonohonoho mai Oaxaca, i hele mai i Fresno e hoʻomohala i ke komo ʻana o nā wahine
ma ka Frente. "I ka wā mua, ʻo nā kāne ka mea e makemake ai
hele mai i ka hui. Ma mua o koʻu hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻelua ʻē aʻe
nā wahine i hala ʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi mahina. Akā, manaʻo wau na nā wahine
kuleana e komo a e ʻike pehea e komo ai.
Hoʻohana au i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e kiʻi iā lākou e hele mai, e ʻōlelo, i kahi pāʻina liʻiliʻi
no ka la makuahine, me na makana liilii a me ka ai. Akā ʻo ia
ʻaʻole maoli ka pāʻina e loaʻa ai ko lākou hoihoi. Ke waiho nei
ʻike lākou pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke kōkua iā lākou. E nīnau au, ʻo wai ka mea makemake e lilo
kānāwai ma kēia ʻāina? Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā pilikia maʻamau e like me ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻomaka ia me kahi hui liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe. "
ʻO Maceda
ʻO ka hele ʻana he kī nui e hoʻomohala i ke komo ʻana o nā ʻōpio
kanaka ma ka Frente. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka ikaika ikaika i ka US i nā keiki
a me nā ʻōpio e hoʻohui i ke ʻano o ka nohona consumerist,
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka pilina me nā kaiāulu home mamao loa
paʻakikī. Ka lanakila ʻana i ka hoihoi o nā ʻōpio ma nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi
a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana moʻomeheu. Nui nā poʻe Oaxacans he manatic
nā mea pāʻani basketball, a ua hoʻohana ka Frente i nā hoʻokūkū e huki ai
ʻōpio a huki iā lākou i kāna mau hana.
Me kona mau waihona ma Oaxaca a me Kaleponi, ua hoʻonohonoho pū ʻo FIOB
nā keʻena ma Cañon Buenavista a me San Quintin ma Baja Kaleponi
peninsula. ʻO ka poʻe malihini o Oaxacan ka hapa nui o ka poʻe hana
i loko o ka mokuʻāina ʻoihana mahiʻai. Haahaa loa ka uku,
a ʻo nā ʻohana holoʻokoʻa e hana ana ma ke kula ma muli o ka hopena, me nā keiki.
He liʻiliʻi nā hale ma ka peninsula, no laila ke komo ʻana o ka ʻāina a
he mea maʻamau ka paio ʻana i kahi e noho ai.
"Akā he mea paʻakikī loa ia," Dominguez
wahi a. I ka makahiki 2001, he mahele kūloko ko ka hui ma luna o ka
nā hana a kekahi o kāna mau mea hoʻokumu, ʻo Arturo Pimentel. Ua lilo ʻo Pimentel
ka luna o ka Frente ma Oaxaca. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia e nā lālā he nui
ʻaʻole i kuleana iā lākou no ke kālā o ka hui
a no kona makemake e holo no ka oihana kalaiaina me ka hui ole
hoʻoholo e hana ʻo ia pēlā. Ma ka FIOB Congress ma Tijuana i Dekemaba
2001, ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia.
Ma ke koho aupuni o
2000, ʻo Celerino Chavez, ke kaikunāne o Benito, ʻo ia ka Mixtec mua
moho ma ka moʻolelo o ka mokuʻāina no ke keʻena aupuni o
Na Hope, e holo ana no ka PRD. He alakaʻi ikaika ʻo Pimentel
i nā hōʻikeʻike he nui a me nā huakaʻi no nā hale a me nā limahana
nā kuleana ma Baja a me nā alakaʻi Frente he nui ma ka peninsula nona
nā hoa pili. Ma hope o ke koho balota, ke aupuni mokuʻāina conservative
o ka National Action Party i hooponopono i na mahele o ka PRD
a ʻo ka Frente a me kona kūʻē politika ma Baja Kaleponi
nawaliwali ka hopena.
ʻAʻole manaʻo nui nā alakaʻi Frente e like me Dominguez e pili ana i ka
wahi kālaiʻāina hou ma lalo o Vicente Fox, ʻo ia ka moho
o ka PAN. “Ua loli ka aoao kalaiaina, ka inoa o ke aupuni
ua hoʻololi ʻia, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻōnaehana, "wahi āna
luhi.
"He nani loa ka ʻike o Vicente Fox, manaʻo maikaʻi loa,
a piha i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki, akā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i kekahi mea i hana ʻia. He
ʻaʻole i pale i ke kānāwai pono ʻōiwi. [Kuleana kanaka
loio] Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo Digna Ochoa ma Mexico City. He nui
o ka haʻiʻōlelo, akā ʻaʻohe mea maopopo e like me ka uila, ka wai inu,
a me nā papahana huahua ma ko mākou mau kaiaulu. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka Frente
ua kūpaʻa i kāna papahana e hoʻohui i nā pono o nā limahana, kaiāulu
hoʻonohonoho, a, ma Mekikoka, hana koho. Ma US, kākoʻo ia
no ka pono o na makaainana Mekiko e koho balota ma Mekiko.
"Pono ka Frente e hui pū me nā hui politika
me ka nalowale ʻole o ko mākou ʻike a hilinaʻi i nā poʻe kālai'āina,"
Wahi a Dominguez. "Pono mākou e kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i
ʻaoʻao kālaiʻāina a hoʻokumu i nā kuʻikahi e lanakila i kēia mau kūlana. Mekiko
ʻAʻole ʻae nā kānāwai koho i kahi hui kaiaulu e holo kūʻokoʻa
moho. No laila pono mākou e hana kuʻikahi, ʻaʻole me ka PAN a i ʻole
ka PRI, akā me ka PRD. I loko o ka PRD he nui nā māhele
a me nā pilikia o loko, a pono lākou e hoʻoholo i ko lākou mau paio kūloko.
Akā ʻo ia wale nō kā mākou.
ʻO David Bacon
he mea kākau kūʻokoʻa a mea paʻi kiʻi. ʻO kāna puke ma ka palena palena
ka neʻe ʻana o ka lōkahi, ʻO nā keiki o NAFTA, is
mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Press i ka makahiki 2003.