"Ƙungiyar ma'aikata a yau tana cikin mummunan yanayi, mai yiwuwa mafi muni fiye da kowane lokaci na tarihin aiki," in ji Joe Burns. Don fita daga cikin wannan halin da sake gina haɗin kai a matsayin ƙarfin fada mai tasiri, Burns ya ba da shawarar farfado da "Ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya" inda ake ganin ƙungiyoyin a matsayin abin hawa na kai tsaye, gwagwarmayar jagorancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, wanda bukatunsa ke gaba da gaba ga juna. bukatun ma'aikata. Tun daga Yaƙin Duniya na 2, an ƙirƙira dukkan kundin shari'a na dokokin aiki na danniya da kuma hukunce-hukuncen da ba su dace ba na manyan shari'a don hana ma'aikata yin amfani da dabarun da suka fi dacewa da doka, kamar kauracewa sakandare, sana'o'in wurin aiki, da kuma yajin aikin da ke rufe wuraren aiki. . Burns yana ba da shawarar farfado da waɗannan dabarun gwagwarmaya na aji, don haka dole ne ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago su gano yadda za su bijiro da umarni da keta dokokin rashin adalci. Littafin duka tsari ne da aka rubuta a sarari don sabon jagora da kuma kallon manyan hanyoyin a cikin ƙungiyoyin AFL-CIO.
Burns yayi bayani game da gwagwarmayar ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar bambanta shi da wasu hanyoyi guda biyu - haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci na gargajiya da sabuwar hanyar da Burns ke kira "'yancin ɗan adam." Liberalism na ma'aikata wani nau'i ne na juyin halitta daga tsohuwar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci wanda ya zama rinjaye a cikin tsarin mulki na jami'ai da ma'aikata masu biyan kuɗi a yawancin ƙungiyoyi a yau. SEIU shine mafi kyawun misali na tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi na ma'aikata yayin da tsofaffin nau'in haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci ke da rinjaye a cikin kasuwancin gine-gine. Liberalism na ma'aikata yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar harshen siyasa na "ci gaba" na hagu duk da tsarin da ma'aikata ke jagoranta wanda ya kasa haɓaka jagorancin ma'aikata na gwagwarmaya.
Ayyukan ƙungiyar kasuwanci da akidar sun riga sun haɓaka da kyau a cikin AFL ta zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na 1. Zan bayyana manyan siffofinsa kamar haka:
♣ Yarda da tsarin ribar jari-hujja da kuma daidaitawa zuwa "haɗin gwiwa" tare da ma'aikata
♣ Ko da yake ana zaɓen jami'ai, akwai yuwuwar samun ikon yanke shawara da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar a cikin tsarin mulki.
♣ "Cin Haɗin Kai" na kwangilolin da ba yajin aiki daga jami'an da aka biya
♣ A kunkuntar aikin sashe mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki fada tare da mutum ma'aikata
♣ Rashin kowace hanya kai tsaye ga ma'aikata a masana'antu daban-daban don haɗuwa don haɓaka shirin gama gari na gama gari.
Burns yana mai da hankali kan biyun farko na waɗannan abubuwan.
Ƙungiya ta gwagwarmayar aji, a daya bangaren, yana farawa ne da sanin rashin jituwar sha'awa tsakanin ma'aikata da kuma 'yan jari hujja. Kula da wurin aiki da al'umma ta "aji na biliyan biliyan" ana ganin ba daidai ba ne. Don haka ajin gwagwarmaya unionism
• Ya ƙi tsarin "haɗin gwiwar aiki / gudanarwa".
• Yana mai da hankali kan juriya na yau da kullun ga gudanarwa a cikin shagon kuma yana aiki don gina ƙungiyar cikin kantin
• Yana ganin yarjejeniya da ma'aikata a matsayin sulhu na wucin gadi a cikin gwagwarmayar aji
• Yana ba da shawarar jagorancin ma'aikata na gwagwarmaya
Dangane da bambancin sassaucin ra'ayi na 'yan kwadago na shekarun baya-bayan nan zuwa tsohon nau'in haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci, Burns ya lura da ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi na ma'aikata zuwa siyasar zaɓe. Fuskantar ma'aikata daban-daban a yau, sassaucin ra'ayi na ma'aikata yana ɗaukar matsayi mai zurfi game da tambayoyin zamantakewa, kamar adawa da wariyar launin fata da kare hakkin LGBT.
Ko da yake masu sassaucin ra'ayi na ma'aikata wani lokaci za su bi dabarun adawa don tilasta masu daukar ma'aikata yin shawarwari, suna raina mahimmancin gwagwarmayar ma'aikata. Suna neman iyakance matakin rikice-rikice da masu daukar ma'aikata don guje wa rugujewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin jami'ai da gudanarwa. An haɗu da 'yancin ɗan adam na ma'aikata tare da "yajin aiki" na talla. Misali zai zama tsinkayar "yajin aiki" da na halarta a Walmart tare da masu fafutuka daga kungiyoyi daban-daban yayin da ma'aikatan suka ci gaba da aiki kamar yadda aka saba. An shirya aikin ne ta hanyar mai zaman kanta, tare da aiki tare da ma'aikatan UFCW Local 5. Yanayin da ma'aikata ke jagoranta na wannan aikin ya dace da yanayin saman ƙasa na Local 5. A cikin tattaunawar da nake da wasu ma'aikata a manyan kantunan, I Na gano cewa wuraren aiki na Local 5 ba su da kusan kasancewar bene na kanti ga ƙungiyar.
Ma'aikata masu sassaucin ra'ayi na kokarin neman mafita ga matsalolin ma'aikata a manufofin jama'a (kamar mafi girman mafi karancin albashi) ko aiki daga 'yan siyasa. Liberalism na ma'aikata yana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci a kan ma'aikatan da ke jagorantar gwagwarmaya fiye da tsohuwar ƙungiyar kasuwanci, kuma a fili yana watsi da gwagwarmayar yau da kullum akan iko a wurin aiki. Ƙarƙashin kulawar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ƙungiyoyi na iya zama mafi rashin demokradiyya fiye da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci.
Dabarun Gwagwarmaya Ajin da Dabaru
Farfado da yunkurin ƙwadago, in ji Burns, zai buƙaci komawa ga dabarun tsagerun da ba a gani ba cikin shekaru kuma zai buƙaci keta doka. Yajin aiki mai inganci yana buƙatar rufe wuraren aiki, rufe hanyoyin shigar da bayanai da kuma hana mai aiki kawo masu yajin aiki. Ma'aikatan da ke zaɓe a wajen wurin aiki suna da rauni a kai hari, kamar tashin hankali daga ɓatanci ko masu gadi ko 'yan sanda. Fa'idar mamaye wuraren aiki shine cewa ma'aikata ba sa fuskantar tashin hankali nan da nan. An kuma yi amfani da tara jama'a a baya a matsayin wata hanya ta masu gadin da suka wuce gona da iri ko wasu dakarun da ke da niyyar karya tsinken. Amma masu daukar ma'aikata a zamanin yau suna iya samun umarni cikin sauƙi game da zaɓen jama'a kuma ana kallon mamaye wuraren aiki a matsayin haramun. Wata dabara mai inganci ita ce matsawa kamfanonin yin amfani da samfuran kamfani a yajin aiki - kamar zabar gidan abinci ta hanyar amfani da lilin daga wurin wanki na kasuwanci a yajin aikin. Amma za a yi la'akari da wannan zaɓi a matsayin "yajin aikin sakandare" na haram. Kuma duk da haka idan ƙungiyar muhalli ta ɗauki gidan abincin don nuna adawa da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don kama kifinsu, za a ɗauki wannan a matsayin wani aiki mai kariya a ƙarƙashin Gyaran Farko.
Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suna buƙatar sanannun ilimi game da ra'ayoyin da za su nuna tsarin dokar aiki na zalunci a matsayin rashin adalci. Ilimin gwagwarmayar aji zai kalubalanci halaccin azuzuwan azzalumai da aka sanya a kan ma'aikata, da jaddada hadin kai, da inganta dabaru masu inganci. Ga Burns, haɓakawa shine muhimmin al'amari na dabarun gwagwarmayar aji. A lokutan baya inda aka yi amfani da sojoji masu tayar da kayar baya irin su 'yan sanda wajen kokarin karya yajin aikin, masu fafutukar fada da fadace-fadace sun ta'azzara gwagwarmaya ta hanyar kawo hadin kai da goyon bayan dimbin ma'aikata da aka kawo cikin fadan. Don haka yajin aikin gama gari na al'umma wanda ya kawo nasara a Minneapolis da kuma gwagwarmayar ruwa ta gabar tekun yamma na 1934 duka suna nuna mahimmancin haɓakawa. A yankin Bay al'amura sun fara ne da yajin aikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da na kasa. Amma ma'aikatan jirgin na da nasu korafe-korafe kuma ba da jimawa ba yajin aikin ya yi kamari zuwa yakin da ake yi na masana'antar ruwa. A San Francisco direbobin manyan motocin da ke jigilar kayayyaki daga tashar jiragen ruwa sun bukaci kungiyar ta Teamsters ta shiga yajin aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya bazu, ya zama ba kawai yajin aikin gama gari a San Francisco ba, amma yajin aikin yanki wanda ya rufe Alameda, Oakland da Berkeley ma.
Tsarin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya na ƙungiyar yana buƙatar gabaɗayan dabarun da suka haɗa da tsare-tsare don tsara masana'antu dabarun (kamar masana'antu da sufuri), yadda za a yada haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata a kan iyakokin duniya, ƙalubalen ƙalubalen sarrafa tsarin jari-hujja na tsarin samarwa da wurin aiki, da "ingantacciyar hanya. yajin aikin don durkusar da jarin sa." Burns ya soki tsarin tsara wuraren aiki da ke mai da hankali kan kananan kantuna domin hakan bai magance matsalar rashin karfin iko a bangaren ma'aikata ba da kuma bukatar kalubalantar jiga-jigan 'yan jari hujja. Tattaunawar dabarun gwagwarmayar aji da dabaru shine mafi karfi na littafin.
Hoton da Burns ya zana na dabarun ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar aji ya dace sosai da al'adar ƙwadago. Bambanci tare da syndicalism ya zo kan gaba lokacin da muka isa ga matsalar tsarin, kamar yadda za mu iya kira shi - rinjayen ƙungiyoyi na AFL-CIO-nau'i ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na jami'ai da ma'aikata.
Matsalolin Ma'auni
Burns ya rubuta cewa: "Masu gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar aji, sun dade suna imani" cewa manyan jami'ai da ma'aikatan da ake biya "suna da bukatu daban-daban fiye da na membobin." Burns ya yi imanin cewa wannan biyan kuɗi na tsarin mulki "ba shine kawai dalilin raunin aiki ba, amma babban cikas ne ga sabunta ƙungiyar." Jami'an da ake biya suna son su sami damar yin mu'amala da ma'aikata, kuma sau da yawa yana da sauƙin yin hakan idan an rage bukatun. Ba dole ba ne jami'ai su fuskanci mummunan horo da zalunci na wuraren aikin jari-hujja.
Sai dai rashin son na'urorin da aka biya na mara baya ga karuwar ta'addancin ya dogara ne kan fargabar barazanar hare-haren da jihohi ke kaiwa kungiyar ko kuma tara tara. Duk da haka, Burns ya yi imanin cewa sabuntawar ƙungiyar yana buƙatar farfado da dabarun gwagwarmayar aji da ingantattun ayyukan yajin aiki. A ƙarƙashin halin yanzu ma'aikatan keji na shari'a suna kama a cikin, dabaru kamar ɗimbin jama'a, kauracewa sakandare, ayyukan wurin aiki, ko ayyukan da suka karya kwangilar "ba yajin aiki" za su fuskanci hukunci da tara. Manyan tara suna haifar da babbar barazana ga kadarorin kungiyar. Burns ya yi ƙaulin ɗan Burtaniya masanin zamantakewar ƙwadago Richard Hyman: “Waɗanda ke kan muƙaman hukuma a cikin ƙungiyoyi suna da alhakin kai tsaye na tsaro da rayuwar ƙungiyarsu, rawar da ke ƙarfafa hanyar taka tsantsan ga manufofin. Musamman ma wannan na iya haifar da juriya ga manufa ko nau'ikan ayyuka waɗanda ba su dace da ma'aikata ko gwamnati ba. ”…
"Ga ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa," Burns ya rubuta, "tambayar tsageru tambaya ce ta kare kadarorin ƙungiyar." Ƙungiyoyin masu kishin addini na farkon ƙarni na 20 sun yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan wannan matsala ta hanyoyi da dama. Burns ya ambato Ralph Darlington a kan wani bangare na tsarin ɗabi'a: "Masu addinin kirista a ko'ina sun ƙi gina manyan kuɗaɗen yajin aiki ko kuma samar da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya da mutuwa ga membobin da danginsu… don guje wa tara babban baitulmali a hannun ƙungiyar gama gari bireaucracy wanda zai iya bunkasa bukatunsa nesa da membobi kuma… na adawa da yajin aiki." A Yaƙin Duniya na 1 ƴan ɗarikar ɗaiɗai sun ɓullo da yarjejeniya don amincewa da ra'ayin ƙungiyoyin da ba na'urar da aka biya ta mamaye su ba. Tunanin wani nau'i ne na haɗin kai wanda ya sarrafa kansa, ko "mulkin matsayi da fayil." An yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban don guje wa karkatar da mulki a hannun jami'in zartarwa da aka biya, kamar iyakokin wa'adi, sakatarorin kungiyar da ba a biya ba, rawar da za ta taka ga majalissar ma'aikata da majalissar wakilan shaguna da ba a biya ba.
Burns ya ce akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don magance matsalar tsarin. Ko da yake ya lura cewa ƙungiyoyin da ba su da kadarori na iya zama mafi kyau wajen tura dabarun tsagerun da suka keta tsarin dokar aiki na yanzu, wani aikin gina sabbin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin da ke sarrafa kansu ban da ƙungiyoyin AFL-CIO da aka gaji Burns ya kori a matsayin “purist. ” Burns yana barin matsalar tsarin azaman tambaya buɗe.
Burns yana maimaita saban gardamar bambaro game da syndicalism. Hujjar ta kasance kamar haka: Ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya zama tushen sauye-sauyen juyin juya hali na al'umma ba ta hanyar "yajin aikin gama-gari," inda ma'aikata suka karbi mulkin dimokiradiyya na masana'antu da kuma zamantakewar tattalin arziki daga ƙasa. Me yasa? Domin "mafi yawan 'yan ƙungiyar ba sa fara riƙe waɗannan ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali," in ji Burns. To amma tunanin da ake yi na ganin cewa, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai cin gashin kanta, irin na masu fafutukar ganin an kafa ta, dole ne ma'aikata su kasance masu tsari bisa yarjejeniya da akidar juyin juya hali, ba wai a kan fadace-fadacen fada da 'yan jari hujja ba.
Wannan yana ba da damar aiwatar da canje-canje a cikin hankali, ƙarfin ƙungiya, da buri na tsawon lokaci yayin da ma'aikata ke gina ƙungiyoyin da suke sarrafawa, da gina ma'anar iko ta hanyar samun nasarar da suka samu. Kamar yadda masanin ra'ayin addini Emile Pouget ya ce, ƙungiyar "makarantar son rai ce." Pouget yana magana ne game da tushen tushe, nau'in haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka haɗin gwiwa kyauta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu aiki da haɓaka ma'anar yuwuwar aji kamar ƙarfin ƙungiyoyi da haɗin kai na aji. Bayan haka, ta yaya ma'aikata ke zama masu neman sauyi? Ta yaya yake haɓaka ƙarfin gaske don kawar da 'yan jari hujja? Idan wannan tsari yana buƙatar halartar jama'a, ingantattun dabarun yajin aiki, haɓaka haɗin kai da haɓaka ƙarfin aji, shin ƙungiyoyin da ma'aikata ke sarrafa ba zai zama hanya mafi kyau don haɓaka wannan ba?
Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Sipaniya CNT ta nuna yiwuwar haɗin kai a matsayin ƙarfin juyin juya hali. Ƙungiyoyin CNT sun gudanar da wani babban yajin aikin gama gari a yankin arewa maso gabas masu arzikin masana'antu na Spain a cikin 1936-37 - sun kwashe kashi 80 na tattalin arzikin Catalonia da kashi 70 a Valencia. An sake tsara dukkan masana'antu a cikin haɗin kai, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu masu sarrafa ma'aikata - kula da lafiya, nishaɗi, wutar lantarki, layin dogo, masana'antar kayan daki, kiwo, da sauransu. Wannan guguwar kwacen ma'aikata ba "kwatsam ba ce." Shekaru da yawa ma'aikata a cikin ƙungiyoyin CNT sun tattauna tare da yin muhawara kan matakan da za a ɗauka a cikin yanayin juyin juya hali. An ƙirƙiro yarjejeniya don amincewa da ɗaukar wuraren aiki kai tsaye da ƙirƙirar sarrafa kan ma'aikata na dimokuradiyya, dangane da majalissar wuraren aiki da zaɓen wakilai zuwa majalissar gudanarwa.
'Yan tsirarun 'yan bindiga
Ta yaya za a iya sake gina haɗin kai na gwagwarmayar aji? Kamar yadda Burns ya nuna, yawan yajin aikin da gina sababbin ƙungiyoyi a cikin 1930s ya fito ne daga shekarun tashin hankali da shirya wanda ya gabace shi. "A cikin shekarun da suka gabata har zuwa 1930s, kungiyoyi irin su IWW… da sauransu sun tura shirin gwagwarmayar aiki, haɗin gwiwar masana'antu," haɗin kai tsakanin rarrabuwar kabilanci, da kuma yajin aiki mai tasiri. "Sun gabatar da hangen nesa na yadda za a yi amfani da jari a babban sikelin." Burns yana nuna cewa rashin hangen nesa kamar wannan a cikin da'irar ma'aikata wani bangare ne saboda raunin anti-capitalist hagu.
Burns ya ce yuwuwar sabuntawa ta ta'allaka ne a cikin haɓaka rukunin ma'aikata masu ƙwazo waɗanda galibi ke son canji - tsirarun tsageru. Ma'abota son zuciya ne suka kirkiro kalmar "'yan tsiraru" a farkon shekarun 1900. An shirya ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ma'aikata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don turawa don sarrafa matsayi-da-fayil da tsarin gwagwarmayar aji a cikin ƙungiyoyi a Faransa, Spain, Mexico, da Italiya a wancan lokacin. A nan ya yi ƙaulin Charlie Post: "Ba tare da ɗimbin ma'aikata masu hangen nesa da dabarun yadda za su tsara, yaƙi da nasara ba, jami'an ƙwadago sun sami 'yanci don bin hanyarsu ta kusa-kusa."
Burns yayi bitar muhawarar tsakanin William Z Foster da masu fafutukar ganin an kafa sabuwar kungiya. Tsakanin 1909 zuwa 1921, ma'aikata miliyan a Amurka sun kafa sababbin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu masu zaman kansu daga AFL. David Saposs yayi daruruwan tambayoyi da mambobi da jami'an wadannan kungiyoyi a 1918-1919. Kamar yadda ya bayar da rahoto a cikin Ƙungiyar Hagu, membobin da mayaƙan sun kasance gaba ɗaya cikin yarjejeniya da "Ƙungiyar masana'antu na juyin juya hali" na IWW. Foster ya ƙi wannan sabon haɗin kai. Ya sami damar samun 'yan gurguzu su goyi bayan dabarunsa na "gudu daga cikin" ƙungiyoyin AFL - ta hanyar "ƙungiyoyi" masu daraja da fayil waɗanda aka kafa ta Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago. Amma TUEL ya gaza kuma a shekara ta 1928 Foster ya rasa goyon bayan dabarunsa a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. A cikin 1933-34 wani babban guguwar sabon haɗin kai ya bayyana a cikin Amurka tare da ma'aikata 250,000 da suka kafa sababbin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu a wajen AFL.
Shin ƙungiyoyi masu daraja-da-fayal za su iya canza ƙungiyoyin nau'in AFL-CIO da aka gada zuwa ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya? Burns ya ambaci Steve Early a kan ƙungiyoyin matsayi-da-fayil na '70s: "Mafi nasara ƙungiyoyin matsayi-da-fayil na tsawon shekarun 1970… rana ta yi yaƙi da maigidan, yayin da kuma ƙoƙarin samun iko kan tsarin ƙungiyar don haka na ƙarshe zai iya sauƙaƙe maimakon hana gwagwarmayar matsayi da fayil." Burns ya ambaci Teamsters don Ƙungiyar Demokradiyya a matsayin misali. Railroad Workers United zai zama wani misali.
A wani lokaci Burns ya ce: "Ko da yake gyaran gyare-gyaren ƙungiyoyi yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi, amma a zahiri hanya ce ta ra'ayin mazan jiya domin a zahiri tana cewa matsalar miyagu shugabanni ne kawai…. Zaɓen sabbin shugabanni ba ya warware batutuwan tsarin raba tsakanin ma'aikatan ƙungiyar ko jami'ai. wanda kasancewarsa na yau da kullun ya bambanta da ma'aikatan sahun gaba [da] matsananciyar matsin lamba don yin sulhu a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙwadago…” Akwai misalan mutane marasa adadi na waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayin masu gyara ƙungiyar waɗanda suka ƙare cikin lokaci suna zama kamar tsoffin shugabannin da suka maye gurbinsu.
Burns ya ce, "Daya daga cikin ingantattun abubuwan gina sabbin kungiyoyi shi ne cewa wasu kungiyoyin ana sarrafa su sosai kuma suna bin tsarin mulki yana da wuya a ga yadda za su iya canzawa." Tare da kashi shida cikin dari na ma'aikata a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙungiyoyi, akwai yalwar iyaka ga sababbin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata. Kuma nasarar da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Amazon ta samu a birnin New York na kwanan nan ya kwatanta yuwuwar gina sabbin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a manyan ma'aikata masu dabaru. Ga masu ra'ayin gurguzu masu sassaucin ra'ayi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, muna kuma son ganin karuwar ilimi da ke kai hari ga haramtacciyar mulkin jari hujja, da farfado da dabarun gwagwarmaya. Manufarmu ita ce bullar ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai masu fafutuka a kan babban sikeli.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi