A cikin sabon littafinsa Hasashen Real UtopiasErik Olin Wright ya ba da shawarar cewa shawarwari don abin da ya kira "'yan gurguzu na adalci na dimokuradiyya" - da kuma dabarun sauye-sauye zuwa irin wannan al'umma - ya kamata a yi la'akari da "kimiyya" - wato, bisa ga shaida da mafi kyawun fahimtar al'umma - da littafinsa. yunkurin yin hakan.
A cikin abin da ke biyo baya zan kalli tattaunawar Wright kawai game da dabarun sauye-sauye zuwa dimokiradiyya, gurguzu mai daidaito.
Wright ya raba dabarun mika mulki zuwa iri uku, wadanda ya kira ruptural, interstitial, Da kuma mai rikitarwa.
Canjin ruptural
A cikin magana game da sauye-sauyen "ruptural", Wright yana tuna da al'adun gargajiya na juyin juya hali, na ainihin hutu tare da cibiyoyin jari-hujja. Ga mafi yawan Marxists a tarihi da kuma na anarcho-syndicalists, an yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin abin da ya taso daga gwagwarmayar aji.
Amma Wright gaba daya ya yi watsi da ra'ayin syndicalist na sauyi na ruptural, wanda ke kallon abubuwan da suka faru kamar yajin aikin gama-gari da kuma mamaye wuraren aiki da yawa. Wannan babban rami ne a tattaunawar Wright.
Lokacin tunani ruptural Dabarun, Wright da alama yana cikin tunanin al'adun Leniyanci na al'ada na juyin juya hali. Misali, ya bayyana karfin ikon mika mulki a matsayin "ajujuwa da aka tsara cikin jam'iyyu." Daga nan sai ya bayyana abin da ya kira "kyakkyawan yanayi" na "ruptural" sauyi ta wannan hanya:
"A ce tsarin dimokuradiyya jam'iyyar gurguzu mai cin gashin kanta ta sami ikon mulkin jihar tare da babban rinjaye na kuri'un kuma tana da isasshen iko don kaddamar da wani gagarumin shirin sauyi na gurguzu." Kuma ya yi la'akari da cewa wannan "canji" na iya zama ko dai ya fi son mafita na zamantakewar kasuwa bisa tunani kamar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da tabbatar da dimokuradiyya na ƙananan hukumomi, ko kuma yana iya zama "tsarin dimokuradiyya na tsarin gurguzu na statist na mallakar jihohi da kuma kula da mafi mahimmanci. kungiyoyin tattalin arziki."
Shakkun Wright game da "tashe-tashen hankula" ga gwamnati a wannan zamani yana da tabbacin, aƙalla a cikin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja masu ci gaba. Kuma ba wai kawai saboda dimbin karfin ikon jihar ba. A cikin kasashen da sojojin gurguzu suka kaddamar da juyin juya halin gurguzu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin kama-karya ta bulla a duk lokuta inda suka "nasara" kuma suka zama kayan aiki na masu mulki.
Amma Wright baya tunanin wata hanyar da ta wuce majalisa. Yana tunani game da jam'iyyar gurguzu mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran himma ga samar da wani tsari mai sauri da cikakken tsari na canji. Yana ganin da wuya irin wannan jam’iyya za ta iya dorewar nasarori a zabuka har tsawon lokacin da za ta iya aiwatar da hakan, idan aka yi la’akari da yiwuwar rikici da adawa da irin wannan shirin.
Musamman, Wright ya jaddada yuwuwar farashin zamantakewar rikice-rikice da gwagwarmaya a cikin irin wannan lokacin, da kuma yadda hakan zai iya tsoratar da tallafin "tsakiyar aji".
Akwai, kamar yadda nake gani, wata matsala ga tafarkin jam'iyyar gurguzu wanda Wright bai yi la'akari da shi ba… yadda kasancewa jam'iyya mai nasara ke lalata sadaukar da kai ga ƙarfafa masu aiki. Manufar irin wannan jam’iyya ita ce aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta ta hanyar manyan hukumomin jihar. Ita ma jam'iyyar zaɓe ta kan mayar da hankali ga ɗaiɗaikun shugabannin da aka gabatar don zaɓe. Duk waɗannan bangarorin biyu na gurguzu na jam'iyya sun fi son mayar da ikon yanke shawara da ƙwarewa a hannun wasu kaɗan. Wannan shi kansa ginshikin karfin aji na ajin ofis ko kodineta. 'Yantar da ma'aikata na bukatar a wargaza wannan taro na iko da gwaninta, ta hanyar dimokaradiyyar fasaha da kwarewa, da kuma fadada rawar kai tsaye, nau'ikan dimokuradiyya.
Don haka kuskuren cikin tunanin Wright na hanyar "ruptured" shine cewa yana tunani ne kawai a tsarin jam'iyya. Gaskiya ne cewa jam'iyya ta kasance babbar sifa ta Marxism. Amma akwai kuma madadin ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ba 'yan jam'iyya ba da suka samo asali a cikin ma'aikata. Syndicalism shi ne babban misali na tarihi na ƙarin hanyar majalisa zuwa gurguzanci wanda yayi ƙoƙarin tushen hakan a cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na demokraɗiyya kai tsaye… a matsayin madadin matsayi da tsarin mulki wanda da alama ya zama sakamakon da ba makawa na dabarun jam'iyya. Dabarun syndicalist yana da mahimmanci musamman idan kuna tunanin cewa gudanarwar ma'aikata kai tsaye na wuraren aiki da masana'antu na da mahimmanci ga 'yantar da ma'aikata daga manyan mukamai da cin zarafi.
Ko da yake Wright ya ki amincewa da tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da cibiyoyin 'yan jari-hujja - aƙalla a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba na jari-hujja - bai yi watsi da ra'ayin rushewa ba:
"Rashin ɓarna, ɓarna na hukumomi, da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga a cikin takamaiman fannoni, na iya yiwuwa, musamman a cikin lokutan rikicin tattalin arziki mai tsanani. Sama da duk tunanin gwagwarmaya a cikin hangen nesa na ruptural - gwagwarmaya a matsayin kalubale da adawa, nasara da cin nasara, maimakon haɗin gwiwa kawai. warware matsalolin - ya kasance yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen aikin ƙarfafa zamantakewa."
Canjin tsaka-tsaki
Dabarar “tsaka-tsaki” tana nufin gina tsarin gurguzu “a cikin tsatsauran ra’ayi” na jari hujja ta hanyar inganta wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar ma’aikata da kungiyoyin hadin gwiwar gidaje. Wright yana tunanin wannan dabarar a matsayin ta wuce gona da iri. Misalai na madadin cibiyoyi da Wright ya ambata sune matsugunan mata da aka yi wa dukan tsiya, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, amintattun filayen al'umma, ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen al'umma, da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na gaskiya.
Wani muhimmin jigo a cikin asalin wannan dabarun shine Proudhon.
Wright ya ce wannan shine "dabarun anarchist" amma Wright yayi kuskure game da wannan. Anan ina buƙatar banbance Proudhon da sauran ƴan adawa na ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗabi'a daga nau'ikan anarchism masu ra'ayin gwagwarmaya na aji, kamar anarchosyndicalism. An fi fahimtar Proudhon a matsayin farkon mai ba da shawara ga zamantakewar kasuwa. Amma yawancin masu adawa da zamantakewar al'umma sun ki yarda da zamantakewar kasuwa.
Yawancin masu fafutuka na zamantakewa suna tallafawa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata da sauran nau'ikan cibiyoyin madadin a cikin al'ummar yanzu. Amma mafi yawan masu ra'ayin zamantakewar al'umma suna tunanin 'yanci, gurguzu mai sarrafa kansa kamar yadda ya taso daga gwagwarmayar jama'a, tare da fuskantar masu rinjaye da jihohi, ba ta hanyar gina wasu cibiyoyi ba.
Proudhon ba wakilci na zamani zamantakewa anarchism, wanda kawai ya taru a farko International Working Men's Association ("na farko International") a cikin 1860-70s, kuma ya hada da Figures kamar Michael Bakunin da Anselmo Lorenzo. A karon farko na kasa da kasa 'yan gurguzu masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun shiga tare da 'yan Marxists don adawa da shawarwari daban-daban na mabiya Proudhon.
Masu fafutuka na zamantakewa suna tallafawa madadin cibiyoyi saboda ƙimar su na amfani ga ƙungiyoyi a halin yanzu kuma saboda suna kwatanta aikin sarrafa kai a matsayin mafita ga al'umma. Amma yawancin masu adawa da zamantakewar al'umma ba su yarda cewa za a iya shawo kan karfin 'yan jari-hujja da kuma cibiyoyin tsarin da ake da su ba kawai ta hanyar gina wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban a cikin baraguzan tsarin da ake da su.
Wright ya ba da shawarar cewa fa'idar dabarar "tsakanin tsaka-tsaki" ita ce za ta iya samar da cibiyoyi masu yawa ban da tunanin amfani da jari-hujja da mallake da za su iya dorewar mutane da al'umma ta hanyar mawuyacin yanayi na tattalin arziki da rikice-rikice a cikin lokacin mika mulki. Ya yi la'akari da iyakokin wannan dabarar a matsayin rashin son shigar da jihar, wanda ke tsaye a matsayin babbar cibiyar da ba za a iya canza ko cire ta hanyar dabarun tsaka-tsakin ba. Wannan shine babban ƙin yarda da Wright ga dabarun tsaka-tsaki.
Ina tsammanin yana da wuya cewa madadin cibiyoyin kamar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na iya zama babba don samar da irin babban tallafin zamantakewa don guje wa ɓarnar da Wright ke tsoro a cikin lokacin sauye-sauye zuwa gurguzu.
Anan kuma iyakacin tattaunawar Wright shine cewa ya yi watsi da dabarun syndicalist gaba daya. Ya ambaci IWW a matsayin amincewa da ra'ayin "gina sabuwar al'umma a cikin harsashi na tsohuwar" amma ya yi watsi da yadda IWW ta fassara hakan. IWW ba ta yi tunanin sauyi zuwa zamantakewar zamantakewar ma'aikata ba dangane da ginin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata. A ciki Yajin aikin gama-gari don 'Yancin Masana'antu - babban bayanin IWW na tunaninsu na canji - Ralph Chaplin ya zana yanayin "yajin aikin gama-gari na juyin juya hali" - ma'aikata a wurare daban-daban suna ci gaba da samarwa a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, suna korar gudanarwa daga mulki.
Wannan kuma ya dan magance matsalar jihar saboda dabarun da suka shafi 'yan ta'adda sun yi hasashen wani tsari na bata-gari na ma'aikatan gwamnati, ba kawai a masana'antu masu zaman kansu ba. Don haka Wright ba daidai ba ne lokacin da ya ce anarchists kawai suna tunanin aiki "a wajen jihar." Ma'aikatan gwamnati ba "a wajen jihar."
Haka kuma, idan tambaya ce ta yadda za a ci gaba da tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kasa da biyan bukatun mutane a cikin mawuyacin lokaci na rikici da mika mulki, to ni a ganina dabarun kwace mulki ya fi dacewa da dabarun gina coops da sauran cibiyoyi daban-daban... saboda Wannan madadin sashin ba shi yiwuwa ya zama babba don taka rawar da Wright ke da shi a zuciya.
A cikin fadin wannan, ni ba yana mai cewa bai kamata mu kuma gina wasu cibiyoyin ba. Maimakon haka, ina ba da shawarar cewa akwai iyaka ga sauyi a cikin al'umma da za a iya cimma ta haka. Kuma ba wai don karfin mulki ba ne kawai. Ƙarfin jari na haɓaka ta hanyar cin zarafi da kuma mamaye masana'antu da yawa na 'yan jari hujja yana nufin cewa madadin ɓangaren za a yi watsi da shi.
Wright yayi jayayya cewa jihar ba wai kawai tana aiki don karewa da ci gaba da tsarin cin zarafi da mallakewa ba amma cibiya ce mai rikitarwa da dalilai iri-iri. Na yarda da shi akan wannan batu.
Ina ganin ita kanta jihar cibiya ce da ke da rikici a cikin gida. Ya rabu da babban mashahuran iko da tsarin cikin gida na matsayi da kuma mallake ayyukan da manajoji da ƙwararrun ƙwararru ke ba shi rabuwa da sarrafa yawan jama'a wanda ake buƙata don taka rawar ta na kare muradun azuzuwan masu rinjaye.
Amma kuma dole ne jihar ta sami damar gudanar da mulki, wanzar da zaman lafiya a tsakanin al'umma, da kiyaye rikice-rikicen zamantakewa daga hannunsu, da kuma kiyaye kamannin martani ga zanga-zangar jama'a. Yana buƙatar damuwa game da halaccin tsarin. Don haka jihar ta kasance wurin sasantawa tare da ƙungiyoyin waje da zanga-zangar.
Jihar ta ƙunshi nasarorin da aka samu daga gwagwarmaya da zanga-zangar da aka yi a baya da kuma rangwamen da aka yi a baya ga mafi yawan jama'a…' yancin jama'a, jefa kuri'a na duniya a zabuka, tsarin ka'idoji da iyakance ikon masu zaman kansu, da tsarin fa'ida kamar ayyukan gwamnati daban-daban.
Amma ni a ganina idan aka samu ‘yancin cin gashin kan jama’a, hakan zai kara karfin karfin matsin lamba ga jihar don samun rangwame. Don haka ban ga yadda wannan hujja ce don dabarun zamantakewa-dimokiradiyya na aiki a cikin manyan mukamai na jihohi ba.
Canjin Symbiotic
Yin aiki ta cikin jihar a cikin salon jam'iyyun dimokuradiyya shine abin da Wright ya kira a mai rikitarwa dabarun. Wannan shine ra'ayin yin amfani da jihar don ƙara canza al'umma a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa.
Wright yana sane da cewa waɗannan jam'iyyun galibi suna aiwatar da gyare-gyare wanda galibi yakan kawo taimakon jari-hujja ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ribar da kungiyar kwadago ta samu, manufofin tattalin arziki na Keynesian, da albashin jama'a duk sun kasance suna ci gaba da ciyar da masu amfani da kudi misali, don haka kara kasuwannin da kamfanonin jari-hujja ke bukatar samun riba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya kira wannan dabarar "symbiotic." Haka kuma, jam'iyyun zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya masu mulki suma suna nuna halin da ake ciki na tsawon lokaci don gano bukatun masu rinjaye a ƙasashensu…
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun dabarun zamantakewa-demokraɗiyya na tsara babban jari da gina ayyukan jiha shine barin ikon jari-hujja. Wannan ikon ba makawa za a yi amfani da shi don tunkarar hare-hare da kuma dawo da riba da zarar ma'auni na iko ya canza. Shekaru talatin da suka gabata na dabi'un ''neo-liberal'' a duk kasashen da suka ci gaba na jari hujja shaida ce kan hakan.
Bugu da ƙari, ban yarda da cewa wannan dabara ce ta "ƙarfafa zaman jama'a," kamar yadda Wright wani lokaci yakan kira shi. Saboda tsarin tsarin mulki na jihar da rashin samun ingantaccen ikon jama’a a kai, da wuya a ga yadda hakan zai zama wata hanya ta “karfafawa” ga wadanda aka zalunta da kuma amfani da su.
Don ɗaukar misali ɗaya kawai, Wright ya ambaci tsarin shigar da kasafin kuɗi a wasu biranen Brazil a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata, kamar gwamnatin birni a Porto Alegre. An ba da wannan a matsayin misali na abin da za a iya samu ta hanyar dabarun "symbiotic".
Ƙungiyoyin anarchist na zamantakewa a cikin waɗannan garuruwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban ... suna ganin shi ya fi kama da gaskiya. A shekara ta 2003, na yi hira da Eduardo, memba na sakatariyar Federacao Anarquista Gaucha a Porto Alegre. FAG wani rukuni ne na kusan 60 masu fafutuka na zamantakewar al'umma da ke da hannu wajen mamaye filaye na birane, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa da sauran gungun jama'a suna shiryawa. Eduardo ya gaya mani cewa magajin gari da manyan jami'an birnin za su iya zaɓar daga cikin shawarwarin da za su tace daga majalisun unguwanni a Porto Alegre. Don haka babu tabbacin cewa ainihin rabon kuɗaɗen za a tsara shi ta hanyar abubuwan da aka yanke shawarar a tushe. Kuma wannan tsari ya shafi kashi 11 ne kawai na kasafin kudin birnin.
Halin tarihi na jam'iyyun zamantakewa-demokraɗiyya ba ze goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa wannan wata dabara ce ta rikon kwarya mai ma'ana don ƙarfafa aji na aiki. Jam'iyyun zamantakewa-demokiradiyya na Turai sun yi watsi da dabi'un gurguzu da manufofin su don goyon bayan nau'i na sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya yarda da jari-hujja a matsayin wani yanki na dindindin na yanayin zamantakewa. Mayar da hankali kan gina injin jam’iyya da cin zaɓe babu makawa yana ƙara ƙarfafa shugabannin jam’iyya da ƴan siyasa. Yana son ƙarfafa abubuwan "tsakiyar aji" a cikin waɗannan jam'iyyun. Kuma 'yan siyasa sun fi son tsarin kula da jihohi da shirye-shiryen kididdiga saboda yana jaddada rawar da suke takawa.
Jam'i na wucin gadi
Wright yana ba da shawarar abin da ya kira "hanyar jam'iyyar rikon kwarya", wato yin amfani da dukkan dabarun rikon kwarya guda uku da ya ayyana - yin aiki ta hanyar siyasar zabe da jiha, gina wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban a cikin baragurbin tsarin, da kuma gwagwarmaya ta hanyar gungun jama'a wadanda suka yi amfani da su. na iya yin nasara - ɓarna ɓangarori - a cikin lokutan da suka dace.
Tare da rugujewar gurguzu da raguwar goyon baya ga Leninism, zamantakewar gurguzu ta kasuwa ta zama shirin da aka fi so a tsakanin masu ra'ayin gurguzu da yawa - irin tsarin da ba a so a tsakanin jam'iyyar Left social-democracy. Ana iya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da yawa a cikin tsarin kasuwar da ake da su. Don haka cakuɗa siyasar jam’iyyun zaɓe da gina wasu cibiyoyin na da ma’ana ta mahangar gurguzu ta kasuwa.
Babban zargi na a nan shine ina ganin Wright ba ya da cikakkiyar godiya ga mahimmancin 'yancin kai na ƙungiyoyin jama'a, daga ƙasa, dangane da jam'iyyun siyasa, ofisoshin ƙungiyoyin 'yan mazan jiya, da jiha. A haƙiƙa, tattaunawar Wright game da dabarun “symbiotic” ya bayyana a sarari cewa yana sane da iyakokin wannan hanya. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa na ga ya haɗa da shi a cikin tunaninsa na "jam'i na wucin gadi."
Wataƙila akwai wata hanyar kallon wannan. Bari mu ɗauka cewa akwai wani lokaci na ƙara yawan gwagwarmaya da ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa, ƙalubalen "kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba" a karkashin tsarin jari-hujja na kamfanoni, da yada tsattsauran ra'ayi. A irin wannan lokaci ina ganin akwai yiyuwar mutane masu neman mukaman gwamnati za su bullo da su wadanda ke kokarin yin magana da wadannan matsalolin da kuma neman tallafi daga wadannan bangarori na al'umma. Ta haka za a iya samun nau'ikan ƙalubalen siyasa na Hagu a fagen zaɓe. Duk da cewa ba na bayar da shawarar dabarun zabe da kawo sauyi ta hanyar jihar ba, ina ganin mai yiyuwa ne za a iya samun irin wannan hali ko da kuwa an ba da fifiko sosai kan 'yancin kai a kungiyoyin ma'aikata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ba a danganta su da siyasar zabe ba. .
A irin wannan yanayi ina ganin za a iya samun tashe-tashen hankula da tashe-tashen hankula da kuma tattaunawa da tattaunawa tsakanin bangarorin da suka fi son jiha da masu zaman kansu na kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin Hagu. Mun ga misalin wannan a yau a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (MST) da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata a Brazil. MST ta ci gaba da cin gashin kanta na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata. Yana da nasa ajanda, wanda aka haɓaka daga ƙasa. Ya kasance yana sukar tsarin mulkin Ma'aikata a wasu lokuta, amma kuma yana shiga tattaunawa da tattaunawa da gwamnatin Ma'aikata.
Juyin juya hali a Spain a cikin '30s ya kasance da karfi da karfi da tasiri a kan yare tashin hankali tsakanin m anarchosyndicalist aiki motsi da kuma Marxist jam'iyyun da kuma kungiyarsu.
Matsalar juyin juya halin "Bolivarian" a Venezuela ita ce har yanzu ba a sami manyan kungiyoyi masu isasshen 'yancin kai na Chavez da sauran jami'an gwamnati da jam'iyyar siyasa ta Chavista ba.
Yayin da ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu zaman kansu ke da ƙarfi, mafi girman matsin lamba a kan Hagu na zaɓe. Wannan tashin hankali na yare tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu zaman kansu da jam'iyyar siyasa ko Hagu na gwamnati yana haifar da dama da haɗari. Haɗarin shine haɗin kai…asarar 'yancin kai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wannan yana rage musu iya zama hanyar turawa a zahiri ƙarfafawa ga mafi rinjaye da aka zalunta da cin moriyarsu. Masu fafutukar kare zaben na Hagu na iya yin gardama cewa ikon gwamnati ta hannun hagu na hagu yana ba da dama ga babban hakki da kariya daga tashe-tashen hankula na jihohi. A gefe guda kuma, ikon gwamnatocin hagu bai hana yunƙurin kwace sojoji ba a lokuta da yawa - Spain a cikin 1936, Chile a 1973, don suna biyu.
Saboda tsarin jam'i mai mahimmanci ba makawa ne zuwa mataki daya ko wani, wannan ya sa ba zai yiwu ba a yi amfani da yunkurin dimokuradiyya don karfafa zaman jama'a a kowace mahangar kungiyar siyasa ta Hagu.
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