Umthombo: Iqiniso
Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuya ngesivinini, kusondeza umhlaba ngasemaphethelweni ewa. Amagagasi okushisa, izikhukhula nokufa kuyizindaba ezinkulu, futhi njengoba Ngaphandle ine kubika, โamazinga okushisa angeqophe umlando kuleli hlobo abangelwa inhlekelele yesimo sezulu, kuze kube muva nje, ngisho nezazi zezulu ezingenathemba kakhulu ezazicabanga ukuthi kwakusengamashumi amabili noma amathathu edlule.โ Kodwa-ke, njengoba uNoam Chomsky esho engxoxweni engezansi, abezindaba bebhizinisi bazinikele cishe ukufakwa okuningi ngosuku olulodwa kumfana wezinkomo wasemkhathini kunokuba kwenza unyaka wonke ka-2020 enkingeni enkulu kakhulu ebhekene nesintu.
Ingabe umhlaba ulahlekelwa yimpi yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu? Kungani kusekhona ukuphika kwenkinga yesimo sezulu kanye nokungenzi lutho? Okukhethwa kukho kusobala: Sidinga isinyathelo somhlaba wonke ukuze silawule ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke noma ukubhekana nemiphumela engemihle, kusho uChomsky, ungqondongqondo owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke onguSolwazi Ohlonishwayo Wezilimi e-University of Arizona kanye ne-Institute Professor Emeritus eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , futhi ungumbhali wezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-150 ngezihloko ezinjengezilimi, izindaba zamazwe ngamazwe, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US, umnotho wezepolitiki kanye nemithombo yezindaba.
CJ Polychroniou: Amaqiniso ezimo zesimo sezulu ayanqwabelana cishe nsuku zonke - amagagasi okushisa amakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-US naseCanada, amazinga okushisa akhuphuka ngisho nangaphezu kuka-49 degrees Celsius (ngaphezu kuka-120 degrees Fahrenheit); izikhukhula ezibulalayo entshonalanga yeYurophu, nokufa kwabantu abacishe babe ngama-200 futhi amakhulu kusale kungaziwa ukuthi akuphi kulesi sikhukhula; futhi iMoscow yabhekana nayo uJuni wesibili oshisa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu siyamangaza ngisho nososayensi besimo sezulu, futhi manje bayazibuza ngokunemba kwezibonelo zokubikezela. Ithini imibono yakho ngalezi zindaba? Kubonakala sengathi umhlaba ulahlekelwa yimpi yokulwa nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
U-Noam Chomsky: Cishe uyakhumbula ukuthi eminyakeni emithathu edlule, isazi sefiziksi sase-Oxford uRaymond Pierrehumbert, umbhali ophambili wombiko osanda kukhishwa we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), wabhala ukuthi โsekuyisikhathi sokwethukaโฆ. Sisenkingeni enkulu.โ
Okuye kwafundwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuyasiqinisa leso sixwayiso. Umbiko osalungiswa we-IPCC oputshuziwe Agence France-Presse ngoJuni 2021 kuhlu lwamaphuzu angenakuguqulwa asondele kakhulu, isixwayiso "yemiphumela engathi sรญna, eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka futhi, kwezinye izimo, nemiphumela engenakulungiseka."
NgoNovemba 3 odlule kwaba ukuphunyuka ngokulambisa kulokho okungenzeka kube yinhlekelele engachazeki. Eminye iminyaka emine yomjaho kaTrump oshisekayo eya kwalasha kungenzeka ukuthi isifinyelele kulawo maphuzu. Futhi uma iqembu eliphikayo libuyela emandleni, kungase kuphuze kakhulu ukwethuka. Impela sisenkingeni enkulu.
Okusalungiswa kwe-IPCC okuputshuziwe kwakuvele ngaphambi kwezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ehlobo lika-2021, ezishaqise ososayensi besimo sezulu. Ukushisisa kweplanethi โkuhambisana kakhulu nezibikezelo zesimo sezulu samashumi eminyaka adlule,โ usosayensi wesimo sezulu uMichael Mann waphawula, kodwa โukwanda kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kungaphezu kwalokho okwakubikezelwe.โ Isizathu sibonakala siwumphumela wokushisisa komoya owawungacatshangwa ezifundweni zesimo sezulu: ukunyakaziswa kwe-jet stream, okubangela izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu ezikhungethe ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba emasontweni ambalwa edlule.
Izindaba ezesabekayo zinohlangothi oluhle. Kungase kuvuse abaholi bomhlaba ekuqapheleni izinto ezesabekayo abazenzayo. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukubona okwenzekayo phambi kwamehlo abo kungase kubangele ngisho ne-GOP kanye nayo Fox News i-echo chamber ukuze uzitike ekwazisweni okungokoqobo.
Sizibonile izimpawu zalokho enkingeni ye-COVID. Ngemuva kweminyaka yokucwiliswa emhlabeni wabo โwamanye amaqiniso,โ abanye ababusi baseRiphabhlikhi abebehlekisa ngezinyathelo zokuphepha bayaqaphela, njengoba lolu bhubhane seluhlasela izifundazwe zabo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindlela zokuvikela kanye nokwenqatshwa kokugoma. Njengoba iFlorida ihola izwe lonke ezimeni nasekufeni, uGov. Ron DeSantis weseka indlela (kancane kuphela) ekuhlekweni kwakhe - ukumangalela ukuthengisa ngaphandle esitheni kusukela kosaziwayo beqembu futhi mhlawumbe ebeka engcupheni izifiso zakhe zomongameli. Ukushintsha okungenzeka, nokho, kwephuze kakhulu ukuthonya isisekelo seqembu elithembekile elifakwe uchungechunge lokungahloniphi ulwazi.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukubona amadolobha eminza futhi eshiswa nakho kungase kuthuntubeze i-GOP-Fox ukwethembeka esiqubulweni esithi โUkufa ekuhlakanipheni, ukufa kweViva,โ esibolekwe emibhalweni yomlando yobufascism.
Ukuphika ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ngokwemvelo kunomthelela embonweni womphakathi. Ngokusho kwe izinhlolovo zakamuva, kumaphesenti angama-58 abantu baseRiphabhlikhi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu โakuyona into ekhathazayo ebalulekile.โ Amaphesenti angaphezudlwana kuka-40 ayaphika ukuthi abantu banesandla esiphawulekayo kule nhlekelele ezayo. Futhi amaphesenti angu-44 acabanga ukuthi โososayensi besimo sezulu banethonya elikhulu ezingxoxweni zenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu.โ
Uma kuke kwaba khona umlando walesi sikhathi esibucayi emlandweni - mhlawumbe ngobuhlakani obuthile ngemuva kokuba abantu becekele phansi le planethi - futhi uma kusungulwa iMnyuziyamu Yobubi njengesikhumbuzo sobugebengu, i-GOP-Fox I-dyad izoba negumbi elikhethekile ekuhlonipheni kwabo.
Isibopho sibanzi kakhulu, nokho. Asikho isikhala sokubuyekeza irekhodi elibi, kodwa into eyodwa encane inikeza isithombe esijwayelekile. Inhlangano ebalulekile yokuhlaziya abezindaba ANO kubika ucwaningo ukuqhathanisa ukusakazwa kwe-TV yasekuseni yenhlekelele yesimo sezulu nokwethulwa kwesikhala kukaJeff Bezos: imizuzu engama-267 kuwo wonke u-2020 odabeni olubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, imizuzu engama-212 ngosuku olulodwa lokuzivocavoca kwe-PR ka-Bezos.
Uma sibuyela embuzweni wakho, isintu silahlekelwa yimpi ngokusobala, kodwa kusekude ukuphela. Umhlaba ongcono ungenzeka, siyazi ukuthi singawufinyelela kanjani, futhi abantu abaningi abalungile bamatasatasa emzabalazweni. Umlayezo obalulekile wukwethuka manje, kodwa hhayi ukulahla ithemba.
Enye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu mayelana nenkinga yesimo sezulu ukuthi nakuba yonke isayensi yesimo sezulu eshicilelwe ikhombisa umthelela wokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngokuya ngokungenakulungiseka, ukungabaza kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungenzi lutho kusalokhu kusabalele. Ngokubona kwakho, ingabe ukuphika ubunzima besimo sezulu kubangelwa izici zamasiko nezomnotho kuphela, noma kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona okunye futhi okusebenzayo? Ngokuqondile, ngiyazibuza ukuthi ingabe kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokuhlaselwa kwesayensi yangemva kwesimanje kanye nenjongo kanye nokuphika isayensi yesimo sezulu kanye nokungenzi lutho.
Kwakukhona inhlekelele yokungabaza ekhulwini le-17. Kwakungokoqobo, isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni wobuhlakani. Kuholele ekuqondeni kangcono kakhulu uhlobo lophenyo lwama-empirical. Angiqiniseki ukuthi ukugxeka kwe-postmodern kuye kwaba ngcono kulokhu.
Mayelana nombuzo wakho, ngiyangabaza ukuthi ukugxeka kwesimanje kube nomthelela omkhulu, uma ukhona, ngaphandle kwemibuthano efundile emincane. Imithombo emikhulu yokuphika isayensi yesimo sezulu - empeleni ukwenqatshwa okubanzi kwesayensi - kubonakala kimi kuqamba amanga kwenye indawo, ekujuleni kwesiko.
Ngangingumfundi eminyakeni engu-75 edlule. Uma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwavezwa ekilasini, kwandulelwa yilokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi isixwayiso sokuqala: โAkudingeki ukuba ukukholelwe lokhu, kodwa kufanele wazi lokho abanye abantu abakukholelwayo.โ Lokhu bekusekolishi le-Ivy League.
Namuhla, ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zabantu, izibopho ezingokwenkolo ezigxilile zingqubuzana nemiphumela yophenyo lwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, isayensi kufanele ibe nephutha, ihlelo lezihlakaniphi ezikhululekile emihumeni yasemadolobheni yobubi abangenwa abantu abangewona โamaMelika eqinisoโ (asikho isidingo sokuchaza ukuthi ngobani they babe). Konke lokhu kugqugquzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kokungabi nangqondo ngesikhathi sikaTrump, okuhlanganisa nendlela yakhe yobuchule yokuqamba amanga njalo, kwaqeda umehluko phakathi kweqiniso namanga. Kumbukiso onomqondo ojulile wokubusa, nezimiso ezimbalwa ngale kokuzidumisa kanye nenkonzo edelela enhlalakahleni yabantu abacebile, asikho isiqubulo esingcono kunesi: โNgikholwe, hhayi amehlo akho aqamba amanga.โ
Inhlangano uTrump okungeyakhe manje, okwathi eminyakeni edlule bekuyiqembu lezepolitiki langempela, yayisivele igudluke endleleni enikeza ukwamukela okukhulu kumuntu onjalo. Senzile okuxoxwe ngaye phambilini ukuthi ukudlala ngothando kweRiphabhulikhi okufushane ngeqiniso mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo phakathi nomkhankaso kaMcCain kwaqedwa kanjani ngokushesha umkhankaso wokwesabisa wabazalwane bakwa-Koch. Okokugcina abaholi baseRiphabhlikhi bekhuluma ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kokukhothama kuTrump, kuma-primaries ango-2016, bonke babengabaphikisi besimo sezulu abathembekile, noma okubi nakakhulu.
Ososayensi bangabantu. Abekho ngaphezu kokugxekwa, noma izikhungo zabo. Umuntu angathola iphutha, ukungathembeki, izingxabano zobuntwana, wonke amaphutha omuntu avamile. Kodwa ukugxeka isayensi ngalokho kuwukulahla isifiso somuntu sokuqonda umhlaba esiphila kuwo. Futhi ngempela ukulahla ithemba.
Izingxoxo eziningi mayelana nenkinga yesimo sezulu zizungeza โukulinganaโ kanye โnobulungisa.โ Ukushiya eceleni umbuzo othi "ukulingana kwesimo sezulu ngokumelene nobulungiswa besimo sezulu," ikakhulukazi kumongo weSivumelwano saseParis, kufanele sinikeze ukubaluleka okungakanani kulezi zinkulumo-mpikiswano kumongo womgomo wonke wokuqeda ikhabhoni umnotho womhlaba, okusobala ukuthi ukuphela komnotho wezwe. indlela yokubhekana nenkinga ekhona yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke?
Akufanele kushaywe indiva ukuthi yidlanzana elincane, elicebe kakhulu, iningi labo emazweni acebile, abanomthwalo omkhulu wenkinga yemvelo, esikhathini esidlule namanje. Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokukhathazeka ngokulingana nobulungiswa, ngakho-ke, kuhambisana kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngisho nangezizathu ezinengqondo eziwumngcingo, ukubekela eceleni umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha, izinguquko ezinkulu zenhlalo-mnotho ezidingekayo esikalini esidingekayo sokuqeda ikhabhoni kufanele zifake ukusekelwa okuzibophezele okuthandwa abantu abaningi, futhi lokho ngeke kufezwe ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esikhulu sobulungisa.
U-Robert Pollin ubelokhu ebeka icala le-Global Green New Deal njengendlela kuphela ephumelelayo yokubhekana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, futhi nobabili ningababhali ababambisene bomsebenzi osanda kushicilelwa, Inkinga Yesimo Sezulu kanye Nesivumelwano Esisha Somhlaba Wonke: Umnotho Wezepolitiki Wokusindisa Iplanethi. Ngokungangabazeki, sidinga ukusebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe ekulweni nokuwohloka kwesimo sezulu ngoba, njengoba ukubeke kahle, kungaba โukushabalala noma ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe.โ Umbuzo wami kini ukabili: Okokuqala, niwuqonda kanjani โukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazweโ esikhathini samanje somlando lapho, naphezu kwazo zonke izinqubo zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke eziqhubekayo phakathi neminyaka engama-40 noma engama-50 edlule, umbuso wezwe usalokhu uyizwe. isikhungo esimaphakathi? Futhi, okwesibili, yiziphi izinguquko zesistimu ezidingekayo ukuze kunikezwe "umhlaba wonke" ithuba lokulwa langempela empini yokulwa nemiphumela ye-apocalyptic yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke osekungqongqoza emnyango wesintu?
Ziningi izinhlobo ze-internationalism. Kuyazuzisa ukucabanga ngazo. Baphatha izifundo.
Olunye uhlobo lokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe uhlobo oluthile โlokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonkeโ oluye lwabekwa phakathi neminyaka ye-neoliberal ngochungechunge lwezivumelwano zamalungelo abatshalizimali ezizenza uhwebo lwamahhala. Kwakha uhlobo lwempi yezigaba.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-internationalism yi-Axis alliance eyasilethela iMpi Yezwe II. Isithombe esiphaphazelayo wuhlelo lukaTrump okuwukuphela kwalo lwe-geostrategic: ukwakhiwa komfelandawonye wezifundazwe ezisabelayo ezivela eWashington, okuhlanganisa njengengxenye eyodwa eyinhloko i-Middle East Abraham Accords kanye nezivumelwano zayo eziseceleni nobushiqela baseGibhithe naseSaudi, ezathathwa yiBiden.
Olunye uhlobo lokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwakhuthazwa ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile, e-US yi-"Wobblies," i-Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Ezinye izinyunyana, nazo, zinegama elithi โamazwe ngamazweโ emagameni azo, insalela yokuzibophezela ekuhlanganyeleni kweqiniso kwamazwe ngamazwe.
E-Europe, umkhulumeli okhaliphile walolu hlobo lokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwakunguRosa Luxembourg. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-internationalism kanye ne-chauvinism kwafinyelela esiqongweni ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I. I-Chauvinism yanqotshwa. I-Socialist International yawa. Emazwini aseLuxemburg ane-acidic, isiqubulo esithi, โAbaholi bawo wonke amazwe ahlangeneโ sashiywa sasekela โIzinduna zawo wonke amazwe zinqumana uqhoqhoqho.
I-Luxembourg ibambelele embonweni wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuma okungajwayelekile. Kuwo wonke amazwe, ongqondongqondo kuyo yonke imikhakha yezombangazwe bahlanganyela ngentshiseko embonweni we-chauvinist. Labo abangazange bathole indlela yokuya ejele, njengaseLuxembourg: Karl Liebknecht, Bertrand Russell, Eugene Debs. I-IWW yacindezelwa udlame lwenhloko-dolobha.
Uma siphendukela esikhathini samanje, sithola okunye ukubonakaliswa kwe-internationalism. Ngenkathi kuqubuka ubhubhane lwe-COVID ekuqaleni kuka-2020, amazwe acebile asenkabeni yeYurophu ekuqaleni akwazi ukuwulawula, impumelelo eyawa lapho abantu baseYurophu bekhetha ukungawanikeli amaholidi ehlobo.
Ngenkathi iJalimane ne-Austria zisesesimweni esihle ekuqaleni kuka-2020, kwaba nobhubhane olukhulu enyakatho ye-Italy amamayela ambalwa ukuya eningizimu, ngaphakathi kwe-European Union. I-Italy yazuza ekukholweni kweqiniso kwamazwe ngamazwe - hhayi engxenyeni yomakhelwane bayo abacebile. Kunalokho, livela ezweni elilodwa lomhlaba elinezibophezelo zamazwe ngamazwe: I-Cuba, eyathumela odokotela ukuba bayosiza, njengoba yenza kwezinye izindawo, yelula umlando obuyela emuva. Phakathi kokunye, iPanama yathola usizo oluvela eCuba, kodwa i-US yakunakekela lokho. Embikweni wawo wokugcina ka-2020, uMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu kaTrump umemezele ngokuziqhenya ukuthi ucindezele ngempumelelo iPanama ukuthi ixoshe odokotela baseCuba ukuze bavikele i-hemisphere ethonyeni โelibiโ laseCuba.
Ithonya elibi, elashiwo ngezinsuku zokuqala zenkululeko yaseCuba ngo-1959, kwakuwukuthi iCuba ingase ithelele iLatin America โngokudelela kwayo ngempumeleloโ izinqubomgomo zase-US kusukela nge-Monroe Doctrine of 1823. Ukuvimbela lokhu kusongela, i-US yethula umkhankaso omkhulu. ukwesaba nokuklinywa komnotho, kulandela umqondo owashiwo eMnyangweni Wezwe ngo-1960 ngu-Lester Mallory. Wabona, njengoba abezobunhloli baseMelika babazi, ukuthi โiningi labantu baseCuba liyameseka uCastro,โ nokuthi โukuphela kwezindlela ezibonakala kusengaphambili zokuhlukanisa nokusekelwa kwangaphakathi wukunganeliseki nokunganeliseki okusekelwe ekunganeliseki kwezomnotho nobunzima.โ Ngakho-ke, "kulandela ukuthi zonke izindlela ezingenzeka kufanele zenziwe ngokushesha ukuze buthakathaka impilo yezomnotho yaseCuba ... ukuletha indlala, ukudangala kanye nokuketulwa kukahulumeni."
Inqubomgomo ilandelwe ngokuqinile ngentshiseko ye-bipartisan lapho kubhekene nokuphikiswa komhlaba wonke (ngaphandle kuka-Israyeli). Sekuyisikhathi eside izinsuku โzokuhlonipha okuhloniphekile ngemibono yesintuโ zashabalala, kanye namaphutha anjengoMthetho-sisekelo we-UN nokubusa komthetho. Kuyamangaza ukuthi iCuba isindile kulokhu kuhlaselwa okungapheli.
Ukuphumelela kwenqubomgomo yokuklinywa nokuhlushwa kubikwa ngokujabula okuncane, umbukiso ongavamile wobugwala obudabukisayo. Phakathi kwemibhikisho eminingi edumile eqhubekayo eLatin America, enye yizindaba zekhasi lokuqala: eCuba, enikeza uBiden ithuba lokushaya unswinyo owengeziwe "kumuntu okhohlakele" ngokuphendukela kwakhe ezindleleni ezihlukumezayo zokucindezela imibhikisho, okubonakala sengathi โukunganeliseki kwezomnotho nobunzima,โ kanye nokwehluleka kukahulumeni wobushiqela ukuphendula ngesikhathi nangempumelelo.
Ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe okuyingqayizivele kweCuba nakho kubukelwa phansi, kukhulula umhlaba kunoma yikuphi ukuchezuka enkambisweni yokuzicabangela, okungavamile ukwephulwa ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Lokho kumele kushintshe. Manje sekuqondakala kabanzi ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwemithi yokugoma amazwe acebile akuwona nje kuphela amanyala kodwa futhi kuyazilimaza. Leli gciwane lizoguquka emazweni aneminotho engavamile, futhi phakathi kwalawo enqaba ukugoma emazweni acebile, libeka izingozi ezinkulu kuwo wonke umuntu osemhlabeni, kuhlanganise nabacebile. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ukushisa kweplanethi nakho akukwazi imingcele. Ngeke ibe khona indawo yokucasha isikhathi eside. Kungokufanayo nangokukhula kosongo lwempi yenuzi phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu: ukuphela.
U-Rosa Luxemburg kanye ne-Wobblies badweba izinhlobo โzezinguquko zesistimuโ okufanele abantu baphokophele kuzo, ngandlela thize. Ngamafuphi ezinhlosweni ababezicabanga, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezimayelana nokubandakanya umphakathi onolwazi nokhathazekile ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe zobumbano nokusizana, kucekelwa phansi imingcele, siqaphela isiphetho sethu esihlanganyelwe, sizibophezele ekusebenzeni ndawonye ukuze kuzuze sonke esikhundleni โsokunquma omunye nomunye. imiqala.โ
Le ngxoxo ihlelwe kalula ukuze icace.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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1 Amazwana
Noam, ngiyabonga ngengxoxo yakho enhle. Uyisibani sethemba, esikhanyayo, olwandle lobumnyama. Yebo ngiyatatazela kodwa angililahli ithemba. Yebo, nakanjani, โkumelwe kuthathwe izinyathelo ezimayelana nokubandakanya umphakathi onolwazi nokhathalelayo ezikhungweni zomhlaba wonke zobumbano nokusizana, ukudiliza imingcele, siqaphela isiphetho sethu esihlanganyelwe, sizibophezele ekusebenzeni ndawonye ukuze kuzuze sonke esikhundleni โsokugawulana. ' โ