Usongo lokuvalwa kukahulumeni waseMelika lunqanyulwe ngasekupheleni kwangoMgqibelo owedlule ebusuku ngemuva kokuba iNdlu iphasise umthethosivivinywa wokuxhasa ngezimali wezinsuku ezingama-45, owabe usuvunywa yiSenethi futhi wasayinwa nguMongameli uJoe Biden.
Lezi yizindaba ezinhle, ngoba ukuvalwa kukahulumeni kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwezinsizakalo nokuxhaswa ngezimali, kuthinta izigidi zabasebenzi, futhi kubukela phansi impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.
Noma kunjalo, inkinga eyenziwe emasontweni ambalwa edlule ingase ibuye maduze ngoba umthethosivivinywa uyisivumelwano sesikhashana. Isinyathelo esiphasisiwe sinweba uxhaso kuze kube maphakathi noNovemba, kanti ama-MAGA Republican azimisele ngokubeka imibono yawo yezezimali nenqubomgomo esizweni.
Kodwa kungaphezu kwalokho.
Ukusongelwa kokuvalwa kukahulumeni wobumbano kusewubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi i-US ayilona izwe elisebenzayo uma kukhulunywa ngezepolitiki nokubusa. Uxhaso lukahulumeni lungaphela kanjani ezweni elicebe kakhulu emhlabeni? Alikho elinye izwe emhlabeni abameli balo okufanele bathwale kanzima ukuthola izindlela zokugcina uhulumeni esebenza, bese kuba yizinsuku ezingama-45 ezizayo.
Ngempela, i-U.S. inomlando omude wokuvalwa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yegebe lezimali, okungenzeka noma nini phakathi nonyaka wezimali. URonald Reagan wayephethe ukuvalwa kukahulumeni okuyisishiyagalombili ngesikhathi sakhe, ngenkathi ukuvalwa kukahulumeni okude kakhulu, okwathatha izinsuku ezigcwele ze-34, kwenzeka ngesikhathi sikaDonald Trump ehhovisi.
Ukuvalwa kukahulumeni kuyiqiniso ehlukile e-U.S. Ezinhlelweni zephalamende laseYurophu, izinsiza zikahulumeni azimi ngisho nalapho kunenkinga kahulumeni. Izitimela ziyagijima, udoti uyaqoqwa futhi nezinsiza zamanzi ziyavikelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ophethe - futhi noma kukhona cha uhulumeni. Amacala aseBelgium, e-Italy nasePortugal anikeza ubufakazi obanele baleli qiniso. Njengesibonelo, iBelgium ihambe ngaphandle kukahulumeni izikhathi ezimbalwa - futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu. Nokho, izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezinkonzo zaqhubeka nokusebenza ngendlela lapho abaseBelgium โawuboni mehluko. "
Kodwa izinhlelo eziningi zephalamende emhlabeni wanamuhla azincikile emasikweni nasezikhungweni ze-anachronistic. I-Anti-Deficiency Act, eyaqala ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kuka-Ulysses S. Grant ngo-1870 futhi yaqala ukushaywa ngo-1884, yayifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphezulu alisebenzisi ubuqili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali "ngemuva" ukuze kunciphise iqiniso lokuthi "amandla isikhwama semaliโ ngomunye wemisebenzi yomthethosisekelo weCongress. Kube nokukhathazeka osekunesikhathi eside kunegatsha lesigungu esiphezulu edala amaphutha aphoqayo, cishe kusukela ekuqaleni kwesizwe. ICongress yayidinga uMthetho Wokulwa Nokuntuleka Kwemali ukuze ilawule ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa kanjani imali. Kodwa-ke, i-Anti-Deficiency Act ayizange icabange ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iCongress yehluleke ukufinyelela izivumelwano mayelana nezikweletu zezimali.
Noma kunjalo, i-Anti-Deficiency Act ayizange iholele ekuvaleni kukahulumeni. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, uhulumeni wobumbano kanye nezinhlaka zakhe ezahlukene bezizoqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nalapho izikweletu zoxhaso zingaphasiswa. Izikhala zoxhaso zikahulumeni zavela ngokuphasiswa kwe I-Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act ka-1974, eyenze yaba semthethweni futhi yavimbela inqubo yesabelomali sekhongolose.
The ukuvalwa kukahulumeni kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1976 lapho uMongameli uGerald Ford ephikisa umthethosivivinywa wokuxhasa uMnyango Wezabasebenzi Nezempilo, Ezemfundo Nenhlalakahle. Kwathatha izinsuku ezingu-11. Igebe lesabelomali nokho liqale ukubangela ukuvalwa kukahulumeni ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile ngemuva koMmeli Jikelele kaMongameli uJimmy Carter uBenjamin Civiletti. ikhiphe imibono emibili yezomthetho ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 lapho ayephikisa khona ukuthi ukusebenza kukahulumeni kumele kume uma kunemali eshodayo. Umbono ka-Cilietti wango-1981 ikakhulukazi, owaholela ekuchitshiyelweni koMthetho Wokulwa Nokuntuleka ngokuqhakambisa izimo eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kokuqashwa kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni, uncike encazelweni encane kakhulu yoMthetho Wokulwa Nokuntuleka. Yathi igama elithi โizimo eziphuthumayo ezihilela ukuphepha kokuphila komuntuโ alihlanganisi umsebenzi oqhubekayo, ovamile kahulumeni.
Ngokubeka imingcele ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, impikiswano eyisisekelo ngemuva kokushaywa koMthetho Wokulwa Nokuntuleka kanye nezichibiyelo ezinkulu ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kwakuwukuvikela intando yeningi kanye nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kamongameli. Kodwa le mpikiswano iyakhohlisa ngoba i-U.S. akuyona intando yeningi egcwele futhi iCongress ngokwayo yaba umphoqeleli wobumongameli bombuso. Ngempela, kusukela ngo-1950, iCongress iye yawulahla ngamabomu umsebenzi wayo womthethosisekelo wokugunyaza noma ukumemezela impi, ivumela igatsha eliphezulu ohlelweni ukuba enze inhlekisa ngoMthethosisekelo.
Le mithetho kanye nezimpikiswano zenziwa ngesikhathi lapho imibono ye-neoliberalism yayiba i-hegemonic. I-Neoliberalism idinga ukuqina (ukuncishiswa kwezindleko kanye nokwenyuka komnotho) ukuze kunciphe isimo senhlalakahle. Ngamanye amazwi, ishintsha indima yombuso ngokunqanda indima yohulumeni ukubhekana nezinkinga zomphakathi kanye nokusabela ezinkingeni ngokusebenzisa isenzo sesabelomali.
Imithetho yokuchitha imali e-U.S. ayiphathelene nokuphoqelelwa "kokuhle okuvamile" njengoba leli igama elingenalutho kumongo wohlelo lwezwe lwezepolitiki nezomnotho. NgokukaKishore Mahbubani, i-U.S.umbuso weningi, lapho umphakathi ubuswa ngephesenti elilodwa, ngephesenti elilodwa ekhulwini,โ futhi manje usekhuluma ngobufascism.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uTrump athathe izintambo zokubusa, esilinganisweni sayo saminyaka yonke sentando yeningi emazweni angu-167, i-Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index yabeka i-United States ngokuthi โintando yeningi enephutha. "
Iqiniso lendaba liwukuthi isimiso sezombangazwe sase-U.S. sasingakaze sihloselwe ukuba sibe sentando yeningi; kunalokho, yayiklanyelwe ukugcina โukubusa okuthandwayo,โ okuwumongo wentando yeningi, kude. Umuntu ongenele ukhetho lwezepolitiki angakhethwa ukuthi abe ngumongameli wase-United States noma elahlekelwe ivoti elidumile ngezigidi zamavoti. UDonald Trump wathi "uphumelele ngamalengiso" ngo-2016 nakuba alandela u-Hillary Clinton ngamavoti acishe abe yizigidi ezi-3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho ngisho lutho kuMthethosisekelo onikeza izakhamuzi zase-U.S. ilungelo lokukhetha umongameli wazo.
Ngakho-ke, hlobo luni lwentando yeningi lolu olukhombisa ukunganaki okusobala โkwentando evamile,โ ukusebenzisa isisho esidumile sikaJean-Jacques Rousseau?
I-Electoral College ayiyona nje i-anachronism kodwa indlela ephikisana kakhulu nentando yeningi yokukhetha umongameli, okuthi ngisho "nobaba" woMthethosisekelo ngokwakhe, James Madison, wayephikisa.
I-US Senate iyisikhungo esiphikisana nentando yeningi kakhulu kune-Electoral College. Wonke amazwe anikezwa amalungu amabili ekamelweni eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke i-Wyoming, okuyisifunda esinabantu abambalwa kakhulu e-US, inenani lezigele elilinganayo nelaseCalifornia, elinabantu abacishe babe ngama-70.
Bese kuba khona ukuvalwa kwezikweletu, okungefani nokuvalwa kukahulumeni, kodwa kungathinta ukuvalwa kukahulumeni okungenzeka.
Umkhawulo wesikweletu yinani eliphelele lesikweletu uhulumeni wase-U.S. ovunyelwe ukusithwala. Kusolwa ukuthi kukhona ukuze kugcinwe kahle izimali zesizwe; empeleni, nokho, akuhlangene nokwehliswa kwezikweletu futhi kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa esikhundleni njengesikhali sokulwa nezinhlelo zokuxhumana.
Ukuphakama kwezikweletu akulutho kodwa kuyizaba zokujezisa abantu abampofu nabasebenzi ngokubaphuca amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo njengezindlu kanye nokunakekelwa okufanele kwezempilo.
I-Denmark ukuphela kwezwe emhlabeni elikhawulela ukuboleka ngemibandela ephelele, kodwa, ngokungafani ne-U.S., uphahla lwezikweletu lapho alusetshenziswa njengesikhali sokulwa nentando yeningi. Eqinisweni, lapho kubonakala ngokuthi "ngaphezulu kokujwayelekile. "
Kodwa iDenmark inohlelo lwamaqembu amaningi, umbuso wentando yeningi omelela ngokuqinile futhi ibalwa ngokungaguquki emazweni ayi-10 aphezulu ku-Social Capital Index, okuyisamba sokuzinza komphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu bonke. I-Plutocracy U.S., ngokuphambene, nohlelo lwayo โolunephuthaโ lokubusa kwezepolitiki, usezingeni le-111, ingaphansi kancane kwamandla amakhulu kwezomnotho eNicaragua nangenhla kweGhana.
Sengikushilo lokho, okumangazayo ezingxoxweni zoxhaso zikahulumeni phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho abavela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukuthi isimo esimelene nentando yeningi sepolitiki yase-US ayikaze ivezwe. Futhi akulona udaba olukhulunywa ngemithombo yezindaba ejwayelekile. Ngempela, ukube bekungengenxa yobushoshovu obuqinile, izindaba ezifana ne-imperialism, umthelela omubi wemali kwezombusazwe, ukungalingani okukhulu, inkinga yesimo sezulu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukucwasa okusobala, umthelela ohlakazekayo we-neoliberalism ekuhlelekeni komphakathi kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu. I-proto-fascism cishe yayingagcinwa ngokuphelele emehlweni omphakathi e-U.S.
Bekukade kuthiwa umlando ungasohlangothini lwesokunxele ngoba nje ubunxiwankulu bukwazi ukukhulisa ukungqubuzana obukukhiqizayo.
Mhlawumbe kunjalo.
Kodwa-ke, okufanele kube ngaphandle kwengxabano ukuthi noma yimaphi amathuba okuthi i-U.S. ibe umbuso wentando yeningi ngolunye usuku incike ekuqiniseni lawo mazwi ezepolitiki kanye namandla omphakathi azimisele ukuphonsela inselelo amasiko nezikhungo zezwe eziphikisana nentando yeningi. Kungakho sidinga isale sezombusazwe esiqinile, esibumbene kuleli zwe: umzabalazo kwesokunxele ohlangene emzabalazweni wezigaba njengesisekelo esiwumgogodla wokumelana ne-neoliberal capitalism kanye nesizinda esiyinhloko soguquko olunohlonze emphakathini. Intando yeningi kufanele inwetshelwe emnothweni futhi bonke abantu bathole ukufinyelela kalula kwezomnotho nokuvikeleka. Sidinga uhlelo lukahulumeni olusabela ezidingweni zabantu, hhayi uhlelo lokuphatha oluholela ekuvaleni uhulumeni njalo futhi lusebenzise umkhawulo wezikweletu ukuze lubangele unya nobuhlungu kwabampofu kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela