Umthombo: Iqiniso
Ukuhlasela kweRussia i-Ukraine kwamangaza umhlaba wonke. Ukuhlasela okungaphenduki nokungenabulungiswa okuzongena emlandweni njengomunye wamacala amakhulu empi ekhulwini lama-21, kusho uNoam Chomsky engxoxweni ekhethekile ka-Noam Chomsky. Ngaphandle lokho kulandela. Ukucatshangelwa kwezepolitiki, okufana nalokhu okushiwo nguMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin, akunakusetshenziswa njengezimpikiswano zokufakazela ukwethulwa kokuhlasela kwesizwe esizimele. Lapho ibhekene nalokhu kuhlasela okwesabekayo, noma kunjalo, i-US kumele ikhethe idiplomacy ephuthumayo mayelana nokukhuphuka kwezempi, njengoba lokhu kungase kube "igunya lokufa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ngaphandle kwabanqobi," kusho uChomsky.
U-Noam Chomsky waziwa emhlabeni wonke njengomunye wongqondongqondo ababaluleke kakhulu abaphilayo. Isimo sakhe sobuhlakani siqhathaniswe nesikaGalileo, uNewton kanye noDescartes, njengoba umsebenzi wakhe ube nethonya elikhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zocwaningo lwesayensi nesayensi, okuhlanganisa izilimi, logic kanye nezibalo, isayensi yekhompiyutha, i-psychology, izifundo zemidiya, ifilosofi, ezombusazwe kanye nezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe. Ungumbhali wezincwadi ezingaba ngu-150 futhi uthole inqwaba yemiklomelo ehlonishwa kakhulu, kuhlanganise ne-Sydney Peace Prize kanye ne-Kyoto Prize (eJapane elingana noMklomelo KaNobel), kanye nenqwaba yeziqu zobudokotela ezihlonishwayo ezivela emanyuvesi adume kakhulu emhlabeni. UChomsky uyi-Institute Professor Emeritus e-MIT futhi njengamanje uSolwazi Ohlonishwayo eNyuvesi yase-Arizona.
CJ Polychroniou: UNoam, ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kumangaze abantu abaningi, kwathumela amagagasi emhlabeni wonke, yize bekunezinkomba eziningi zokuthi uPutin ucasulwe ukwanda kwe-NATO empumalanga kanye nokwenqaba kukaWashington ukuthatha ngokungathi sรญna ukuphepha kwakhe โkomugqa obomvuโ. izimfuno mayelana Ukraine. Ucabanga ukuthi kungani enqume ukuqala ukuhlasela ngalesi sikhathi?
U-Noam Chomsky: Ngaphambi kokuphendukela embuzweni, kufanele silungise amaqiniso ambalwa angenakuphikiswa. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kuwubugebengu obukhulu bempi, obubekwe eceleni kokuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq kanye nokuhlasela kukaHitler-Stalin ePoland ngoSepthemba 1939, ukuthatha izibonelo ezimbili kuphela ezigqamile. Kuhlale kunengqondo ukufuna izincazelo, kodwa akukho ukuthethelelwa, akukho izaba.
Uma siphenduka manje embuzweni, kuningi okuthululwa ngokuzethemba okukhulu ngomqondo kaPutin. Indaba evamile ukuthi ubambeke emicabangweni exakile, esebenza yedwa, ezungezwe izikhulu zenkantolo zohlobo olujwayelekile lapha kulokho okusele kweqembu leRiphabhulikhi elilandela i-Mar-a-Lago ukuze lithole isibusiso soMholi.
Izikhukhula ze-invective zingase zinembile, kodwa mhlawumbe amanye amathuba angase acatshangelwe. Mhlawumbe uPutin ubeqonde lokho yena nabalingani bakhe abebelokhu bekusho ngokuzwakalayo nangokucacile iminyaka. Kungaba njalo, isibonelo, ukuthi, โNjengoba isidingo esikhulu sikaPutin siyisiqiniseko sokuthi i-NATO ngeke iphinde ithathe amanye amalungu, futhi ikakhulukazi hhayi i-Ukraine noma i-Georgia, kusobala ukuthi bekungeke kube nesisekelo senkinga ekhona ukube bekungekho ukwanda komfelandawonye olandelayo. ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, noma ukube ukwanda kwenzeke ngokuvumelana nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sezokuphepha eYurophu esasihlanganisa neRussia.โ Umbhali wala mazwi wayeyinxusa laseMelika eRussia, uJack Matlock, ongomunye wochwepheshe abambalwa baseRussia embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika, ebhala ngaphambi nje kokuhlasela. Uqhubeka ephetha ngokuthi le nkinga โingaxazululwa kalula ngokusebenzisa ingqondo ehluzekileโฆ. Nganoma iyiphi indinganiso yomqondo ovamile kuyintshisekelo ye-United States ukukhuthaza ukuthula, hhayi ukungqubuzana. Ukuzama ukususa i-Ukraine ethonyeni lama-Russian - inhloso esobala yalabo ababevukela 'ukuguqulwa kwemibala' - kwakuwumsebenzi weziwula, futhi uyingozi. Ngabe sesikhohlwe masinyane isifundo seCuban Missile Crisis?"
Izinketho ezisele ngemuva kokuhlasela zimbi. Okubi kakhulu ukwesekwa kwezinketho zobunxusa ezisekhona.
UMatlock akayedwa neze. Kakhulu iziphetho ezifanayo mayelana nezinkinga eziyisisekelo kufinyelelwa kuzo ezikhumbuzo zenhloko ye-CIA uWilliam Burns, omunye wochwepheshe abambalwa bangempela baseRussia. [Usolwazi] Ukuma kukaGeorge Kennan okuqine nakakhulu sekucashunwe kabanzi sekwedlule isikhathi, kwesekwa nayilowo owayenguNobhala Wezokuvikela uWilliam Perry, nangaphandle kwezikhundla zezikhulu yisazi esaziwayo sobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. UJohn Mearsheimer kanye nabanye abantu abaningi okungenzeka ukuthi bavame kakhulu.
Akukho kulokhu okungaqondakali. Amadokhumenti angaphakathi ase-US, ikhishwe ngu I-WikiLeaks, kuveza ukuthi isithembiso sikaBush II sokunganaki e-Ukraine sokujoyina i-NATO ngaso leso sikhathi saveza izixwayiso ezibukhali ezivela eRussia zokuthi usongo lwezempi olwandayo lwalungenakubekezelelwa. Kuyaqondakala.
Singase siqaphele umqondo oyinqaba "wesobunxele" ovela njalo ekuchazeni "kwesokunxele" ngenxa yokungabaza okwanele "ngomugqa we-Kremlin."
Iqiniso liwukuthi, uma sikhuluma iqiniso, asazi ukuthi kungani kwathathwa isinqumo, noma ngabe senziwe uPutin yedwa noma uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WaseRussia lapho edlala khona indima ehamba phambili. Nokho, kukhona ezinye izinto esizazi ngokuqiniseka okufanelekile, okuhlanganisa nerekhodi elibuyekezwe ngokuningiliziwe yilabo abasanda kucashunwa, abebesezindaweni eziphezulu ngaphakathi ohlelweni lokuhlela. Kafushane, le nkinga isineminyaka engama-25 iqala njengoba i-US yenqaba ngendelelo ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha kwaseRussia, ikakhulukazi imigqa ebomvu ecacile: iGeorgia ikakhulukazi i-Ukraine.
Kunesizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi le nhlekelele yayingagwenywa, kwaze kwaba umzuzu wokugcina. Sike saxoxa ngakho ngaphambili, kaningi. Mayelana nokuthi kungani u-Putin ethule ubudlova bobugebengu njengamanje, singaqagela njengoba sithanda. Kodwa isizinda esiseduze asicacile - siyagwenywa kodwa asiphikiswa.
Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani labo abahlukunyezwa ubugebengu bengase bakubheke njengokungamukeleki ukuzitika ukuze babuze ukuthi kungani kwenzeke nokuthi ngabe bebungagwenywa yini. Kuyaqondakala, kodwa kunephutha. Uma sifuna ukusabela enhlekeleleni ngezindlela ezizosiza izisulu, futhi sigweme izinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu ezisazovela, kuwukuhlakanipha, futhi kuyadingeka, ukufunda okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngalokho okungahambanga kahle nokuthi inkambo yayingaba kanjani. kulungisiwe. Izenzo zobuqhawe zingase zenelise. Azisizi.
Njengoba ngokuvamile ngaphambili, ngikhunjuzwa isifundo engasifunda kudala. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, ngaba nengxenye emhlanganweni eYurophu nabameleli abambalwa beNational Liberation Front yaseNingizimu Vietnam (โiViet Cong,โ ngolimi lwase-US). Kwakuphakathi nenkathi emfushane yokuphikiswa okunamandla kobugebengu obuhlasimulisayo base-US e-Indochina. Abanye abantu abasha bacasukile kangangokuthi baba nomuzwa wokuthi ukusabela okunobudlova kuphela kungaba impendulo efanelekile ku-monstrosities eqhubekayo: amafasitela aphule ku-Main Street, ukuqhuma ibhomu isikhungo se-ROTC. Noma yini encane yayifana nokuba nesandla ezenzweni zobugebengu obubi. Abantu baseVietnam babona izinto ngendlela ehluke kakhulu. Baziphikisa ngokuqinile zonke lezi zinyathelo. Bethule imodeli yabo yombhikisho osebenzayo: abesifazane abambalwa bemi emthandazweni buthule emathuneni amasosha ase-US abulawa eVietnam. Babengenandaba nokuthi yini eyenza abaphikisi baseMelika bazizwe belungile futhi behloniphekile. Babefuna ukusinda.
Kuyisifundo engihlale ngisizwa ngandlela thize kusuka kuzisulu zokuhlupheka okwesabekayo eGlobal South, okuhloswe kakhulu udlame lwasebukhosini. Okufanele sikufake enhliziyweni, sizivumelanise nezimo. Namuhla lokho kusho umzamo wokuqonda ukuthi kungani le nhlekelele yenzeke nokuthi yini eyayingenziwa ukuze igwenywe, nokusebenzisa lezi zifundo kulokho okulandelayo.
Umbuzo uyajula. Asikho isikhathi sokubukeza lolu daba olubaluleke kakhulu lapha, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusabela enhlekeleleni yangempela noma ecatshangelwayo bekuwukuthola izibhamu eziyisithupha esikhundleni segatsha lomnqumo. Kucishe kube yi-reflex, futhi imiphumela ngokuvamile ibe mibi - kuzisulu zendabuko. Kuhlale kubalulekile ukuzama ukuqonda, ukucabanga isinyathelo noma ezimbili kusengaphambili mayelana nemiphumela engaba khona yesenzo noma yokungenzi lutho. Ama-truisms yiqiniso, kodwa kufanelekile ukuphinda, ngoba achithwa kalula ngezikhathi zothando olufanele.
Yebo, kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokucwayiza kweso, kodwa lokho akunikezeli ukuthethelelwa kobugebengu bukaPutin.
Izinketho ezisele ngemuva kokuhlasela zimbi. Okubi kakhulu ukusekelwa kwezinketho zobunxusa ezisekhona, ngethemba lokufinyelela umphumela ongekude kakhulu nalokho obekungenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule: ukungathathi hlangothi kwesitayela sase-Austrian kwe-Ukraine, inguqulo ethile ye-Minsk II federalism ngaphakathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukufinyelela manje. Futhi - ngempela - nge-hatch yokuphunyuka kukaPutin, noma imiphumela isazoba mibi kakhulu e-Ukraine nakubo bonke abanye abantu, mhlawumbe ngendlela engakholeki.
Ukude kakhulu nobulungiswa. Kodwa bukhona nini ubulungisa ezindabeni zamazwe ngamazwe? Ingabe kuyadingeka ukuthi uphinde ubuyekeze irekhodi elesabekayo futhi?
Uthanda noma ungathandi, ukukhetha manje sekwehliselwe kumphumela omubi ovuza esikhundleni sokujezisa uPutin ngesenzo sobudlova - noma amandla anamandla empi ebulalayo. Kungase kuzwakale ukwaneliseka ukushayela ibhere ekhoneni lapho lizokhala khona ngokuphelelwa yithemba - ngangokunokwenzeka. Akuhlakaniphile neze.
Okwamanje, kufanele senze noma yini esingayenza ukuze sinikeze ukwesekwa okunengqondo kulabo abavikela izwe labo ngesibindi kubahlaseli abanonya, kulabo ababalekela izinto ezesabekayo, kanye nezinkulungwane zamaRussia anesibindi aphikisana esidlangalaleni nobugebengu bezwe labo ngokubeka engcupheni enkulu yomuntu siqu, isifundo kubo. sonke.
Futhi kufanele sizame ukuthola izindlela zokusiza isigaba esibanzi kakhulu sezisulu: yonke impilo eMhlabeni. Le nhlekelele yenzeke ngesikhathi lapho wonke amandla amakhulu, ngempela sonke, kufanele asebenze ndawonye ukuze alawule isihlava esikhulu sokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo osekuvele kubangele umonakalo omubi kakhulu, okubi nakakhulu okuzayo ngaphandle uma kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu. ngokushesha. Ukushayela ekhaya okusobala, i-IPCC nje ikhishwe yakamuva futhi eyethusa kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwayo okujwayelekile kokuthi sibheke enhlekeleleni.
Khonamanjalo, izenzo ezidingekayo zimisiwe, zize ziyiswe emuva, njengoba izinsiza ezidingeka kabi zinikelwe ekubhujisweni futhi umhlaba manje usendleleni yokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, okuhlanganisa neziningi eziyingozi kakhulu nezitholakala kalula, amalahle.
Ukuhlangana okunyantisayo akunakuqanjwa idemoni elinonya. Akunakuzitshwa. Wonke umzuzu ubalulekile.
Ukuhlasela kweRussia kwephula ngokusobala i-Article 2(4) ye-UN Charter, evimbela ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokumelene nobuqotho bendawo yomunye umbuso. Nokho uPutin wazama ukunikeza izizathu ezingokomthetho zokuhlasela ngesikhathi ekhuluma ngoFebhuwari 24, kanti iRussia icaphuna iKosovo, i-Iraq, iLibya neSyria njengobufakazi bokuthi i-United States namadlelandawonye ayo baphula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kaningi. Ungakwazi yini ukuphawula ngezizathu ezingokomthetho zikaPutin zokuhlasela i-Ukraine kanye nesimo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi?
Akukho ongakusho ngomzamo kaPutin wokunikeza izizathu ezingokomthetho zolaka lwakhe. Ukufaneleka kwayo kunguziro.
Yebo, kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokucwayiza kweso, kodwa lokho akunikezeli ukuthethelelwa kobugebengu bukaPutin. I-Kosovo, i-Iraq kanye ne-Libya babe nomthelela oqondile engxabanweni yase-Ukraine.
Ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq kwakuyisibonelo sencwadi yobugebengu lapho amaNazi alengiswa khona eNuremberg, ubudlova obungenasisekelo. Futhi i-punch ebusweni baseRussia.
Ukuqhudelana kuyisigunyazo sokufa kohlobo, ngaphandle kwabanqobi. Siseqophelweni elibalulekile emlandweni wesintu.
Endabeni yaseKosovo, ubudlova be-NATO (okusho ubudlova base-US) kwathiwa โabungekho emthethweni kodwa bufanelekileโ (ngokwesibonelo, yiKhomishana Yomhlaba Wonke yaseKosovo eholwa nguRichard Goldstone) ngezizathu zokuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwenziwa ukuze kuqedwe unya oluqhubekayo. Leso sahlulelo sadinga ukuhlehliswa kokulandelana kwezenzakalo. Ubufakazi bukhulu kakhulu bokuthi izikhukhula zonya zaba umphumela wokuhlasela: okubikezelwe, okubikezelwe, okulindelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinketho zamanxusa zazikhona, [kodwa] njengenhlalayenza, yaziba ivuna ubudlova.
Izikhulu eziphakeme zase-US ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngokuyinhloko kwabe kungukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kozakwabo baseRussia iSerbia - ngaphandle kokuthi baziswe kusenesikhathi - okwahlehlisa imizamo yaseRussia yokusebenzisana ne-US ngandlela thile ukwakha umyalo wezokuphepha wangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaseYurophu, ukuguqulwa okusheshiswe nokuhlasela. yase-Iraq kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eLibya ngemuva kokuthi iRussia ivumile ukuthi ngeke ivume iSinqumo SoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN esaphulwa yi-NATO ngaleso sikhathi.
Imicimbi inemiphumela; nokho, amaqiniso angase afihlwe ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezimfundiso.
Isimo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe asizange sishintshe esikhathini sangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngisho nangamazwi, kungasaphathwa izenzo. UMongameli uClinton ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi i-US yayingenanhloso yokulandela lokho. I-Clinton Doctrine yamemezela ukuthi i-US inelungelo lokwenza "indawo eyodwa lapho kunesidingo," okuhlanganisa "ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwamandla ezempi" ukuvikela izithakazelo ezibalulekile njengokuthi "ukuqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka okungenakuvinjelwa ezimakethe ezibalulekile, ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kanye nezinsiza zamasu." Abamlandelayo kanye, nanoma ubani omunye ongaphula umthetho ngaphandle kokujeziswa.
Lokho akusho ukuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe awunanzuzo. Inohlu lokusebenziseka, futhi iyindinganiso ewusizo kwezinye izici.
Inhloso yokuhlasela kweRussia kubonakala kuwukuwisa uhulumeni waseZelensky bese ufaka esikhundleni sakhe oweseka iRussia. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani, i-Ukraine ibhekene nekusasa elinzima ngesinqumo sayo sokuba yisidlali emidlalweni ye-geostrategic yaseWashington. Kulowo mongo, mangakanani amathuba okuthi unswinyo lwezomnotho ludale ukuthi iRussia iguqule isimo sayo ngase-Ukraine - noma unswinyo lwezomnotho luhlose kokuthile okukhulu, njengokubukela phansi ukulawulwa kukaPutin ngaphakathi eRussia kanye nobudlelwano namazwe anjengeCuba, iVenezuela futhi mhlawumbe I-China ngokwayo?
I-Ukraine kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange yenze izinqumo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, kodwa yayingenalutho olufana nezinketho ezitholakalayo ezifundazweni zombuso. Ngisola ukuthi unswinyo luzokwenza iRussia incike kakhulu eChina. Ngaphandle kwenguquko engathi sรญna, iRussia iyi-kleptocratic petrostate ethembele esisetshenziswa okufanele sehle kakhulu noma sonke sesiphelile. Akukacaci noma ngabe yini uhlelo lwezezimali angabhekana nokuhlasela okubukhali, ngokusebenzisa unswinyo noma ezinye izindlela. Isizathu esengeziwe sokunikeza i-hatch yokuphunyuka ene-grimace.
Ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga, amaqembu aphikisayo avamile, okuhlanganisa neLabour Party e-UK, kanye nabezindaba zezinkampani ngokufanayo baqale umkhankaso wokulwa neRussia. Okuhlosiwe akubandakanyi ama-oligarchs aseRussia kuphela kodwa abaculi, abaqhubi nabahlabeleli, ngisho nabanikazi bebhola abafana no-Roman Abramovich we-Chelsea FC. IRussia yaze yavinjelwa e-Eurovision ngo-2022 kulandela ukuhlasela. Lokhu kusabela okufanayo okwaboniswa abezindaba bezinkampani kanye nomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba jikelele maqondana ne-US kulandela ukuhlasela kwayo nokucekelwa phansi kwe-Iraq okwalandela, akunjalo?
Amazwana akho e-wry afanelekile. Futhi singaqhubeka ngezindlela ezijwayeleke kakhulu.
Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi ukuhlasela kuzoqalisa inkathi entsha yombango oqhubekayo phakathi kweRussia (futhi ngokunokwenzeka ngokubambisana neChina) kanye naseNtshonalanga?
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi umlotha uzowela kuphi - futhi lokho kungase kungabi yisingathekiso. Kuze kube manje, iChina idlala kahle, futhi kungenzeka izame ukuqhubekisela phambili uhlelo lwayo olubanzi lokuhlanganisa umnotho womhlaba omningi ohlelweni lwayo olukhulayo lomhlaba wonke, emasontweni ambalwa edlule. okuhlanganisa i-Argentina ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-Belt and Road, ngenkathi ubuka izimbangi zizibhubhisa.
Njengoba sike saxoxa ngaphambili, ukuqhudelana kuyisigunyazo sokufa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ngaphandle kwabanqobi. Siseqophelweni elibalulekile emlandweni wesintu. Akunakuphikwa. Akunakuzitshwa.
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