Ukunqotshwa kwamaSiyoni ePalestine, okwaqala ngokunganaki ekuqaleni kwawo-1880 futhi kwaqina ngemva kokuphenduka kwekhulunyaka, kwafinyelela impumuzo yawo ngokuhlasela kweBrithani kanye nokuthatha izwe ngaphambi kokuphothulwa kweMpi Yezwe I, kwaba umzuzu wokuqala walokho okwakuzokwenzeka. yaziwa ngokuthi i-Nakba - i-Catastrophe.
Nakuba igama elithi โNakbaโ lalisetshenziswa isihlakaniphi saseSyria uConstantine Zureik ukuchaza okwakwehlela amaPalestine ngo-August 1948 (lapho ebhala futhi eshicilela incwadi yakhe yakudala. UMa'na al-Nakba), abanye basebenzisa amagama afana nalawa karitha (inhlekelele), njengoba isikhulu sezempi saseJordani kanye nombusi wase-East Jerusalem u-Abdullah al-Tall enza encwadini yakhe yango-1959 Karithat Filastin, noma ma'sa (inhlekelele), njengoba kwenza ungqondongqondo wezwe lasePalestine u-Muhammad Izzat Darwaza encwadini yakhe yango-1959 UMa'sat Filastin.
I-โNakbaโ nokho ibe isithenjwa esifaneleka kakhulu nesisetshenziswa esichaza imishikashika eyabekezelelwa amaPalestine. Emlandweni wakhe omkhulu wemiqulu eminingi yezehlakalo zango-1947-1952, owashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-1956, intatheli yasePalestine emelene nobukoloni kanye nomeya wakamuva wase-East Jerusalem u-Arif al-Arif waphikelela ekusebenziseni leli gama njengesihloko sakhe.
U-Al-Arif uqala ngokuzibuza: โNgingayibiza kanjani i-Nakba? Ngoba sibe nenhlekelele-d, thina, ama-Arab jikelele, kanye namaPalestine ikakhulukazi ... izwe lakithi lebiwa kithi futhi saxoshwa emakhaya ethu, futhi salahlekelwa inqwaba yezingane zethu kanye nabathandekayo bethu futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu isithunzi sethu sashayeka phansi.โ
Uma izici ezigqama kakhulu zeNakba wukwebiwa komhlaba wasePalestine nokuxoshwa kwamaPalestine ezweni lawo, nokubeka ngaphansi kwezindawo ezazingeke zebiwe kanye nabantu abangakwazi ukuxoshwa ekulawuleni okuhlelekile nokucindezelwa, futhi njengoba saxabana eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kungaba okungalungile kakhulu ukucabangela i-Nakba njengomcimbi ohlukile obhekisela empini ka-1948 kanye nemiphumela yayo esheshayo. Kunalokho, kufanele kube ngokomlando njengenqubo eyathatha iminyaka eyi-140 edlule, iqala ngokufika kwabanqobi bokuqala beSiyoni ukuze benze izwe libe ikoloni ekuqaleni kwawo-1880.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi bakwa-Israel bayaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa abantu babo kanye nomhlaba wonke ngeziqinisekiso zokuthi iNakba akuyona nje inqubo edlule neyamanje yokuphuca abantu basePalestine izindawo zabo futhi ibaxoshe, kodwa kufanele iqhubeke nokulondoloza ukuphila okuzayo. yakwa-Israyeli. I-Nakba bese iphenduka ingesona nje isenzakalo esidlule kanye nenqubo eqhubekayo esikhathini samanje, kodwa inhlekelele enekusasa elihlelwe ngokunqunyiwe ngaphambili kwayo. Uma kunjalo, lingase libe yini lelokusasa?
I-Zionist settler-colonialism, eyagcina ikhiphe umxhasi wayo wamakoloni waseBrithani ngo-1948 futhi yasungula izwe lama-settler-colonial, ayikaze iyeke ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuhlehla kwekusasa kweNakba. Uma osopolitiki kanye nezihlakaniphi zama-Arab kanye ne-neoliberal zama-Arab kanye ne-Palestine "pragmatist" emashumini amathathu eminyaka edlule ziye zalalela inkulumo-ze yeZionist kanye neyombuso yokuthi i-Israel izohlala nokuthi i-Nakba yasePalestina iyisenzakalo esingokomlando esingasoze sahlehliswa, okufanayo akunakushiwo. mayelana nabaholi bekoloni lamaJuda lezifiki.
Ngempela, izinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuchithwa kweNakba ziqanjwa nsuku zonke ngabaholi bakwa-Israel kanye nosopolitiki. Okuqhubekayo imikhosi weminyaka engama-70 yokuvakashela le nhlekelele kubantu basePalestine baphazanyiswa ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka okunjalo.
Ukwesaba ukuguqulwa
Njengoba kulindelwe usuku lwale minyaka, akekho omunye ngaphandle kukaNdunankulu wakwa-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu ozwakalise obala ukwesaba namathemba akhe. Phakathi nesimiso sesifundo seBhayibheli sasikhathi sonke endlini kandunankulu eNtshonalanga yeJerusalema ngo-October odlule, uNetanyahu waxwayisa, as Haaretz kubika: "U-Israyeli kumele azilungiselele manje ukubhekana nezinsongo ezikhona esikhathini esizayo uma efuna ukugubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwe-100 kweminye iminyaka engamashumi amathathu." UNetanyahu, ngokwephephandaba, wanezela ukuthi โumbuso wamaHasmonean waphila iminyaka engaba ngu-80 kuphela,โ nokuthi โusebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi u-Israyeli wanamuhla uzoludlula lolo phawu futhi afinyelele usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwekhulu.โ
Umongo wesifundo seBhayibheli uchaza kakhulu, ngoba lokhu akusona nje isici sobuholi bezenkolo obandayo bekoloni lezifiki kodwa kunalokho kuwumkhuba owaqalwa umsunguli wawo undunankulu wezwe nongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu uDavid Ben-Gurion, owasungula isiko. zamakilasi okufunda iBhayibheli emzini kandunankulu. UNetanyahu uvele wayiqala kabusha eminyakeni engaphezu kwemine edlule. Uma uBen-Gurion kanye nabaholi bamaJuda baseZionist bokuqala, bephikisana AmaKristu angamaZionist amaProthestani kodwa afana kakhulu namaZionists angamaKristu, babona iBhayibheli njengencwadi yomlando nendawo ekhuthaza ukubusa kwamakoloni, uNetanyahu kanye nabaholi benkolo bamaJuda bekoloni lezifiki balibona njengelungelo namuhla. inkolo igunya lekoloni.
Ngenkathi kubaholi bakwa-Israyeli, usongo abalwesabayo wukubuyela emuva kweNakba esikhathini esizayo, osomaqhinga bekoloni lezifiki bahlela ngenkuthalo ukuphikelela kwayo kwekusasa. Igama likaMongameli waseMelika uDonald Trump eliqanjwe ngokufanelekile elithi โDeal of the Centuryโ limane nje liyindaba yakamuva yobudlelwano bomphakathi kuleyo ndlela. Ngokuba isivumelwano sangempela sekhulunyaka asihlali lutho ngaphandle kwe Oslo izivumelwano yasekuqaleni kwawo-1990 (ngisho noma inguqulo entsha imbi kakhulu kuneyangaphambili), okwaqinisekisa ikusasa le-settler colony kanye nobuphakade be-Palestinian Nakba.
Amacebo akwa-Israyeli anezici eziningi. Kubandakanya ukusulwa ngokuphelele kweNakba enkumbulweni yomphakathi, ukuqedwa kofakazi bayo abasinda ngokubaxosha nokubanikeza ababaleki ngaphandle kwezwe labo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo bekhipha kulabo abasinda eNakba ababengakwazi futhi abakwazi ukuqeda ukuqashelwa ukuthi u-Israyeli kanye neZionism. babenalo lonke ilungelo lokwenza amaNakba nokuthi amaPalestine anesibopho sanoma yini eyenzeka kuwo.
UNetanyahu ukhathazeke kakhulu ngalolu daba lwakamuva. Wamemezela kuso leso sifundo seBhayibheli ukuthi izimo ezaziyoqinisekisa ikusasa lika-Israyeli nelamaNakba kumelwe kuhlangatshezwane nalo: โNoma ubani okhuluma ngenqubo yokuthula kumelwe aqale akhulume ngeqiniso lokuthi [abasePalestina] kumelwe baqaphele u-Israyeli; isimo sabantu bamaJuda.โ
Intando yokuxosha
Ukubheka isu lamaZayoni lokufaka i-Nakba yesikhathi esedlule neyamanje kusinikeza izinkomba mayelana nesu lamanje lika-Israyeli ngekusasa layo, okungenani kuze kube yilapho ikoloni yabahlali ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100 ubudala.
Kwakuyisimo sesimanje se-Ottoman, okwafaka ngo-1858 umthetho omusha wokuguqula amazwe ombuso kanye nomphakathi abe yimpahla yangasese kuyo yonke i-sultanate, eyakha indawo yokuvula yokulahlekelwa umhlaba wamaPalestina nokuxoshwa kwawo kuwo ngamandla omthetho. Ngenkathi abalimi basePalestine, kulandela ukwenziwa komhlaba waba yimfihlo, bengakwazi ukubhalisa izindawo zabo zedolobhana ngamagama abo ngenxa yokwesaba ukukhokhiswa intela yombuso, izindawo zabo zathengiswa endalini phakathi neminyaka eyishumi kubahwebi basemadolobheni abavela eBeirut, Jerusalem nakwamanye amadolobha.
Lolu shintsho lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba amakoloni angamaZionist aseYurophu ehlele ePalestine. Igagasi lokuqala lafika ngo-1868. Amakholoni kwakungabalandeli beminyaka eyinkulungwane abangamaProthestani baseJalimane ababebizwa ngokuthi ama-Templers, abanquma ukumisa amakoloni amaningana ezweni ukuze kusheshiswe ukubuya kwesibili kukaKristu.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abanikazi bezindlu abangama-Arabhu ababengekho badayisela izazi ezingamaJuda ezifana nalezi UBaron Edmond de Rothschild owanikeza isivuno esisha sokubuthela amaJuda aseRussia amakoloni, azibiza ngokuthi Abathandi BeZiyoni, ukuze akhe amakoloni awo.
Amakholoni angamaKristu aseJalimane ahlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe babo kumakholoni amasha angamaJuda, njengoba base bevele bathole isipiliyoni seminyaka eyishumi nesigamu sobukoloni. Nakuba isiphetho samakoloni aseJalimane sasiyovalwa ngeMpi Yezwe II, lapho amazwe abo athathwa khona amaZionists angamaJuda futhi inani lawo laxoshwa amaNgisi futhi kamuva ama-Israel, ikusasa lamakholoni angamaJuda angamaZiyoni lalithembisa kakhulu.
AmaJalimane abonakala enobudlelwano obuhle nabantu bomdabu basePalestine, kodwa akunjalo amakoloni angamaJuda, aphikelela ekuxosheni bonke abantu basePalestine emazweni ababewathengile. Abanye babaholi bamakoloni angamaJuda ababephathiswe ukuxoshwa bahlushwa unembeza ngezenzo zabo.
Isazi sezolimo namahlathi sasePoland uChaim Kalvarisky, umphathi weJewish Colonization Association, enye yezingalo zenhlangano yamaZayoni, wabika ngo-1920, ukuthi njengomuntu owayephuce abasePalestine iminyaka engu-25, kusukela ngawo-1890, " yama-Arabhu yaqala ukubonakala kimi ngobuqotho bayo ngokushesha ngemva kokuthenga indawo yokuqala engayenza lapha. Kwadingeka ngiphuce izakhamuzi ezingama-Arabhu indawo yazo ngenjongo yokuhlalisa abafowethu.โ
UKalvarisky wakhala ngokuthi โingoma yokulilaโ yalabo ayebaxosha ezweni labo โayizange iyeke ukunkeneneza ezindlebeni zami isikhathi eside ngemva kwalokho.โ Nokho utshele iZionist Provisional Assembly ukuthi akukho okunye angakwenza ngaphandle kokuthi abaxoshe ngoba "umphakathi wamaJuda ubufuna lokho."
Nakuba lokhu kuxoshwa okwalandela ukutholwa komhlaba kwamaZayoni kwakusemthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wase-Ottoman, umbuso wamaNgisi wamisa umbuso omusha wezomthetho wokuxoshwa ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa kwawo.
Enye yezinsimbi zokuqala nezibaluleke kakhulu zaseBrithani zokukhipha ubuzwe kanye nokuxosha ngokuphumelelayo amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu basePalestine kwaba Umyalelo Wobuzwe BasePalestine wango-1925 owabekwa yiBrithani ezweni. Ngokuvumelana neSivumelwano Sase-Lausanne sango-1923 esabeka imibandela yenkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe I ezindaweni zangaphambili zase-Ottoman, iSigaba 2 soMyalelo Wobuzwe basePalestine sanikeza izinkulungwane zabafuduki basePalestine isinqumo seminyaka emibili sokufaka isicelo sokuba yisakhamuzi sasePalestine. yanqunywa ukhomishana waseBrithani ePalestine kwaba yizinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye nje kuphela.
Njengesazi-mlando sezomthetho sasePalestine uMutaz Qafisheh uthi, le nkathi yezinyanga ezingu-40,000 โyayinganele ukuba abomdabu ababesebenza noma abafunda phesheya babuyele emakhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lalaba bantu bomdabu lagcina selingenabuzwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babelahlekelwe ubuzwe babo baseTurkey [i-Ottoman] ngenxa yeSivumelwano SaseLausanne, ngakolunye uhlangothi, babengenakukwazi ukuthola ubuzwe basePalestine ngokoMyalelo Wobuzwe.โ Isilinganiso esiqinile senani labo silibeka ku-XNUMX.
Izinkulumo-mpikiswano amaZayoni abenazo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1890s mayelana nalokho akubiza ngokuthi โukudluliselwaโ kwamaPalestine zicebile ngemininingwane futhi zikhombisa ukuvumelana phakathi kweningi lamaZionists Abasebenzi kanye namaRevisionists abambalwa, abahlukana nabo ukuze bakhe iqembu labo kamuva, kodwa. isiphetho sabo sasingenakugwemeka.
AmaPalestine kumele axoshwe futhi imihlaba yawo ithathwe ngendluzula, kodwa ukwenza lokho, amaZayoni kumele aqale athole ubukhosi. Lokhu bekuvele kuwuhlelo encwajaneni ka-Theodor Herzl ka-1896 Isimo SamaJuda: โUkungena [kwamaJuda] nakanjani kuzophela kabi. Kuqhubeka kuze kube umzuzu ongenakugwemeka lapho abantu bomdabu bezizwa besongelwa, futhi kuphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi amise ukuthutheleka kwamaJuda. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kuyize ngaphandle kwalapho sinelungelo elikhulu lokuqhubeka nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe.โ
Abaholi bamaZayoni bavumelana. Umholi we-Revisionist u-Vladimir Jabotinsky wacacisa ngalolu daba kusenesikhathi, kanti uDavid Ben-Gurion owayeqaphe kakhulu, owayenentshiseko ngokubaluleka kwenkulumo-ze, wayeqaphe kakhulu ngokuthi uzolubeka kanjani lolu hlelo kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuxoshwa kwaba yinqubomgomo esemthethweni yamandla abusayo. .
Lapha abanqobi bamaNgisi basePalestine baphoqeleka ukuthi ngesikhathi bekhipha iPeel Commission Report ngo-1937 ngesikhathi bephinda behlasela iPalestine ukuthi baqede ukuvukela okukhulu kwamaPalestine ngowe-1936-39. Lo mbiko kahulumeni wawuyisiphakamiso sokuqala esisemthethweni saseBrithani sokweba umhlaba wasePalestine futhi kuxoshwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu basePalestine.
Umdwebo "wokudlulisa"
Lo mbiko uphakamise ukuthi izwe lihlukaniswe phakathi kwamakoloni angamaJuda aseYurophu kanye namaPalestine abomdabu futhi uphakamise ukuthi ukuze kuhlukaniswe kufanele kuphucwe amaPalestine umhlaba wawo futhi kuxoshwe. Lo mbiko ucashunwe njengesandulela โsokushintshana kwabantu baseGreece naseTurkeyโ ngo-1923.
"Ukuhwebelana" okuhlongozwayo ePalestine bekuzobandakanya ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestine angama-225,000 kuSifundazwe samaJuda esihlongozwayo kanye namakholoni angama-1,250 angamaJuda eSifundazweni sasePalestine esihlongozwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi lapho amaJuda elawula amaphesenti angu-5.6 kuphela omhlaba ePalestine (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuthengwa noma ngokunikezwa izindawo zombuso amaNgisi ayenqobile), egxile kakhulu ethafeni elingasogwini, iKhomishini kaPeel yahlongoza ukudala umbuso wamaJuda endaweni eyodwaโ ingxenye yesithathu yezwe, kuhlanganise neGalile eligcwele ama-Arab futhi elinabantu abaningi. Lokhu bekuzophoqa ukuthi kuthathwe yonke impahla ephethwe yiPalestine kulezo zindawo.
Kungemva kwalokhu kugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwaseBrithani kokuxoshwa nokuthathwa kwenqwaba yezimpahla lapho uBen-Gurion ethululela isifuba sakhe encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo: โUkudluliselwa okuyimpoqo kwama-Arabhu ezigodini zezwe lamaJuda elihlongozwayo kungasinika okuthile esingakaze sibe nakho, ngisho nalapho simi. ngokwethu ngezinsuku zeThempeli lokuQala neleSibili: [iGalile cishe yayingenabo abangemaJuda]. โฆ Sinikezwa ithuba esingakaze silokothe โโukuphupha ngalo emcabangweni wethu. Lokhu kungaphezu kombuso, uhulumeni kanye nobukhosi - lokhu ukuhlanganisa izwe ezweni elikhululekile. "
Ngemva kokukhishwa kwalo mbiko, uhulumeni waseBrithani wamemezela isivumelwano sakhe neziphetho zawo futhi wafuna ukuthola imvume yeNhlangano Yezizwe ukuze ihlukanise izwe. Kodwa-ke, abaseBrithani ekugcineni kwadingeka balahle uhlelo lwe-Peel njengoba lwaluzobandakanya olukhulu ngenkani ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestine, ngokwephula, phakathi kokunye, imithetho yeNhlangano Yezizwe.
Kodwa-ke amaZayoni abona kahle ukuthi iPeel Commission Report iwagunyaza ukuthi avuleleke ngezinhlelo zawo zokweba umhlaba kanye nokuxoshwa kwawo. Evumelana nesicelo sikaJabotinsky sangaphambili sokuba kuxoshwe abantu abaningi, uBen-Gurion wathi ngo-June 1938: โNgiyakusekela ukudluliselwa okuphoqelekile. Angiboni lutho olungcolile kuwo.โ Isitatimende sakhe sizolandela inqubomgomo eyamukelwa yi-Jewish Agency - uhlaka oluyinhloko lwamaSiyoni oluphethe ukuqhubekisela phambili ubukoloni bamaJuda ePalestine - eyamisa "iKomidi Lokudluliselwa Kwabantu" okokuqala ngoNovemba 1937 ukuhlela amasu okuxoshwa ngendluzula kwamaPalestine.
Ilungu eliyinhloko lekomiti kwakunguJoseph Weitz, umqondisi woMnyango Wezomhlaba we-Jewish Agency. Lokhu akuzange kuzenzekele neze. Njengoba ukwenziwa kwamakholoni nokuxoshwa kuyingxenye yenqubomgomo efanayo, imibono neqhaza lika-Weitz kwakubalulekile kukho kokubili. U-Weitz walubeka lolu daba ngendlela edumile: โPhakathi kwethu kufanele kucace ukuthi ayikho indawo yabo bobabili abantu kuleli zwe. Ayikho 'intuthuko' ezosisondeza enjongweni yethu yokuba abantu abazimele kuleli zwe elincane. Ngemva kokuba ama-Arab esedlulisiwe, izwe liyovuleka kakhulu kithi; nama-Arabs ahlala izwe lizohlala lincane futhi livinjelwe. โฆ Okuwukuphela kwendlela ukudlulisa ama-Arabs asuke lapha aye emazweni angomakhelwane, wonke ngaphandle kwaseBetlehema, iNazaretha neJerusalema elidala. Akumele kusale nesisodwa isigodi noma isizwe esisodwa.โ
Njengoba isazi-mlando sasePalestine uNur Masalha ebhale, i-Jewish Agency yasungula ikomidi lesibili lokudluliswa kwabantu ngo-1941, kanti elesithathu nokho ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kwamaZiyoni ePalestine ngoMeyi 1948.
Ngenkathi uguquko lwasePalestine olwaluqhubekayo lwamisa uhlelo lwamaNgisi, futhi ukufika kweMpi Yezwe II kwakusho ukuthi amaNgisi ayengakwazi ukubhekana nokuvukela okwengeziwe ePalestine, ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina kwadingeka kulinde kuze kuphele impi.
Ukwahlukanisa kodwa hhayi ukuxoshwa
Kwakuyikho 1947 I-UN Partition Plan lokho kuzokwenza isiphakamiso esisha. Uma i-Peel Commission ifuna ukuthi kuntshontshwe izindawo ezizimele nezomphakathi futhi abantu baxoshwe, kwahlongozwa uhlelo lwe-UN Partition ukuthi luhlukanise amazwe ombuso kuphela phakathi kwamakoloni angamaJuda kanye nabomdabu basePalestine, okunikeza amakholoni ngaleso sikhathi abengaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu yabantu abaningi. kunengxenye yezwe.
Kodwa ngokungafani neKhomishini kaPeel, uhlelo lwe-UN lwakwenqabela ngokusobala ukudliwa komhlaba wangasese kanye nokuxoshwa kwabantu. AmaZayoni akwamukela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-UN, ngaphandle kokuthi aphule yonke imithetho yayo, futhi akuthatha njengohlelo lwe-Peel Commission Plan, kodwa manje selugunyazwe yi-UN.
I-UN Partition Plan empeleni yayiyisiphakamiso esingabophi esingakaze sigunyazwe noma samukelwe uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha, ngakho-ke asikaze sibe nokuma okusemthethweni.
Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi lolu hlelo lwalusho ukuthini ngokuthi โizwe lamaJudaโ kanye โnombuso wama-Arabโ ngenxa yokuthi i-Israel isebenzisa lo mbhalo njengokugunyaza ukusungulwa kwayo kanye nezimfuno zayo zokuthi amaPalestine kanye nomhlaba wonke babone ilungelo labo lokuba โ uMbuso wamaJudaโ esikhundleni sokuba umbuso wakwa-Israel kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zawo.
Uhlelo lubeka ngokusobala ukuthi โAkukho ukucwasana kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo okuyokwenziwa phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngenxa yohlanga, inkolo, ulimi noma ubulili,โ nokuthi โAkukho ukudliwa komhlaba okungom-Arab eSifundazweni SamaJuda (ngomJuda i-Arab State) โฆ izovunyelwa ngaphandle kwezinhloso zomphakathi. Kuzo zonke izimo zokudliwa komhlaba isinxephezelo esigcwele njengoba simiswe yiNkantolo Ephakeme sizokhokhwa ngaphambi kokuphucwa umhlaba.โ
Lapho "Isimemezelo Sokusungulwa Kwezwe Lakwa-Israyeli" sikhishwa ngo-14 May 1948, amabutho aseZionist asevele exoshe abantu basePalestine abangaba ngu-440,000 emazweni abo futhi babezoxosha abanye abangu-360,000 ezinyangeni ezilandelayo.
Kulokhu kulandela ngokusobala ukuthi isimangalo sika-Israyeli sokusungula izwe elinabantu abaningi bamaJuda esadalwa ngokuhlanzwa kohlanga akuzange kukhuthazwe wuHlelo Lokuhlukaniswa Kwezizwe Ezihlangene, kodwa kunalokho kugunyazwe izincomo zoMbiko Wekhomishana Yakwa-Peel.
Futhi ukuzichaza kuka-Israyeli njengombuso wamaJuda kwakuhambisana ne-UN Partition Plan, ngomqondo wombuso onikeza izakhamuzi zamaJuda amalungelo ngokobuhlanga nangokwenkolo phezu kwezakhamuzi ezingewona amaJuda ngokomthetho nangokwezikhungo, njengoba kwenza u-Israyeli.
I-UN Partition Plan lapho i-Israel isekela ukusungulwa kwayo ekuqaleni yayinombono wesifunda samaJuda esineningi lama-Arab (okuthe kamuva sashintsha kancane ukuze sifake inani labantu base-Arab abangamaphesenti angama-45). Ngakho-ke lolu hlelo aluzange lucabange umbuso wamaJuda ongenawo ama-Arabhu, noma Araberrein, njengoba umbuso wakwa-Israyeli wawunethemba lokuthi kuzoba njalo futhi njengoba amaJuda amaningi akwa-Israyeli ecabanga namuhla.
Ngempela njengoba iPalestine yahlukaniswa yaba yizifunda eziyi-16, eziyisishiyagalolunye zazo ezazisesifundeni esihlongozwayo samaJuda, ama-Arabhu asePalestine ayeyiningi ezifundeni eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyisishiyagalolunye.
Akukho lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-UN Partition Plan yegama elithi โizwe lamaJudaโ kugunyaza ukuhlanzwa kohlanga noma ukuqoqwa kwesizwe esisodwa sezindawo ezizimele ezithathwe kwesinye, ikakhulukazi njengoba lolu hlelo lwalucabanga ukuthi ama-Arabhu ezweni lamaJuda abe โidlanzanaโ elikhulu elingapheli. futhi kanjalo yabeka amalungelo okufanele anikezwe abantu abambalwa esifundeni ngasinye.
Lesi simo sabantu besingeke sibe yinkinga ezweni lama-Arab, njengoba uhlelo lwe-UN lwalunombono wokuthi umbuso wama-Arab uzoba namaJuda angamaphesenti angu-1.36 kuphela.
Inhlangano yamaZayoni yakuqonda ukungqubuzana koHlelo Lokuhlukanisa futhi isekelwe kulokho kuqonda okwakuhlelelwe ukuxosha iningi labantu base-Arab bezwe okwakucatshangwa ukuthi lamaJuda ngokuhambisana nezincomo zeKhomishini kaPeel. Kodwa amaZionists awakwazanga ukunikeza umbuso Araberrein, okwenza izinto zaba nzima kubo njengoba isikhathi sihamba.
Namuhla cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zabantu bakwa-Israyeli bangama-Arabs asePalestine avinjelwe ukufakwa ebuzweni bamaJuda futhi ahlushwa ukucwasa okusemthethweni okufakwe ezikhungweni ngokumelene nabo njengabangemaJuda.
AmaZayoni, okuhlanganisa nesazi-mlando esidumile sakwa-Israel u-Benny Morris, baphikisene ngokuthi yikhona kanye ukuba khona kwama-Arabhu ezweni lamaJuda okuliqhubezela ukuthi lifake ubandlululo lwawo kuyo yonke le mithetho. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukube i-Israel iphumelele ukuxosha bonke abantu basePalestine, okuwukuphela komthetho eyayizowudinga ukuze kugcinwe isimo sayo sobuJuda kwakuyoba umthetho wokufika kwabantu kwamanye amazwe okubekayo. (Bheka mina mpikiswano noMorris phakathi Ijenali ye-History Workshop nasencwadini yami Ukuphikelela kombuzo wasePalestine.)
Ngokuphambene ne-UN Partition Plan, kwa-Israyeli, incazelo ye "izwe lamaJuda" ukuxoshwa kweningi labantu base-Arab, ukwenqaba ukubabuyisela emazweni abo, ukuphucwa imihlaba yabo ngenxa yobukoloni obukhethekile bamaJuda kanye nokushaywa komthetho. yenqwaba yemithetho ecwasa labo abasala ezweni.
Lapho u-Israyeli ephikelela namuhla ukuthi iPalestine Authority kanye nezinye izifundazwe zama-Arab ziyaliqaphela ilungelo lalo lokuba izwe lamaJuda, azisho ukuthi kufanele zibubone ubuJuda bayo ngendlela i-UN Partition Plan eyayicabanga ngayo, kodwa kunalokho ngendlela u-Israyeli akuqonda ngayo futhi akusebenzise ngayo lokhu. incazelo phansi.
Uhlelo lwamaZayoni lokuletha iNakba lusaqinile kusukela ekunconyweni kukaHerzl. Uma i-Peel Commission Report bekuwukugunyazwa kokuqala kukahulumeni waseNtshonalanga kwalolo hlelo, i-UN Partition Plan yasilela kulo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Nakba eyenzelwe amaPalestine izokwenziwa ezigabeni ezintathu eziyinhloko, esisodwa sandulela uhlelo lwe-UN nezimbili ezalandela ukwehluleka kwe-UN ukulisebenzisa.
Isigaba I (1880-1947)
AmaZayoni akhuthaza ubudlelwano nohulumeni wobukhosi (ama-Ottomans namaNgisi), athenga izindawo noma athola izindawo zombuso ngezibonelelo ezivela kuhulumeni wobukhosi; waxosha amaPalestine ezweni elitholwe ngokomthetho futhi waqala ukwakha isakhiwo sombuso esibandlululayo kanye nomnotho wobandlululo owawuvimbela ukungena kwabomdabu belungiselela ukudliwa komhlaba wonke kanye nokuxoshwa kwabantu ngempoqo.
Ehlangothini lobudlelwano bomphakathi, amaPalestine axoshiwe amelwe njengabalahlekile abanganelisekile abaxoshwa kwabo kwakungokomthetho nokuziphatha futhi kungekho nokuzisola (ukubhuka kukaKalvarisky noma kunjalo).
Isigaba II (1947-1993)
Lokhu kwakuhilela ukunqotshwa komhlaba kanye nokuxoshwa kwabantu ngendluzula, kulokhu ngokungemthetho - ngo-1947-1950 ezindaweni lapho umbuso wakwa-Israel wamenyezelwa khona ngo-1948, nango-1967-1968 eWest Bank naseGaza Strip, kanye. njengeGolan Heights yaseSyria kanye neSinayi Peninsula yaseGibhithe. I-Israel yakha imithetho yokugunyaza ukudliwa komhlaba futhi ivimbele ukubuya kwababaleki abaxoshiwe futhi yasungula uhlelo lukahulumeni lwentando yeningi olucwasa ngokwebala oluphuca abomdabu abasele ukulingana futhi lunciphise ukufinyelela kwabo emhlabeni nokuhlala ezweni.
Yakhetha futhi/noma yakha isigaba sabahlanganyeli yabaqoka njengabaholi bamaPalestine (ama-mukhtar ezindaweni zango-1948, kanye Amaligi Amaqembu ezindaweni zango-1967) ngenkathi egunyaza ababaleki abasindile njengezisulu zokungaziphathi kahle kwabo ngokuthi bazishiyele ngokwabo futhi abaxoshwanga amaZayoni.
Lelisu elinezici eziningi lasetshenziswa ngempumelelo uma ngokwehlukana phakathi kwa-Israel nasezindaweni ezazithathiwe ngo-1967, ngaphandle nje kokwakhiwa kobuholi obambisene okwathi, naphezu kwemizamo enzima, eyaphumelela kancane futhi okwesikhashana.
Isigaba III (1993-2018)
Ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi ngokungemthetho kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi nakuba ukuxoshwa komuntu okusemthethweni kwaqhubeka. Nokho ukudliwa komhlaba okukhulu ne isembozo somthetho waqhubeka engaphazanyiswa.
Uguquko olubalulekile luyabonakala futhi, okungukuthi maqondana nokukhethwa ngokubambisana kobuholi basePalestine. Esikhundleni sokudala obunye ubuholi obuzongena esikhundleni sobuholi basePalestine obumelene nobukoloni, umzamo owagcina uhlulekile, ukugxila kwe-Israel kwakusekuhlanganiseni ubuholi bukazwelonke obusemthethweni (i-Palestine Liberation Organization) ngokwayo futhi buguqule ithimba labahlanganyeli. kanye nabaphoqeleli bobukoloniyali beZionist ngendlela yePalestine Authority.
I-Israel iphinde yafuna ukukhipha ukuhlonishwa okusemthethweni ebuholini obubambisene ukuthi i-Zionist settler-colonialism yayisemthethweni futhi isemthethweni nokuthi ukuxoshwa kwamaPalestina kanye nokwebiwa kwezindawo zabo kuze kube manje bekusemthethweni. Lokhu kwafezwa ngezivumelwano zase-Oslo nasezivumelwaneni eziningi i-PA kanye ne-Israel eyasayina kusukela lapho.
Ngokusekelwe kumasu asetshenziswe phakathi nalezi zigaba ezintathu, singakwazi ukwelula uhlelo lweminyaka engama-30 ezayo ukuze u-Israyeli afinyelele eminyakeni eyi-100 ubudala futhi enze i-Nakba ibe ngunaphakade futhi iyenze ingenakuhlehliswa ngokuphelele.
Isigaba esizayo
Isigaba esizayo sesivele sisaqhubeka futhi sibandakanya umzamo onzima kakhulu wokuqeda ngokuphelele izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu basePalestine kanye nelungelo labo lomhlaba.
Lokhu kwafezwa ngokwengxenye ngesikhathi seSigaba sesi-III, okungukuthi ngokuqeda i-PLO njengenhlangano esebenzayo eyayimele bonke abantu basePalestine, ngokwakha i-PA, emele kuphela labo abaseWest Bank (kususe iJerusalema) naseGaza.
I-Israel isivele ilubeke phansi udaba lwababaleki basePalestine kulokho okubizwa ngezingxoxo zesimo sokugcina ezingakaze zifike futhi manje unethemba lokuqeda ngokusemthethweni ilungelo labo lokubuya eliqinisekisiwe yi-UN ikakhulukazi ababaleki njengesigaba ngokujwayelekile.
Imizamo eqhubekayo kahulumeni wase-US kanye no-Israel ukubhubhisa i-UNRWA, inhlangano ye-UN yababaleki basePalestine, ihlose ukusheshisa le nqubo unomphela.
Esigabeni esizayo - esesivele siqhubeka - u-Israyeli uzophinde agcizelele ekuqedeni ukuzenzisa kobuzwe be-PA ngokuphelele, futhi aqinisekise ithimba le-PA labahlanganyeli abangeke benze ngisho nezidingo zamagama ukuze banciphise ukuhlukunyezwa okuqhubekayo kwe-Nakba.
Ekugcineni, kulesi sigaba u-Israyeli uhlose ukuhlukanisa abasindile basePalestine eNakba eqhubekayo, eqhubekile iminyaka eyi-140 edlule, futhi abazungezwe yizitha zama-Arab, manje abangabangane abakhulu baka-Israyeli noma okungenani bayizitha zanoma yimuphi umPalestine. iyaqhubeka nokumelana neNakba - lokhu kubandakanya imibuso yaseJordani, yaseGibhithe, yaseSyria naseLebanon kanye nayo yonke imibuso yaseGulf (kanye ngaphandle kwe-Kuwait okungenzeka).
Nakuba osopolitiki kanye nezihlakaniphi zama-Arab kanye ne-neoliberal zama-Arab kanye ne-Palestine kanye nababusi abangama-Arab abangakhethwanga bavumile ukuba yingxenye yalolu hlelo ukuze baqinisekise ikusasa labo, manje elixhumene nekusasa lika-Israyeli kanye nengunaphakade le-Nakba, ingxenye esele ye abantu basePalestine abaqhubeka nokumelana nokuketula lelisu.
Ukumelana okuqhubekayo kwamaPalestine kuNakba yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwa-Israyeli, iWest Bank (kuhlanganise neJerusalema), eGaza, noma ekudingisweni, kuyaqhubeka naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo ka-Israyeli yokuyiqeda.
Njengoba ukuphikisana phakathi kwekoloni kanye nomkhathi wamazwe ngamazwe kwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ku-Israyeli ukuthi aphinde aqale ukuxosha abantu abaningi ngokungemthetho, uye waphakamisa iziphakamiso zokuthi ukuxoshwa okusemthethweni nokuzithandela yezakhamizi zasePalestine zakwa-Israel ngokusebenzisa isivumelwano sokugcina (esifana ne-Peel Plan) nethimba le-PA labahlanganyeli. Lokhu, nokho, kufakazeleke ukuthi kuhlongozwa kalula ephepheni kunokwenza.
Njengoba iNakba kumelwe ihilele ukunqotshwa kwezwe nokuxoshwa kwenani labantu, khona-ke uxhaxha lwezithiyo manje lumi endleleni kaIsrayeli ngekusasa lamaNakba. Lesi yisikhathi soguquko.
Ngaphakathi, izakhamizi zasePalestine zakwa-Israel manje sezihlangene ngokumelene nobuJuda nobukoloni bombuso futhi zifuna kuhlakazwe imithetho yawo eminingi yokucwasa. Ithimba labahlanganyeli be-PA, lisaphethe eWest Bank, selizolahlekelwa yinsalela yalo yokugcina yokuba semthethweni ngokushabalala okuzayo kuka-Mahmoud Abbas.
Ukuphikiswa kwabantu eGaza, ngabantu kanye nophiko lwezempi lweHamas, akuzange kube buthaka naphezu kokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli okuqhubekayo nokubulala izinkulungwane kusukela ngo-2005, lapho i-Israel ihoxisa izifiki zayo futhi isusa amabutho ayo ukusuka maphakathi kuya emngceleni weGaza, lapho bephoqelela ukuvinjezelwa okunonya.
Uma UMashi Omkhulu Wokubuya emasontweni ambalwa edlule kukhona noma iyiphi inkomba, intando yabantu basePalestine ihlezi iqinile futhi ingantengantengi.
Emazweni ngamazwe, ukunyakaza kokuduba, ukudilizwa kanye nezijeziso iyaqhubeka ikhula kanye nokuhlukanisa u-Israyeli, ngaphandle kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga nama-Arab.
Ngenkathi amazwe aseNtshonalanga kanye nemibuso yama-Arab enikeza leli koloni ukusekelwa kwawo okungenamibandela, ayenqaba ngokuphelele ukugunyaza u-Israyeli ukuthi axoshe ngenkani amaPalestine ayizigidi eziyisi-6.5 ahlala ngaphansi kombuso wawo wamakoloni, noma ngabe kusezindaweni zango-1948 noma ngo-1967. Bayakuvumela-ke nokho ukuthi kuqhubeke nokuphuca izindawo zamaPalestine nokubacindezela, ukubabulala nokubabopha. Ngokwenza kanjalo, basekela ingxenye eyodwa yezinhlelo zeNakba yakwa-Israel kodwa hhayi enye.
Lokhu bekulokhu kuyindida kwa-Israyeli sonke lesi sikhathi. Kwathi ngemva kokunqoba kuka-1967 uGolda Meir ebuza uNdunankulu u-Levi Eshkol ukuthi u-Israyeli wayezokwenzani ngesigidi samaPalestine njengoba ayengeke abuyise izindawo ezazithathiwe futhi engasakwazi ukubaxosha ngobuningi, wathi kuye: โIlobolo liyajabulisa wena kodwa makoti. akunjalo.โ
Kulo mongo, kubonakala sengathi iNakba ngeke ibe nekusasa nhlobo ngaphandle uma abaholi bakwa-Israel becabanga ukuthi bangakwazi ukuxosha izigidi zabantu basePalestine ngenkani. Kulo mkhosi weminyaka engama-70 wokusungulwa kwekoloni lamaJuda, uNetanyahu unelungelo lokukhathazeka ngokuthi u-Israyeli angase angafinyeleli ku-100 nokuthi ikusasa lamaNakba, njengelika-Israyeli, lingase libe. Ngemuva It.
UJoseph Massad unguSolwazi Wezepolitiki Zanamuhla Zama-Arab kanye Nomlando Wobuhlakani e-Columbia University. Ungumbhali muva nje we Islam in Liberalism (I-University of Chicago Press, 2015).
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