Umthombo: Middle East Eye
I-Western Russophobic hysteria manje isisebenza ngokugcwele. Isiko lezombangazwe laseJalimane, indlalifa yesimiso sobushiqela emhlabeni wonke owake wawazi, kuye kwaholela ekwakamuva labadubuli yomqhubi we-orchestra yaseRussia owenqaba ukugxeka elaseMoscow izenzo zezempi e-Ukraine, nomculi we-opera waseRussia Anna Netrebko.
Njengoba isishoshovu somzabalazo esingumJuda waseJalimane sisanda kungitshela, lesi sigameko asihlobene nakancane nokudutshulwa kweJalimane Abaculi abangamaJuda ngo-1933 kanye nabaculi bamaKrestu baseJalimane ukwenqaba ukusekela i-National Socialism, futhi lokho kwakungaphambi kwemithetho yase-Nuremberg yango-1935.
Futhi emasontweni ambalwa edlule, i-Deutsche Welle ephethwe nguhulumeni waseJalimane yayimatasa ukuhlanza abasebenzi base-Arab abaveze imibono egxekayo Israel - imibono ekhonjwa ku-pro-Israel eJalimane kakhulu ngokuthi "i-antisemitic".
E-Italy, isiko layo lezombangazwe liphinde libe yindlalifa yobuFascist, kwakukhona inkambo yasenyuvesi yaseDostoevsky imisiwe egameni le-Russophobia entsha - nakuba ngenxa yengcindezi, yabuyiselwa kamuva. E-US, umdondoshiya wegeyimu yevidiyo EA Sports ikhiphe amaqembu aseRussia ochungechungeni lwemidlalo yevidiyo yeFIFA.
Imibuso yaseNtshonalanga yenkululeko โyentando yeningiโ ikhuthaza ukuvumelana okuphelele nokuthobela โuNgqongqoshe Weqinisoโ
Umkhankaso weRussian-Russian ugcwele yonke imikhakha yezombangazwe yasentshonalanga, futhi ugunyazwe ngokugcwele ama-liberals asentshonalanga kanye ne-elite yamasiko. Ukuthatheka kwezepolitiki kweningi labantu base-US naseNtshonalanga Yurophu bekulokhu kungishaqisa. Selokhu ngafika e-US ngizofunda enyuvesi ngo-1982, angizange ngikholwe ukuthi ontanga yami baseMelika bazo zonke izinhlanga babekhohliseka kangakanani enkolelweni yabo engenakunyakaziswa yokuthi noma yini eshiwo uhulumeni wabo noma abezindaba, ikakhulukazi ngamanye amazwe, kwakuyiqiniso eliphelele.
Sengikhulele ku Jordan ngaphansi kombuso wentando yeningi, ngafunda, njengabaningi baseJordani, ukukholelwa okuncane kakhulu okushiwo uhulumeni noma abezindaba. Ngihlala ngiyingxenye yombono wokuthi imibuso yentando yeningi ikhuthaza ukungabaza kwentando yeningi kubantu bayo, kuyilapho imibuso yasentshonalanga yenkululeko โyentando yeningiโ ikhuthaza ukuvumelana okuphelele nokuthobela โuNgqongqoshe Weqinisoโ, njengoba uGeorge Orwell ayibiza kanjalo.
Ngeza kulokho isixuku sengqondo kanye nokwenqaba okujwayelekile kwemibono ephikisana nezinkolelo ezandile emazweni amaningi asentshonalanga, futhi isimo asihlukile kangako esikweni lobufascist lamazwe amaningi aseYurophu ngesikhathi sezimpi.
Ukuhlaselwa okungapheli kokucwasa
Akukho kulokhu okumangazayo. E-US, amaMelika adubula Ama-Dachshunds ngobuningi, babakhanda ngamatshe, futhi babanyathela emigwaqweni phakathi neMpi Yezwe I ngenxa yozalo lwabo lwamaJalimane. Umkhankaso waseMelika wethulwa ngokumelene ubhiya njengesiphuzo saseJalimane, ethi โakubonisi ubuzweโ ukusiphuza. AmaMelika aze aqanjwa kabusha i-sauerkraut โikhabishi lenkululekoโ.
Lokhu ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaJalimane aseMelika kanye nezakhamizi zaseJalimane zase-US zafakwa amakamu okuhlushwa (abizwa ngokuthi โamakamu okuboshwaโ ngolimi olusemthethweni) phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kanye neMpi Yezwe II.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, i-jingoism yase-US yayisezingeni eliphezulu, nokuhlaselwa okungapheli okucwasa eJapan ngezinsolo zokubukela phansi umnotho wase-US. Imikhankaso yokuduba izimoto zaseJapan nezinto zikagesi ibisabalele, abanye besola amaJapan ngokwenza โezomnotho Pearl Harborโ nokuxwayisa ngokuthi โIngozi Ephuziโ isibuyile (lapha, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amaJapane aseMelika kanye nezakhamuzi zaseJapane zase-US zathunyelwa emakamu okuhlushwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi zaphucwa impahla yazo nguhulumeni wase-US).
Ngo-1982, ababili amadoda amhlophe owayesebenza emkhakheni wezimoto washaya indoda yaseShayina yaseMelika yaze yafa, ngokusobala emthatha ngokuthi ungumJapane. I ababulali ababili bahlawuliswe u-$3,000 futhi abazange baboshwe. Abamele ukhongolose base-US baze basebenzise isando ukucekela phansi Toshiba imikhiqizo phambi kweCapitol - futhi lokho kwakungenkathi kaMongameli uRonald Reagan, kudala ngaphambi kukaDonald Trump noJoe Biden.
Ngemuva kweNguquko yase-Iranian, ukuhlaselwa ngokobuhlanga kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwe Ama-Irani, noma ubani owazenza ngephutha (njengoba nganginjalo ngabafana abamhlophe ngesonto ngemva kokufika kwami โโe-US), kwakuyinto evamile e-US. Iphosta emelene ne-Iranian ibilenga eHouston, Indawo yokudlela yase-Texas BBQ kusukela ngo-1979, ekhombisa ukulingiswa kwe-lynching, into eyenza abalandeli bathandeka kakhulu 2011.
I-Islamophobic pitch iphakanyiswe ngezilinganiso ezingakaze zibonwe kulo lonke elase-US naseYurophu ngemuva kwalokho 9/11, nomunye we ukuhlaselwa kokuqala kokucwasa ukubulala, kanye nesisulu esingumSulumane, umKristu waseGibhithe kanye nendoda yamaSikh okwakucatshangwa ukuthi yayingamaSulumane.
Intsha yaseshashalazini
Ngenkathi iFrance yenqaba ukusekela ukuhlasela kombuso wase-US e-Iraq ngo-2003, izitolo zokudlela zaseMelika zaqala ukulahla iwayini laseFrance futhi zathela iwayini. okuqukethwe amabhodlela emigwaqweni. I-Congress nayo yayiphayona kulokho lapho Indawo yokudlela ye-Congressional iqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi โama-French friesโ njengokuthi โfreedom friesโ.
Emkhathini wamanje, okufanayo yaseshashalazini intsha isiko lezombusazwe US kubonakalisiwe in ukuphuza i-vodka yaseRussia ngisho nokuduba isiRashiya esiphethwe yiMelika izindawo zokudlela. Spotify kuvaliwe amahhovisi ayo eMoscow kanye ne-IKEA Ivaliwe izitolo zayo zaseRussia. Umkhosi wefilimu waseGlasgow ihlile amafilimu amabili Russian.
Akumele kudlulelwe phambili, iMetropolitan Opera yaseNew York limenyezelwe ukuthi yayiqeda ubudlelwano bayo neBolshoi Theatre yaseMoscow futhi yanqamula ubuhlobo nomculi we-opera Anna Netrebko, kuyilapho i-Venice Biennale isusiwe i-Russian Pavilion, phakathi kwenqwaba yokudukiswa kwemikhiqizo yamasiko yaseRussia.
Futhi, uma izinja zaseJalimane kwadingeka zibulawe e-US phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-International Cat Federation yaseFrance isanda kubulawa amakati aseRussia avinjelwe kusukela emiqhudelwaneni. I-Lithuania yafika lapho ukumisa ukuthunyelwa kwayo yemigomo ye-Covid eya e-Bangladesh njengesijeziso ngesinqumo sakamuva sokungavoteli i-UN ukugxeka ukungenelela kweRussia.
Ukuduba iRussia ezingeni elisemthethweni kungaba isenzo esibalulekile sezepolitiki, okuhlanganisa ukukhansela ukuvakasha kombuso, ukuvivinya umzimba okuhlangene kwezempi, noma kunjalo, ukuduba uDostoevsky, Vodka, nabaculi baseRussia akuwona.
Ukube iNtshonalanga yayingenabo ubuzenzisi obunjalo mayelana nokuthi yimaphi amazwe angaxoshwa ngokushesha futhi angakwazi, ukuduba iRussia ezingeni elisemthethweni kungaba isenzo esibalulekile sezombangazwe, okuhlanganisa ukukhansela ukuvakashelwa kombuso, ukuzivocavoca okuhlangene kwezempi, ukwehla kwezimemo ezisemthethweni ezenzakalweni ezixhaswe nguhulumeni, ukukhansela izimemo zezikhulu zombuso waseRussia zokukhuluma ezikhungweni ezizimele noma zomphakathi, njll.; Nokho, ukuduba uDostoevsky, Vodka, nabaculi baseRussia akunjalo.
Iyamisa ukuhlolwa kwe-litmus kubaculi baseRussia ukuze bagcine imisebenzi yabo kuma-orchestra aseJalimane ashaya into engaphansi kobushiqela. Cabanga nje ukuthi bekunempikiswano kangakanani ukuduba - hhayi kwa-Israel - kodwa kwamakoloni abo abahlali abangekho emthethweni ezindaweni ezithathiwe kube nengxabano phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka edlule, futhi uyasithola isithombe.
U-Vladimir Lenin solwa amanye amakhomanisi aseRussia ekuqaleni kwawo-1920 ngenxa yokungasekeli kwawo okunethezekile kwamalungelo abantu abaningi abangebona abaseRussia abahlala eRussia ngokuthi: โKhipha amakhomanisi athile [aseRussia] futhi uzothola ama-chauvinists amaGreat-Russian.โ
Njengoba imikhankaso eqhubekayo ye-Russophobic ihlanganise ama-conservative asentshonalanga nama-liberals e-US naseYurophu, ngizizwa ngizethemba ngokusho ukuthi cishe uma uklwebha abaningi abamhlophe abakhululekile, uzothola i-Cold Warrior eqine ngokweqile.
Isimangaliso
Izenzo zakamuva ezinyanyekayo nezidelelekile zesiRashiya ziveza ukuthi isimo sobusha sesiko lepolitiki sase-US noma saseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngaphansi kwe-fascism noma i-liberalism ayihlukile kangako uma kukhulunywa ngokunqwabelanisa inhlamba yokucwasa ngokwebala kanye namaphupho aqanjiwe ezitheni ezikhethiwe.
Lokhu kudlulela nasezifundweni zasentshonalanga. I-Sovietology, umkhakha wezemfundo ophiko lwesokudla owavela ngawo-1950, wasakaza imibono ye-sophomoric mayelana nesiko โeliphikisana nentando yeningiโ yamaSoviet ngenxa yokuthi omama base-Russia qweqwe izingane zabo ziqine kakhulu kunakwezinye izizwe, isenzo okuthiwa sagxilisa kubo uthando lokucindezelwa yipolitiki. AmaSulumane nama-Arabhu, i-western academia nabezindaba usitshele amashumi eminyaka futhi uyaqhubeka nokusitshela, ukuthanda omashiqela nobudlova, njengoba kuyingxenye yenkolo namasiko abo.
Ngonyaka wezi-2000, ngahlela ngokubambisana no-Edward Said ingqungquthela enkulu yemibhalo lapho samema khona abantu abangama-40 abadumile emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa ababhali bezincwadi nezimbongi abangama-20 abavela emazweni ama-Arab. Le ngqungquthela ixhaswe yinhlangano ezimele yezamasiko aseMelika futhi yayizoba se-Columbia University, lapho mina noSaid safundisa khona.
Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba ingqungquthela ibanjwe, ukuhlaselwa kwe-9/11 kwenzeka. Isiyaluyalu esimelene nama-Arab kanye namaSulumane esihlasele i-US ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwamkhathaza kakhulu umxhasi kanye nenyuvesi maqondana nezindaba zokuphepha futhi besaba ukuthi ingqungquthela izoqhunyiswa ngamabhomu ngabashisekeli baseMelika abangama-Arab. Njengoba izidingo zokuphepha zenyuvesi zikhula, ukukhathazeka kwesisekelo samasiko mayelana nezinsongo zokuphepha kwanda. Ingqungquthela, obesekuphele iminyaka emibili yenziwa, yahoxiswa.
Into exakayo yesiko elivamile lezepolitiki nelaziwayo lasentshonalanga elivumelana kakhulu futhi lintula ukungahambisani naso ngaphandle kwemibuzo lapho abantu basentshonalanga abahlonishwayo ngokwabo bengavumelani, iyaqhubeka lapho ibhekene nemibono yasentshonalanga yokuthi iNtshonalanga yenkululeko iyindawo lapho "izimbali eziyikhulu ziqhakaza khona", ngaphandle uma vele ziqhakaza ngendlela ephikisana nenkulumo yepolitiki ekhishwe ohulumeni kanye nabezindaba zezinkampani, lapho kukhishwa izixuku zasentshonalanga.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, uNowam Chomsky ihlaziye ukuthi kufinyelelwe kanjani ukwenziwa kwemvume yasentshonalanga ukuze kukhiqizwe inani labantu abathatheka ngokweqile. Uma i-hysteria yamanje yasentshonalanga iyinkomba, kuncane kakhulu okushintshile eminyakeni edlule.
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Nikela