Ngaphambi kokuthi uhulumeni wase-United States akhiphe inkontileka engaphansi kwebutho lezempi laseChile ukuthi liketule uhulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi kaSalvador Allende ngo-1973, wenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ezweni ukulungiselela ukuketulwa umbuso kwangomhla zili-11 kuMandulo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziteleka ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi zabanikazi bamaloli, ezikhubaze umnotho, imibhikisho emikhulu ebihlanganisa omama bezindlu abasezingeni eliphakathi nezingane ezithwele amabhodwe namapani zifuna ukudla, ukuhlanzwa kwebutho lezempi laseChile elizophikisa ukumiswa kwentando yeningi kanye nokwethulwa kwe-US. -umthetho we-fascist osekelwayo, kanye nomkhankaso omkhulu wezindaba ngokumelene nombuso nge-CIA yokutshala izindaba emaphephandabeni afana I-Mercury nabanye. Lokhu bekusesimweni lapho iQembu LamaKhomanisi kanye neLeftist Revolutionary Movement (MIR) begxeka futhi kwesinye isikhathi behlasela umbuso ka-Allende besuka ezikhundleni ezihlukene kwesokunxele.
Isibonelo sase-Chile sibalulekile ukukhumbula lapho umuntu ebheka isimo sase-Palestine namuhla, njengoba sisebenza njengohlobo lwevidiyo yokuqeqesha yamavukelambuso amelene nentando yeningi ahlelwe yi-US kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-US kanye ne-Israel isekela ngokwezimali ukulungiswa okuvulekile kokuketulwa umbuso okuzokwenziwa ubuholi obuphezulu be-Fateh (futhi endabeni ka-Israel evumela ukudluliselwa kwezikhali ku-Palestinian Authority [PA] uMongameli Mahmoud Abbas's Praetorian Guard), kodwa kanjalo. ziyizinsizakalo zezobunhloli zenani lamazwe ama-Arab anobungani bakwa-Israel-kanye ne-US amasevisi azo ezobunhloli asungule izitolo ngokuvuleleka eRamallah muva nje, okwenza ukuzibandakanya kwawo okude nokukhulu, nakuba kungabukeki phansi, ekuqhubeni izindawo zase-Palestine kuvuleleke kakhudlwana futhi kungabi namahloni. Ngempela โithimbaโ lezobunhloli lelinye lamazwe angama-Arab liqashe ibhilidi elinezitezi eziningi eRamallah ukuze liqhube imisebenzi yalo lapho.
U-Israel usize lo mzamo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokuthumba nokubopha amalungu e-Fateh amelana nezinqubomgomo zokusebenzisana zobuholi obuphezulu. Ngokuqondene nobuholi ngokwabo, ngezikhathi ezithile buye bahlanza amalungu e-Fateh aphikisana nezinqubomgomo zabo, futhi bakhipha inyumbazana labo abaHlakazekile abaqhubeka nokuphikisana nabo. Abaholi beqembu le-Fateh/PA bahlanganisa u-Abbas kanye ne-triumvirate ebusayo ka-Mohamed Dahlan, u-Yasser Abd Rabbo, no-Nabil Amr. Amaphrofayili alaba abathathu abenza bafanelekele kahle imisebenzi ezayo. UDahlan waziwa emhlabeni wonke njengebutho lezempi laseMelika kanye nelakwa-Israel elikhohlakele phansi. U-Abd Rabbo (owaziwa nangokuthi u-Yasser Abd Yasser, ngokwezwi nezwi โumkhulekeli ka-Yasser ka-Yasserโ ngenxa yokuzithoba kwakhe ku-Arafat) ungumqambi wezivumelwano zase-Geneva, eziqaphela ilungelo lika-Israyeli lokuba izwe lamaJuda elicwasa ngokwebala njengelisemthethweni futhi lenqaba ilungelo lababaleki basePalestine. ukubuya njengokungekho emthethweni. Usanda kuphakamisa isikhundla sakwa-Israel ngesikhathi elwa nongqongqoshe wezangaPhandle waseQatar kanye nabasebenzi bakhe ngesikhathi evakashele lezo zindawo ezidliwe. U-Amr ungungqongqoshe wezolwazi we-PA, futhi wayekade evakashele esikhungweni sokucwaninga sakwa-Israel i-Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Uphinde abe ngumbhali wenkulumo ka-Abbas noDahlan.
U-Abbas kanye nalaba bobathathu abenzi nje kuphela ukwethula iziteleka ezinkulu zezigebengu zezokuphepha ze-Fateh abahlome ngazo ukuze bapholise izindawo egameni lika-Israyeli, kanye neziteleka zombuso osebenza ezinkonzweni ze-PA, kodwa futhi ziye zaphoqelela inani elikhulu lamaPalestine, okuhlanganisa nothisha noprofesa, ngaphansi kwamandla ezibhamu, ukuze babambe isiteleka ngokumelene neHamas, lapho iningi labo lalivotele i-Hamas kwasekuqaleni futhi lenqaba ukuteleka. Abantu basePalestine abalwe amashumi eminyaka ukugcina izikole namanyuvesi abo evulekile ngokumelene nokuvalwa kwe-Israeli kanye nokumiswa kwemfundo yasePalestine, manje baphoqwa uFateh nezigebengu zabo ezihlomile ukuthi bamise inqubo yemfundo yasePalestine ngeziteleka ezimelene neHamas, futhi basabise ngokudubula abantu uma yenqaba ukulandela iziqondiso zokuketula umbuso zika-Fateh.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Abbas kanye ne-Fateh/PA triumvirate bahlele imibhikisho eRamallah ngabantu basePalestine abasezingeni eliphakathi, okuhlanganisa namakhosikazi asekhaya, abakhiphe amabhodwe abo namapani, endaweni ebolekwe ku-1973 Santiago, emibhikishweni emelene neHamas. Iphephandaba elilawulwa yi-Fateh, ikakhulukazi Al-Ayyam igqugquzela umkhankaso omkhulu wenkulumo-ze emelene ne-Hamas ukulungiselela ukuketulwa umbuso futhi ngaleyo ndlela idlala indima efanayo I-Mercury wenza eChile. Al-Ayyam lisizwa emizamweni yalo ngabahlakaniphi bezwe basePalestine abamelene ne-Hamas, iningi labo elingamalungu e-payroll yababhangi benqubo yase-Oslo kanye nama-NGO ayo. Lawa maPalestine amadala angamanxele, njengozakwabo eLebanon, aziwa kangcono namuhla njengama iphiko kwesokudla kwesokunxele, njengoba bethatha izikhundla zophiko lwesokudla kuyilapho begcizelela ukuthi basengamanxele ngokusekelwe ezikhundleni ababezibambe ngeminyaka yawo-1980 noma ngaphambili.
Uhlelo luwukuthi ababusi be-Fateh/PA bazokwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuchukuluza i-Hamas ukuthi iqale impi lapho u-Fateh, ngosizo lwezobunhloli zamazwe angama-Arab anobungane, kanye nosizo oluvela kwa-Israel kanye ne-US, ezochoboza i-Hamas. futhi uthathe izintambo. Ngempela, umzuliswano wokuqala ongaphumelelanga wenzeka lapho uhulumeni wakwa-Israel ethumba ingxenye yesithathu yohulumeni we-Hamas, ongqongqoshe bekhabhinethi kanye namalungu ephalamende, wabafaka emajele akwa-Israel. Lokhu kwakunganele ukuwisa iHamas, futhi hhayi ngenxa yokuntula usizo uFateh alunikeza abahlali bakwa-Israel. Ngaphandle kokushiswa kokuqala kwebhilidi loMkhandlu wesiShayamthetho, izigebengu zikaFateh ziphinde zashisa ihhovisi likandunankulu, zadubula imoto yakhe, zashisa amahhovisi eminyangweni eyehlukene kaningi, zahlukumeza futhi zasabisa ongqongqoshe be-Hamas namalungu ephalamende i-Israel ehlulekile ukubathumba nokubabopha, benqaba. ukuvumela izinkonzo zikahulumeni ukuthi zisebenze, nokunye. I-Hamas nokho, ngobuhlakani ishaya phansi ngonyawo ithi izophendula ngenkani kuphela uma uFateh eqala impi enzima ukuletha ukuketulwa kwayo okuhleliwe, kodwa hhayi ngaphambili.
Ukuketula umbuso okuhleliwe kuka-Fateh akusekelwe kuphela ekudumeni kwe-Hamas kanye nokunqoba kwayo okhethweni kodwa futhi nasekukhuliseni ikhono le-Hamas lokuzivikela emabuthweni e-Fateh. Uma i-US kanye ne-Israel behlomisa izigebengu ze-Fateh ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Arafat ukuze zichoboze i-Intifada yokuqala yasePalestine kanye nanoma yikuphi ukumelana okusele ekuhlaselweni kusukela ngo-1994, namuhla, i-Hamas icishe ihlome njengamabutho e-Fateh futhi ingavikela amalungelo abantu basePalestine ukumelana nombuso. Ukuhlala kwa-Israyeli kanye nabahlanganyeli basePalestine abahlome kahle abasiza ukukuphoqelela. Yilapho isimo namuhla sehluke khona kakhulu kuleso samaphakathi nawo-1990. Ukuze kuncishiswe le bhalansi entsha yamabutho, uhulumeni wase-United States, ngokusho kwephephandaba lakwa-Israel Haaretz, sekuphele isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga eqeqesha unogada baka-Abbas eJeriko nabafundisi bezempi baseMelika, abaseBrithani, baseGibhithe nabaseJordani, futhi uyabanikeza izikhali ukuze balungiselele ukubhekana neHamas. Ikhabhinethi yakwa-Israel yona isanda kugunyaza ukudluliselwa kwezinkulungwane zezibhamu ezivela e-Egypt nase-Jordan ziyiswe embuthweni ka-Abbas. Abakwa-Israel baphinde bagunyaza isicelo saseMelika sokuthi i-Israel ivumele i-Badr Brigade - ingxenye ye-Palestine Liberation Army ekhona eJordani - ukuthi ithumele eGaza. Lezi zinyathelo ziqanjwe nguGeneral Keith Dayton, umxhumanisi wezokuphepha waseMelika ezindaweni ezidliwayo, ofuna i-Badr Brigade isebenze โnjengebutho lika-Abbas lokusabela ngokushesha eGazaโ. Njengesinyathelo esingenzeka sokwandisa izindima zayo zokuphepha kanye nezempi ezindaweni ezithathiwe, uhulumeni waseJordani usanda kusungula ikomiti lezomthetho ukuze libuyekeze izinhlinzeko zesinqumo sikaJordani โsokukhiphaโ iWest Bank esamenyezelwa mhla zingama-31 kuNtulikazi 1988, siphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqulwa kwengxenye noma zonke lezi zinhlinzeko. Muva nje, abakwa-Israel baqinise ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kanye nokubulawa kwabo eGaza, muva nje eBeit Hanoun ebulala abantu basePalestine abangama-50 ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
UMahmoud Abbas kanye ne-triumvirate yakhe ebusayo bayathula okwamanje ukuqala impi evulekile ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlehla komphakathi. Bancamela ukususa i-Hamas ngokubeka uhulumeni โwobumbano lwesizweโ ozophazamisa i-Hamas kancane kancane nangokuthula. Kodwa-ke, u-Abbas kanye ne-triumvirate yakhe balahlekelwa isineke ngokushesha. Ngempela, emhlanganweni ohlelwe ngokushesha we-Diaspora-based Fateh Central Committee obekumele uhlangane e-Amman emasontweni amathathu edlule ukuze kugunyazwe izinhlelo zokuketula umbuso, amalungu ekomiti aphikisana nokuketulwa kuka-Abbas okusekelwe yi-US kanye ne-Israel, okwaphoqa u-Abbas ukuthi ahoxise umhlangano. besho ngokuphelele ukushoda kwekhoramu ngamanga njengesizathu. Lokhu kukhuluma ngokuphelelwa yithemba kuka-Abbas kwezobunjiniyela bokuketula umbuso ngaphandle kokulungiselela okwanele. Impela, amahemuhemu anawo kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlaselwe ukuthi ukuhlasela okubi okwenziwe muva nje kwamabandla obuKristu asePalestine kwakuwumsebenzi wezigebengu ezicashile. Labo ababathumile bafuna amaKristu asePalestine kanye nomhlaba wonke ucabange ukuthi lezi kwakuyizenzo zeHamas eziphendula izimemezelo zikapapa zobandlululo ezimelene ne-Islam. IHamas ikugxekile ukuhlasela. Bambalwa ezindaweni ezihlaselwe abantu abakholelwa ukuthi iHamas yayingemuva kwabo futhi iningi labo lazi ukuthi bekungumsebenzi wama-agent ayimfihlo.
Uhlelo lwe-Fateh lulula: lapho u-Israyeli kanye nabalingani bakhe baseLebanon behlulekile ukuchoboza i-Hizbullah empini yesiThupha, i-Fateh kanye nabalingani bayo bakwa-Israel bazophumelela ukuchoboza i-Hamas, ngisho noma impi eqhubekayo yakwa-Israyeli ngokumelene ne-Hamas kanye nabantu base-Palestine iba yi-Seventh yonke. impi. Ubuningi bokuvakasha kuka-Condoleezza Rice kule ndawo emasontweni ambalwa edlule bethemba ukuthi kuzobeka umnqamulajuqu kulolu hlelo. Uma i-Hamas, njenge-Hizbullah, ingacasulwa ukuba iphendule impi, abahleli bokuvukela umbuso bakholelwa ukuthi ulaka luka-Fateh no-Israel (olwesekwa yi-US, Jordan, Egypt, kanye ne-Saudi Arabia) luzodedelwa ukuze kuqedwe i-Hamas. Ubuholi be-Fateh nezigebengu zabo zilola imimese ukuze kuqhutshekwe nempi. I-Hamas ihlale izolile naphezu kwengcindezi.
Okwamanje, i-Ramallah efanele (ngaphandle kwemizana ezungezile), iyaqhubeka nokuba yilokho abaningi manje abakubiza ngokuthi i-Palestine Green Zone, indawo yokukhosela, ngaphezu kwezisebenzi zezobunhloli zakwa-Israyeli kanye namazwe angama-Arab anobungane bakwa-Israyeli, lawo maPalestine akhokhelwayo futhi. evikelwe inqubo ye-Oslo, noma ngabe ihhovisi lase-Oslo, ochwepheshe bayo, nezihlakaniphi eziqashiwe, noma izigaba zebhizinisi neziphakathi zisanda kujwayela ukuthengwa kwegama elisha okunganikezwa yi-Green Zone. Le mpilo yobukhazikhazi iphambene nempilo yabanye abantu basePalestine ngaphandle kwaseRamallah abaphila ngosizi, indlala, nangaphansi kokuqhunyiswa ngamabhomu kwama-Israel kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezifiki ezingamakoloni ezingamaJuda, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlukunyezwa yizigebengu zikaFateh. E-Ramallah uqobo, izigebengu ezijabulile zidubula ngokungahleliwe phakathi nemibhikisho yazo, zilimaza futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibulala abadlulayo โngephuthaโ. Ngisho nezihlakaniphi ezimbalwa zezwe ezifuna ukuphikisa uFateh ngaphakathi kweRamallah zihlukunyezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Abanye babo babhekana nokugetshengwa okungaqondakali okuphindaphindwa njalo lapho benza izitatimende ezimelene noFateh. Ukulondolozwa kweRamallah njengendawo Eluhlaza kubaluleke kakhulu ku-Abbas kanye ne-Fateh/PA triumvirate, okusaba noma yiluphi uguquko olwethulwa yiHamas luzophuca abaphezulu izinzuzo zenkohlakalo kanye dolce vita ukuthi ukubusa kwe-Fateh kubaqinisekisele.
Khonamanjalo, u-Abbas kanye ne-triumvirate yakhe bazoqhubeka nokuphatha i-Hamas ngendlela u-Israyeli ephathe ngayo i-PLO namanye amazwe ase-Arab ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ezingxoxweni ezingapheli i-Hamas eyaba nazo ne-Fateh ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana, noma nini lapho i-Hamas izovumelana nesidingo se-Fateh, i-Fateh yayiphakamisa futhi igcizelele enye imvume noma ithi izimfuno zayo zokuqala zazihlala zihlanganisa imigomo manje eyandisiwe, nakuba yayikwenza. hhayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Fateh izophinde ihumushe esidlangalaleni ukuvunyelwa kwe-Hamas njengokuhlanganisa izinto i-Hamas eyayingavumanga ngazo nhlobo. Uma lokhu kukhumbuza isu lokuxoxisana langemva kwe-Oslo ama-Israel alisebenzisa ngempumelelo ne-Arafat, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isu elifanayo. U-Abbas usehambe waze waqhela ezingxoxweni, futhi wenqaba ukukhuluma nabaholi be-Hamas, njengoba nje ama-Israel aye enza njalo nge-PA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ama-Israel evame ukwenza ukuhlasela okuyimfihlo ngokumelene nezithakazelo zaseNtshonalanga ukuze afake ohulumeni bama-Arab, isibonelo esicacile njengeLavon Affair yamaphakathi nawo-1950 eqondise i-Egypt, imisebenzi efanayo iboshelwe ukufaka i-Hamas ngamanxusa ayimfihlo, njengesibonelo sakamuva. ukuhlaselwa kwamasonto kuyabonisa. Kungase kube neminye imisebenzi eminingi enjalo ehleliwe.
Noma ngabe yiliphi iqabunga lomkhiwane elisahlanganisa ukusebenzisana okuphelele kobuholi be-Fateh kanye nokuthobela izithakazelo zakwa-Israyeli manje sekuwile. Ngenxa yalokho, kuncane kakhulu okusele okungavimbela izenzo zika-Fateh. Emasontweni ambalwa ezayo kuzonqunywa ukuthi bangakanani abaholi be-Fateh abalunywa yimpi yokusindisa izikhumba zabo kanye nengcebo yabo, nokuthi singakanani isineke iHamas esingasithola lapho ibhekene nobugebengu obungaka. Okwamanje, obekwenzeka ezindaweni zasePalestine akuyona into emfushane ngombhalo waseChile.
IPinochet isePalestine. Impumelelo yakhe nokho ihlala ikude kakhulu nokuqinisekile.
* Umbhali ungumsekeli kaprofesa wepolitiki yesimanje yama-Arab kanye nomlando wobuhlakani e-Columbia University. Ungumbhali we Ukuphikelela kombuzo wasePalestine: Izindatshana zeZionism kanye namaPalestine (Routledge, 2006).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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