Ingabe i-imperialism yaseRussia noma ipolitiki yamandla amakhulu echaza ukuhlasela kukaPutin e-Ukraine? Futhi angakanani amathuba okuthi sikwazi ukubona izinguquko zombuso eMoscow? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingabe amalebula emibono anendaba esimweni sanamuhla sezombangazwe? UC. J. Polychronio uphendula le mibuzo engxoxweni nentatheli yesiGreki engumFulentshi u-Alexandra Boutri. Uphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kuwubugebengu obukhulu bempi kodwa ukuthi impi eqhubekayo igxile ekwandeni kwe-NATO empumalanga futhi ihlotshaniswa nomdlalo wepolitiki yamandla amakhulu. Ngokuqondene nalabo abaqhathanisa uPutin noHitler futhi bacele ukuguqulwa kombuso eRussia, uPolychroniou uthi izimangalo nezimfuno ezinjalo zombili azinangqondo futhi ziyingozi.
U-Alexandra Boutri: Ake ngiqale ngokukucela ukuthi wabelane nami ngemibono yakho mayelana nesihloko sobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe ebesigcwele izihloko zezindaba onyakeni odlule, okuyimpi yaseRussia-Ukraine. Ingabe izimpande zayo zisuka odlameni lwama-imperialism waseRussia, okuwumbono ovamile phakathi kochwepheshe abaningi abavamile, kuhlanganise nabaningi kwesokunxele, noma ingabe yinto eyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho?
CJ Polychroniou: Ngicabanga ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nombuzo wakho iwukubeka le nhlekelele engadingekile, okungenzeka ukuthi, ingase idonse iminyaka eminingi ezayo, esimweni somlando futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibone ukuthi ibingagwenywa kalula kangakanani. Ngempela, isinqumo sikaPutin sokuqalisa ukuhlasela kwe-Ukraine ngokugcwele ngoFebhuwari 24, 2022, kungenzeka ukuthi samangala wonke umuntu kodwa imbewu yale mpi yayitshalwe kudala. Manje, abantu base-Ukraine bavame ukugcizelela ukuthunjwa kweRussia eCrimea ngo-2014 njengomsuka wokungqubuzana phakathi kwala mazwe womabili. Lena akuyona incazelo enembile ngoba umbango wamandla amakhulu phakathi kwe-United States ne-Russia ushiywe ngaphandle kwesibalo.
Kodwa ake siqale ngeCrimea. Nganoma yisiphi isizathu, iCrimea yaphiwa iSoviet Russia yaseSoviet Ukraine ngo-1954. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iningi labantu baseCrimea ngeminyaka yawo-1950 lalingamaRussian futhi lalisekhona inqwaba yamaRussia angaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60 ngo-2014. futhi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi iNhlonhlo YaseCrimea ibilokhu iyindawo ebalulekile oLwandle Olumnyama. Ngempela, isikhundla seCrimea oLwandle Olumnyama sibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi u-Zbigniew Brzezinski, umeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke woklebe kaMongameli uJimmy Carter, wenza amacebo aqinile encwadini ka-1997 enesihloko esithi. I-Grand Chessboard ukuthi iNhlonhlo YaseCrimea ingase ibe umthombo omkhulu wokungazinzi ezindaweni ezazingaphansi kweSoviet Union. Ukubeka eceleni okwamanje ukuba semthethweni kokusebenza kweRussia ukufaka iCrimea, okuvame ukunganakwa ekulandiseni kwase-Ukraine nasentshonalanga ukuthi kwenzeka ngemuva kokwandiswa kwe-NATO kulandela ukuwa kweSoviet Union. Futhi kwakungeyena uPutin kuphela owayexwayile ukwanda kwe-NATO empumalanga. UGorbachev ubenokusola nokuqhubekela phambili kwe-NATO ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngenkathi u-Boris Yeltsin, encwadini ayithumele kuMongameli Clinton ngo-1993, wayemelene kakhulu nokwanda kwe-NATO empumalanga.
Kubonakala kufanelekile lapha ukukhumbula ukuthi uPutin akazange akhulume amazwi lapho kuziwa ekunikezeni umbono wakhe mayelana nokwandiswa kwe-NATO empumalanga Ingqungquthela Yezokuphepha eMunich ngoFebhuwari 2007:
Ngicabanga ukuthi kusobala ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwe-NATO akunabudlelwano nokuvuselelwa kwe-Alliance ngokwayo noma nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha eYurophu. Kunalokho, limelela ukucasuka okukhulu okwehlisa izinga lokwethembana. Futhi sinelungelo lokubuza: lokhu kunwetshwa kuhloselwe bani? Futhi kwenzekani ngeziqinisekiso ozakwethu basentshonalanga abazenza ngemva kokuhlakazwa kweSivumelwano saseWarsaw? Ziphi lezozimemezelo namuhla? Akekho noyedwa obakhumbulayo. Kodwa ngizozivumela ukuba ngikhumbuze laba abalaleli okwashiwo. Ngithanda ukucaphuna inkulumo kaNobhala Jikelele we-NATO uMnu Woerner eBrussels mhla ziyi-17 kuNhlaba 1990. Washo ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi: โiqiniso lokuthi sikulungele ukungalibeki ibutho le-NATO ngaphandle kwendawo yaseJalimane linikeza iSoviet Union ukuqina. isiqinisekiso sokuphephaโ. Zikuphi lezi ziqinisekiso?
Umjikelezo ngamunye wokunwetshwa kwe-NATO selokhu kwawa uDonga LwaseBerlin (i-NATO yakhula isuka emazweni ayi-16 esiqongweni seMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaya kwangama-30 namuhla, eminingana yawo eyayiyingxenye yeSivumelwano saseWarsaw) kwalandelwa izikhalo ezinkulu ezivela eRussia zokuthi lezo zinyathelo zavela. usongo ekuvikelekeni kwezwe laseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithemba lokuthi iGeorgia ne-Ukraine babe ngamalungu ombimbi lwamasosha ase-Atlantic lakha umugqa obomvu eMoscow. Nokho izithembiso zenziwa abaholi be-NATO eNgqungqutheleni yaseBudapest ngo-April 2008 ukuthi iGeorgia ne-Ukraine zizogcina sezingamalungu e-NATO. Eqinisweni, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-NATO ne-Ukraine bubuyela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 futhi, ngemuva kuka-2014, izinga lokubambisana kwezempi phakathi kwalaba ababili laqina ezindaweni ezibucayi.
Ngokombono we-Kremlin, lokho i-NATO (okungukuthi, i-US) yayifinyelela "ukuzungeza" kweRussia. Ngempela, akufanele kube nzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani abaholi baseRussia bazizwa ngale ndlela, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi izikhulu zase-US zazi sonke isikhathi ukuthi ziwela imigqa ebomvu yaseRussia ekwandiseni i-NATO.
Kulo mongo, ukuhlasela kweRussia ezindaweni zaseSouth Ossetia nase-Abkhazia eGeorgia ngo-2008, ukuthathwa kweCrimea ngo-2014, kanye nokuhlasela okuyinhlekelele kwe-Ukraine ngo-2022 konke kuyingxenye yomdlalo wepolitiki yamandla amakhulu futhi akuhlangene kangako nekaPutin. okusolwa ukuthi bafuna umbuso omusha waseRussia.
U-Alexandra Boutri: Ngakho-ke, ngokohlaziyo osanda kunikeza lona, โโumbono wokuthi uPutin angase afune ukuhlasela amazwe ase-Europe uyi-hogwash enkulu. Kodwa kuthiwani ngesiphakamiso sokuthi uPutin ungumashiqela, u-Adolf Hitler walesi sizukulwane, ngakho-ke umbuso wakhe kufanele ugumbuqelwe?
CJ Polychroniou: Umqondo wokuthi u-Putin unezinhlelo zokuhlasela amazwe aseYurophu awunangqondo futhi uyahlekisa kangangokuthi uyahlekwa. Ngempela, umbuzo obalulekile kuphela lapha ukuthi kungani abaningi benqaba ukuvuma ukuthi i-NATO kanye ne-US banesibopho sokuhlasela kukaPutin ngokungemthetho e-Ukraine futhi manje bayehluleka ukulandela indlela yokusebenzelana ukuze baqede le nhlekelele enkulu, eqhubekayo. kube kubi kakhulu ezinyangeni ezizayo njengoba i-Ukraine iqhubeka nokuthola izikhali eziningi ezivela entshonalanga futhi iRussia ilungiselela impi enkulu. Ukulahlekelwa ezinhlangothini zombili sekuvele kuyamangalisa futhi umnotho kanye nengqalasizinda yase-Ukraine kuseduze nokuwa. Lena impi engenangqondo ngokuphelele ebingagwenywa kalula ukube i-US ne-NATO bezinaka kahle imigqa ebomvu yaseRussia. Empeleni, osopolitiki abaningi bezinga eliphezulu kanye nochwepheshe bezemfundo babebikezele ukuthi izenzo ze-NATO ezicasulayo zizoholela empini.
Sengikushilo lokho, akusho ukuthi ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine akulungile, kwephula i-UN Charter futhi akunakuthethelelwa ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRussia ingabekwa kalula amacala empi ngokuhlasela kwe-Ukraine. Kodwa-ke akujabulisi yini ukuthi izizathu ezingokomthetho ze-Kremlin zokuhlasela zisekelwe "kumgomo wangaphambi kokusebenza" owaphikiswa okokuqala yi-US ngenkathi ihlasela i-Iraq ngo-2003? Okuthakaselayo okufanayo ukubona ukuthi umphakathi wasentshonalanga wenze kanjani ekuhlaseleni kweRussia i-Ukraine uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela owasabela ngayo ekuhlaseleni kwe-US e-Iraq. Iningi labantu baseMelika alikawazi nakancane izinga lembubhiso edalwe wukuhlasela. Ijenali yezokwelapha ehlonishwayo I-Lancet kulinganiselwa ocwaningweni lwe-2006 ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-600,000 Iraqis yabulawa phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ze-40 zempi nokuhlala e-Iraq. Kodwa umphakathi wasentshonalanga uyinkosi yezinga eliphindwe kabili.
Ukubhekana nombuzo wakho ngoPutin, akungabazeki ukuthi uyi-autocrat ononya. Ukukhwabanisa nokucindezelwa kuyizici ezibalulekile zombuso wakhe. Bekunjalo kusukela ngosuku afungiswa ngalo njengomengameli waseRussia, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-20 edlule. Manje naye uyisigebengu sempi, kodwa kufanele siqaphele ngokuqhathanisa okuphambene noHitler. Uma u-Putin enguHitler omusha ngenxa yesinqumo sakhe sokuhlasela i-Ukraine, kungani kungafanele kushiwo okufanayo ngoGeorge W. Bush lapho ehlasela i-Iraq? Nokho, izifaniso ezinjalo azigcini nje ngokuhlekisa kodwa zicasula kakhulu ngoba zehlisa inkumbulo yezigidi zabantu abangenacala ababulawa amaNazi. Umbuso onyantisayo kaHitler wenza ukuqothulwa kwesizwe okuhlukahlukene nokubulala kwabantu abaningi. Lokhu kungase kungqubuzane nendlela izingxenye ezinkulu zemithombo yezindaba eziveza ngayo uPutin kulezi zinsuku, kodwa ungumdlali onengqondo futhi onamasu, nakuba ewabala kabi amandla akhe ezempi lapho enquma ukwethula ukuhlasela kwe-Ukraine ngokugcwele kanye nokumelana ne-Ukraine. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubelokhu ethandwa kakhulu abantu base-Russia futhi usedume kakhulu namuhla. NgoSepthemba 2022, izinga lakhe lokuduma limi kumaphesenti angama-77. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Ukraine, ukuvunyelwa kwesilinganiso kwanda. NgoFebhuwari 2023, Isilinganiso sokugunyazwa kukaPutin ekhaya yeqa yafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-82.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ama-pundits nochwepheshe ngokufanayo e-US nakwezinye izindawo bekhuluma ngokushintsha kombuso eRussia, umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi yini abangase babe nayo engqondweni. Ingabe uguquko lombuso luzovela ngaphakathi, ngokuketulwa umbuso noma ukuvukela umbuso, noma ngaphandle, ngokuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe? Amabutho ezokuphepha, okuwumgogodla nomgogodla wombuso kaPutin, aphendula ngokuqondile kuPutin futhi azomvikela nakanjani kunoma yikuphi ukuketula umbuso okungenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthandwa kwakhe kukhulu kangangokuthi kuvele kuvimbele ukuthi angakwazi ukuchithwa ngabantu bakubo. Ukuhlasela kwamazwe angaphandle kweRussia ukuze kuketule umbuso kaPutin kuwubuhlanya nje futhi abukho nhlobo umbuzo, ngakho-ke yonke le nkulumo emayelana nokushintsha kombuso eMoscow imane nje iyisimo esiyingozi sezepolitiki. Kungani kunjalo? Ngenxa yokuthi abafuna izinguquko zombuso bayasola, futhi cishe baqinisile, ukuthi isimo okungenzeka kakhulu sokuthi uPutin asuswe emandleni kungenxa yokuba buthaka kweRussia. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uPutin ulahlekelwa yimpi e-Ukraine noma abone ukuwa komnotho wakhe. Kunoma yikuphi, ukufeza umgomo wokususwa kukaPutin emandleni kugunyaza ukuqhubeka kwempi okungapheli kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani e-Ukraine ngokwayo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, yisiphi isiqinisekiso esikhona sokuthi uPutin ngeke athathelwe indawo ngumuntu ononya nakakhulu? IRussia ebuthaka futhi ehlazekile cishe izoholela ekuveleni komholi ononya nakakhulu. Phela kwaba wukuwohloka komnotho kanye nokululazwa kweminyaka yawo-1990 okwenza uPutin wathandwa kangaka ngabantu baseRussia.
U-Alexandra Boutri: Abakude kwesokudla babonakala bechema no-Putin empini yase-Russia emelene ne-Ukraine, kuyilapho abaningi kwesokunxele bevikela i-Ukraine futhi baze bafinyelele ekusekeleni i-NATO enamandla. Ingabe amalebula ezepolitiki abalulekile emhlabeni wanamuhla? Ngempela, ingabe i-spectrum yezombangazwe kwesokunxele isasebenza nanamuhla?
CJ Polychroniou: Isimo esinamaqembu akude nabantu abasekela uPutin empini yaseRussia ngokumelene ne-Ukraine sinzima kancane. Abanye abangakwesokudla e-US naseYurophu babonakala becheme noPutin ngoba nje bembona njengomuntu omhlophe futhi "umsindisi" wesiko lasentshonalanga. Kepha owami umbono ukuthi lokhu kunjalo kakhulu ngeMelika ekude kwesokudla kunokuba kunjalo ngeYurophu ekude kwesokudla. Ngempela, kube nokuguquguquka okuphawulekayo ekukhulumeni kwabaningi abaphiko lwesokudla ngokwedlulele eYurophu selokhu kwaqala impi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMarine Le Pen waseFrance noMatteo Salvini e-Italy, bobabili asebenesikhathi eside bethanda uVladimir Putin, baye balugxeka โubudlova baseRussia.โ Kungenzeka ukuthi bakwenze lokho ngenxa nje yamathuba epolitiki, kodwa kukhona onakho. Noma kunjalo, ukungaguquguquki kwemibono akuwona amandla akude kwesokudla. Nokho, okufanayo kungashiwo namuhla mayelana nezingxenye ezithile zeNxele. Ngempela, ubani owayengacabanga iminyaka engu-10 noma ye-5 edlule ukuthi i-Left ingase ngelinye ilanga ivikele ukukhuliswa kwe-NATO? Kodwa siphila enkathini yezinxushunxushu ezingapheli futhi mhlawumbe usizi lwezepolitiki luhambisana nendawo. Namuhla, ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi emlandweni wakamuva, amagama ezepolitiki endabuko athi โkwesokunxeleโ kanye โnesokudlaโ aseyindawana, nakuba ngingaphakamisi nganoma yimuphi umcabango wokuqeda umehluko. Kepha cabanga ngalokhu: Abanye bohulumeni banamuhla ababambe iqhaza e-Europe baphishekela izinqubomgomo, ezinjengokuzama ukwehlisa imakethe nokusebenzisa umbuso ukuxhasa abantu abasengozini, abangamele neze i-neoliberalism noma i-conservatism yendabuko. IGreece nePoland ziyafika engqondweni, womabili amazwe abuswa amaqembu ezepolitiki aphiko lwesokudla. Ngendlela efanayo, amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi "kwesokunxele" asondele kakhulu kwesokudla, aphishekela ngisho nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal lapho ephethe, kangangokuthi abasebenzi be-blue collar baye bashintsha ukwethembeka. Futhi amaqembu aGreen namuhla awafani nakancane neGreen Movement yeminyaka yamashumi ayisikhombisa. Iqembu lase-German Green, ngokwesibonelo, manje selikhuthaza impi yase-US eqinile.
Yiqiniso, e-United States, isimo sihluke ngandlela-thile. Iqembu lamaRiphabhulikhi selidlulele kwesokudla kangangokuthi seliqhamuke nenkinga enkulu ye-extremism ngenkathi iqembu leDemocratic Party seliphendukele eqenjini eliqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, kokubili "kwesokunxele" kanye "kwesokudla" e-US bahileleke "empini yesiko" ekhulayo futhi bobabili bajwayela isiko lokukhansela. Isiphithiphithi sokulunga kwezepolitiki kanye nepolitiki yokuzazisa, okuyizinto zokugcina okufanele ngabe i-Left kufanele izamukele uma kubhekwa ukuzibophezela kwayo okungokomlando ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kanye nendawo yonke, kuyibhizinisi elibi. Empeleni kuyasiza namuhla ukunikeza isimo kanye nesimo kwezombusazwe kanye nezinqubomgomo zokusabela zikaRon DeSantis, inkanyezi ekhulayo ye-hard-right yaseMelika.
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