Lapho iKomidi likaNobel linikeza uMongameli Barack Obama umklomelo walo wokuthula waminyaka yonke, lamnikeza ithuba elihle elalingavamile ukunikwa omongameli bezempi baseMelika: ithuba lokuphumelela. Uma kwenzeka ethatha isinqumo sokuhamba ngendlela yokudala ukuthula, u-Obama unethuba lokufeza okuthile okubalulekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlando usikisela ukuthi indlela yempi iwumhluzi oqinisekile. Njengomongameli ngemuva kokuthola kukamongameli, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, amasosha ase-US awakwazi nje ukuvala isivumelwano sokuwina impi.
Nakuba amabutho ahlomile engenza izinto eziningi, into eyodwa eye yaphunyuka ngokuvamile yileso siphetho sokugcina: ukunqoba okuhlala njalo. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kushayelwe ekhaya muva nje - ngabe kukhona obonile - ngenkathi, phakathi kwenkulumompikiswano yaseWashington ngeMpi yase-Afghan, impi ekhohliwe eMpini Yomhlaba kaMongameli Bush on Terror, ePhilippines, iphinde yavela ezindabeni. NgoSepthemba 25, New York Times intatheli uNorimitsu Onishi wabhala:
"Ekuqaleni kwaleli shumi leminyaka, amasosha aseMelika afika esiqhingini sase-Basilan, lapha eningizimu yePhilippines, ukuze asize ukuxosha iqembu le-Islamic Separatist, i-Abu Sayyaf. Manje, amadolobha amakhulu ase-Basilan, ake anqotshwa u-Abu Sayyaf kanye namaqembu obugebengu, asephephile. ngokwanele ukuthi intokazi yasendaweni yase-Avon ishayela amakhasimende ngokungakhathali. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yemishini yezempi ehlanganyelwe kanye namaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa aseMelika, ingxenye enkulu yesiqhingi esingaphandle kwamadolobha amakhulu njengeLamitan isalokhu ingaphephile."
Emizamweni yokuchaza inqubekelaphambili engalingani yezenzo zokulwa nokuvukela umbuso e-US ngokumelene namavukelambuso amaSulumane esifundeni ngemuva kwengxenye engcono yeshumi leminyaka, u-Onishi wabuye waphawula, "I-Basilan, njengezinye izindawo eziningi zamaSulumane namaKristu eningizimu yePhilippines, inomlando omude wezombangazwe. udlame, izimpi zemindeni nenkohlakalo." Nakuba ayethule ngezenzakalo zangaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1990, iphephandaba lakhe lalinikeze lokhu kuhlola okunengqondo kwemizamo yokulwa nabavukeli base-US ngokumelene namavukela mbuso amaSulumane esiqhingini esifanayo - eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili:
"Amabutho amasosha angamashumi amabili nantathu kanye namashumi amabili nanhlanu, asiza ngokuthuthwa kwezikhali futhi ahlomile, amatasa nokukhipha izikhali iMoro esiqhingini sase-Basilan. Amasosha asabalaliswa ngasogwini lonke futhi abambisana ochungechungeni lokuvala ."
Ezinsukwini ngemuva kokuvela kombiko ka-Onishi, amasosha amabili aseMelika abulawa esiQhingini saseJolo esiseduze. Njengoba indaba ye-Reuters yaphawula, "kwakuyisiteleka sokuqala esibulalayo ngokumelene namabutho ase-US athunyelwa eningizimu yePhilippines kusukela kwabulawa isosha endaweni yokudlela ngo-2002 ..." Njengase-Basilan, noma kunjalo, indaba ye-US counterinsurgency e-Jolo empeleni ibuyela emuva isikhathi eside. indlela. Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1905, ukucaphuna nje isibonelo esisodwa, amalungu amabili ebutho lezempi lase-US - i-14th Cavalry ukuthi inembile - abulawa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-pacification kuleso siqhingi.
Ukuthi amabutho ase-US azama ukunqoba abashokobezi bamaSulumane eziqhingini ezimbili ezincane kamuva ngemva kwekhulu kungase kunikeze uMongameli u-Obama ikhefu njengoba ekala izinketho zakhe e-Afghanistan futhi ecabangela umklomelo wakhe wakamuva. Kungase futhi kusifanele isikhathi sakhe sokuhlola irekhodi lezempi lempumelelo ezingxabanweni kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kuqale ngempi enzima eKorea eyaqala ngoJuni 1950 futhi engakapheleli. Ukuthula, ingasaphathwa eyokunqoba. Leyo ngxabano ethule kodwa engazinzile inika umongameli ithuba elenziwe ngomumo ukuthi azuze impumelelo osekunesikhathi eside yaphunyuka embuthweni wamasosha ase-US. Angasiza ekwenzeni ukuthula okuhlala njalo enhlonhlweni yase-Korea engasenazikhali zenuzi futhi aqale ukuzuza umklomelo wakhe wakamuva.
IVietnam kanye Nangaphandle
Okwamanje, u-Obama nabanye abadlali bakhe baseWashington kubikwa ukuthi bacwile kulo mdlalo izincwadi zeMpi YeVietnam emzamweni wokusebenzisa umlando njengenduku yokubhula yokuthola indlela eya e-Afghanistan. E-Pentagon, ngokusobala abaningi basabambelele embonweni wokuthi ukungqubuzana kulahlekile ngenxa yobuthakathaka bokusekelwa komphakathi e-US, ukubika okungenathemba kwabezindaba, kanye nosopolitiki abangenamgogodla.
U-Obama uzokwenza kahle ngokunganaki uhlu lwabo lokufunda olubukeziwe ngesizathu esilula: ukubeka ngokungananazi, umzamo wezempi waseFrance oxhaswe yi-US wokunqoba ubuzwe baseVietnam ekuqaleni kwawo-1950 wehluleka kabi; kwase-ke, umzamo oxhaswe yi-US wokumisa nokuhlomisa uhulumeni ophumelelayo eNingizimu Vietnam wehluleka kabi; futhi ekugcineni, umzamo ogcwele wezempi wase-US, umzamo omude weminyaka wokucekela phansi amabutho aseVietnam ahlelelwe ukulwa nawo wehlulekile ngisho nangokwedlulele - futhi hhayi emadolobheni nasemadolobheni ase-United States, noma nasemahholo amandla eWashington, kodwa. emadolobheni aseNingizimu Vietnam. Imizamo yaseMelika emazweni angomakhelwane iCambodia naseLaos nayo yaphahlazeka yasha.
Ngaphandle kokunqoba, amasosha ase-US abonakala ekwazi ukufeza okuningi phakathi neMpi YeVietnam. Impumelelo yayo yangempela ilele ekugxotsheni okungenaluzwela okwanikeza abantu baseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, beshiya lesi sifunda. igazi eligcwele, i-cratered kakhulu, ngokuphawulekayo enobuthi, futhi igcwele iziqhumane, ezibulala futhi zikhubaze izakhamuzi kulokhu usuku.
Ngemva kokuhlulwa ngaphandle nangaphandle e-Indochina, abantu baseMelika bazithole bephethwe "i-Vietnam Syndrome" (okuholela kunqubomgomo yangaphandle enemisipha encane - okuphoxa amandla amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele) futhi edinga ikhambi lokunqoba. Ngeminyaka yawo-1980 no-1990, lokhu kwaholela "ekunqobeni" Amandla njengesiqhingi esincane saseCaribbean iGrenada nePanama, izwe โamabutho azo okuzivikela,โ esewonke, alinganiselwa ku-12,000 kuphela (cishe ingxenye yobukhulu bamasosha aphansi ase-US embuthweni elihlaselayo) - kanye nokusikwa nokugijima eLebanon futhi eSomalia.
"Izifundo" zaseVietnam kwathiwa zangcwatshwa ngokusemthethweni phakade ogwadule olushisayo lwaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngo-March 1991. "NgoNkulunkulu, sesiyikhahlele unomphela i-Vietnam syndrome!" UMongameli uGeorge HW Bush wababaza ngokunqoba ekupheleni kweMpi Yokuqala YeGulf - kodwa nokho uSaddam Hussein, u-autocrat wesitha, wahlala eqinile emandleni e-Baghdad futhi ingxabano yaqhubeka ngendlela engaphansi kokunqoba. imizuzu iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi kwaze kwaba yilapho indodana yakhe, uGeorge W. Bush, iphinde yathatha izwe layolwa nomholi wase-Iraqi uyise ayelwile futhi waphinde wamemezela ukuthi umsebenzi usufeziwe.
Kulandela imashi eshesha kakhulu e-Baghdad ngo-2003, efana nokunqoba okungamanga okusheshayo e-Kuwait eGulf War I, amabutho ase-US aphinde akhombisa ukungakwazi ukuvala isivumelwano. Imizamo yokuphatha kaBush yokubusa izwe kwezombusazwe ngokubhala umthethosisekelo wase-Iraq, ngesikhathi bebalekela ukhetho lwangempela, yehliswa ngokushesha ngumholi wezenkolo onamandla kakhulu e-Iraq, umfundisi wamaShiite u-Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. Khona-ke, amasosha ase-US athunyelwa iminyaka ngenxa yokuhlubuka kwamaSunni. Yize udlame okwamanje lwehlisiwe lwafinyelela kulokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izinga elamukelekayo," i-Iraq isalokhu iyindawo yempi futhi u-Barack Obama ungumongameli wesine ukwengamela iqoqo lezingxabano ezibonakala zingapheli, ezingenakulungiswa kulelo zwe. (Uhulumeni wase-Iraq ohlangene ne-US usuvele umemezele i-US njengesehluleki, ukumemezela "ukunqoba okukhulu" ekuhlaselweni kwe-US ngoJuni 2009 nokuqhathanisa ukuhoxa kwamasosha amaningi ase-US emadolobheni ezwe nokuvukela umbuso wase-Iraq wango-1920 ngokumelene namabutho aseBrithani. Izikhulu zaseMelika azizange ziphikisane.)
Ngawo-1980s, ama-proxies ase-US e-Afghanistan, amaSulumane mujahideen abashokobezi, balwa nokunqotshwa kweSoviet. Namuhla, amasosha ase-US angabahlali, alwa namanye afana nawo mujahidin futhi in the unyaka wesishiyagalolunye yale mpi yakamuva e-Afghanistan, ukunqoba kusabonakala kungekho ndawo endaweni enezintaba, kuyilapho ukwehluleka, ngokusho komkhuzi wezempi yase-Afghan uGeneral Stanley McChrystal, kuphinde kube yinto engenzeka.
Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, e- 26th Army Science Conference, ngilalele omunye wamadoda asezingeni eliphezulu abhaliswe eButhweni Lezempi, umakadebona ohlotshiswe kakhulu we-Global War on Terror, kanye nomlobi ngesikhathi sempi ehlulwa yiMelika eVietnam, uvuma ngokungananazi ukuthi amasosha ase-US e-Afghanistan awakwazanga ukuhambisana nawo. amabutho ezitha. Abashokobezi ababehlome kancane, abangenazo izikhali zempi babehamba kakhulu futhi beshesha kakhulu, wathi, kumasosha aseMelika ahlomile, anesisindo esikhulu. Lapho ngimbuza mayelana namazwana kamuva, uzakwethu wezinga elifanayo nozakwabo we-Global War on Terror wagxumela wazivikela, wathi, โYebo, ngeke ngikwazi ukugijima intaba nabo, kodwa ngisazobathola. - ekugcineni." Cishe ngemva konyaka, ingxenye engcono yeshumi leminyaka empini, umbuzo ongaphenduliwe uhlala, "Nini?"
Ukuthula Mongameli
Amasosha ase-US anamandla ngokungangabazeki futhi akhombise ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla okuthola amanani amakhulu kakhulu. ukubhujiswa futhi ukufa. Kusukela e-Korea, Vietnam, nase-Cambodia kuya e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, abalwi bezitha kanye nezakhamuzi ezineshwa, amakamu amasosha kanye nemizi yabantu ichithwe amasosha ase-US eshumini leminyaka ngemuva kwezingxabano eziyishumi. Nokho ukuvala isivumelwano kube enye indaba ngokuphelele. Ukunqoba sekudlule kaningi eminweni yomongameli baseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bungakanani ubuchwepheshe nezimiso eziye zadedelwa kwabampofu, ngezinye izikhathi abantu abangaphambi kwezimboni ezindaweni zempi zaseMelika.
Manje, iKomidi likaNobel lenze ukugembula okuphawulekayo. Kubone kufaneleka ukunikeza u-Barack Obama, owangena eHhovisi le-Oval njengomongameli wezempi futhi ngokushesha waphinda kabili ukubheja kwe-US mayelana nengxabano ekhulayo e-Afghanistan nasePakistan, ithuba lefa elihlala njalo kanye nempumelelo yangempela yohlobo osekunesikhathi eside iphunyuka. omongameli baseMelika. Umklomelo wabo umnikeza ithuba lokuhlehla futhi acabangele umlando wokwenza impi yaseMelika nokuthi amasosha ase-US angakwazi ukwenzani ngempela izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka ekhaya. Kuyithuba elingenakuqhathaniswa lokubhekana ngokwethembeka nemingcele eboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe yamandla ezempi aseMelika. Futhi kuyithuba likamongameli lokuziguqula ekubeni ngumenzi wempi ngokuzuza ifa ukuya ohlotsheni lwakhe lomdali wokuthula, kanjalo abonise ikhono analo omongameli abambalwa bangaphambilini. Angazuza ukunqoba okuhlala njalo, kuyilapho enciphisa igazi, laseMelika nakwamanye amazwe, ezandleni zakhe - nakubo bonke abantu baseMelika.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-100 ngemuva kwemizamo yabo yokuqala yokulwa nabavukeli eziqhingini ezimbili ezincane ePhilippines, amasosha ase-US asashona lapho ezandleni zama-guerilla angamaSulumane. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 kamuva, i-US isagasele ingxenye eseningizimu yenhlonhlo yaseKorea ngenxa yempi enzima nokuthula okungakenziwa. Muva nje, ulwazi lwaseMelika lufake ukunqotshwa ngokuphelele eVietnam, ukwehluleka eLaos naseCambodia; izingxabano eLebanon naseSomalia; impi engapheli yomongameli abane e-Iraq; futhi cishe iminyaka eyishumi yokujikeleza kwamasondo e-Afghanistan ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uphawu lwempumelelo, ukunqoba okuncane. Yini engenza imingcele yamandla aseMelika icace nakakhulu?
Irekhodi kufanele libe likhulu njengoba lidabukisa, kuyilapho izindleko kubantu abakulawo mazwe zishaqisayo njengoba zingenakuqondakala kubantu baseMelika. Igazi nobuze balesi sikhathi esidlule saseMelika kufanele kubonakale ku-Obama owawina uMklomelo Wokuthula weNobel, noma ngabe abandulelayo bebemelene ngendlela emangalisayo nokuhlolwa kwamehlo acacile kwamandla aseMelika noma imiphumela yangempela yezimpi zase-US.
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezinwetshiwe ngaphambi kwalo mongameli wonyaka wokuqala. Zimbili izindawo ezikhangayo: ukuthula noma ukwehluleka.
U-Nick Turse ungumhleli ohlangene we-TomDispatch.com futhi owine uMklomelo we-Ridenhour ka-2009 Wokuhlukaniswa Kwemibiko kanye Nomklomelo kaJames Aronson we-Social Justice Journalism. Umsebenzi wakhe uvele eLos Angeles Times, aboHlanga, Kulezi zikhathi, futhi njalo ku-TomDispatch. Uhlelo olunephepha lencwadi yakhe Inkimbinkimbi: Indlela Amasosha Ahlasela Ngayo Ukuphila Kwethu Kwansuku Zonke (Metropolitan Books), ukuhlola kwesakhiwo esisha senhlangano yezempi eMelika, kusanda kushicilelwa. Iwebhusayithi yakhe I-NickTurse.com.
[Le ndatshana yaqala ukuvela ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicilelweni, Umsunguli we- i-American Empire Project, Umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, kanye nomhleli we Umhlaba NgokukaTomdispatch: IMelika Enkathini Entsha Yombuso.]
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