Imizamo yokuhlenga isikhathi esidlule esinonya ku-amnesia yomlando kanye nokunganaki kube yinselelo enkulu kubakhankasi bamalungelo abantu base-Argentina, Guatemalan, Salvador, Chilean, Paraguay, kanye nezisulu zokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe, futhi kuthathe amashumi eminyaka ukuphikelela nesinyathelo esiqondile ukuletha. noma imuphi walabo abanecala emacaleni adlule. Umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi izishoshovu zesikhathi esizayo zizobhekana kanjani nababulali, abahlukumezi, osopolitiki, nabamabhange bempi yezidakamizwa eMexico. Ingabe amadoda nabesifazane abahlonishwayo embonini yamabhange yomhlaba wonke, ngokwesibonelo, ababangela ukubulawa kwabantu nezinxushunxushu ngokukhwabanisa izigidigidi zamaRandi emali ye-cartel money, bayoke bagwetshwe ejele ngenxa yokuba nesandla kwenye yezimboni zobugebengu ezinobudlova kakhulu emhlabeni?
Ingxabano yaseMexico, okumanje ibona abantu benyamalala futhi bebulawa ngesivinini esisheshayo ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho ibutho lezempi lase-Argentina elingakwazi ukulahla abaphikisayo, noma ibutho laseGuatemala elingazuza ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kohlanga, liqhathaniswa nokunganaki kwempi yezidakamizwa. abenza inzuzo. Ngabacwebecwebe abangenamagama bomkhakha wamabhange ezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe aqhuba leli bhizinisi elinyantisayo, ukuwasha imali kanye nokuceba ngendlela emangalisayo ngenxa yezinxushunxushu nosizi lwezwe.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba owayenguMongameli uFelipe Calderรณn eqale ukulwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe ngo-2006, isibalo saminyaka yonke sokubulawa kwabantu eMexico sakhula ngokuphawulekayo. Uhulumeni waseMexico I-National Institute of Statistics and Geography (I-INEGI) iqophe ukubulawa kwabantu okuyizi-95,632 phakathi kuka-2007 no-2011. Ngo-2012, izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi cishe abantu abangu-27,700 babulawa eMexico ngenxa yempi yezidakamizwa. Kulezi zigameko zokubulala, Amaphesenti angama-98.2 asalokhu engaxazululiwe. Njengembongi nesishoshovu sokuthula Javier Sicilia, indodana yakhe eyabulawa yi-cartel sicarios, kuphawula, โubulungisa buyinto ehlukile, ukungajeziswa kuyinto evamile.โ Omunye ephelelwe ithemba umhleli ku Okwezwe ibeke lokho ekubiza ngokuthi "i-spiral of barbarity" yaseMexico phakathi kwezingxabano ezinodlame kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho, kuwo wonke amabhange abelokhu enza kahle kakhulu.
Ukube bekukhona isu eliqinile lempi yezidakamizwa, ohulumeni base-US nabaseMexico bebezophenya amashumi ezinkulungwane zokubulala nokunyamalala okungakaxazululwa. Okunye okuhambisana nalolu hlelo kungalandela futhi kubophe izigebengu zasebhange eziseqophelweni eliphezulu ezintshontsha imali, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumele izinkampani ukuthi ziphumelele. Kumabhange asezingeni eliphezulu obugebengu izinga lokushushiswa lisondele ku-zero.
Impi yezidakamizwa-njengozakwabo, impi yobushokobezi-ithembisa ipaki yetimu ye-pastiche engacacile ngale kothingo lapho imindeni esebenza kanzima nosomabhizinisi abathobekile bezophumelela futhi bafeze amaphupho abo ngokuxazulula okuqotho nokuzimisela. Okwamanje, futhi ukuze uwine, indaba iyahamba, umbuso kufanele uqale ulwe nalabo abazokwenza okubi. Kodwa impi iyinkohliso, ngesizathu esilula ukuthi amaqembu azuzayo kule ngxabano ayinaso isithakazelo sokuyibona iphela. Emhlabeni okuwukuphela kwemithetho yawo okungeyenzuzo kanye nezimakethe, ukuthula nokulingana kungamathubeni amancane. Amabhange, izimboni zezikhali kanye nezinhlangano zobugebengu zamazwe ngamazwe zabelana ngombono wekusasa futhi akubukeki njengenguqulo enhle yepharadesi eshiwo osopolitiki nhlangothi zombili zomngcele.
Le mpi imayelana namandla kuphela, imali, kanye nendawo, ubufandamentali obuhlukile, nakuba bunonya ngokulinganayo, obuvela eLatin American Dirty Wars of the 1960s and 1970s. Imayelana nokunqoba ekugcineni nokuphelele kwemakethe kanye nokungabi nandaba kwayo nenqwaba yemiphumela eshaqisayo yempi yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Mhlawumbe kuwukuvezwa okucacile nokho okunganangqondo kobunxiwankulu be-neoliberal endaweni yabo edlange kakhulu, yokuthenga abathengi, kanye nebhubhisayo.
Inqwaba yemithombo yezindaba eqanjiwe kanye nokumangala kwezombusazwe kulandela isikhathi ngasinye lapho ibhange lamazwe ngamazwe libanjwa likhipha izigidigidi zamaRandi egameni lezinhlangano zobugebengu zaseMexico, kodwa aliphikeleleli futhi alinde ngokwanele ukuze libhekisise. Ngo-2010, i-Wachovia, ingxenye yeqembu lase-Wells Fargo, yafinyelela esivumelwaneni neziphathimandla zikahulumeni wase-US kanye ukhokhe inhlawulo engu-$110 million kulandela uphenyo mayelana nemisebenzi ehlelekile yebhange lokushushumbisa imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhange lihlulekile ukusebenzisa izilawuli ezifanele zokushushumbiswa kwemali ekudluliselweni kwemali ngezintambo okufinyelele ku-$378.4 billion, okulingana nengxenye yesithathu ye-GDP yase-Mexico. Le nhlawulo ibimele cishe amaphesenti amabili enzuzo yonyaka yebhange. Okubuhlungu wukuthi akekho owaboshwa.
Futhi ngo-2012, kulandela umbiko weSigele, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US wathola ukuthi isikhondlakhondla samabhange aseBrithani i-HSBC yephule uMthetho Wokufihla Kwamabhange, i-Trading with the Enemy Act, kanye ne-USA Patriot Act izikhathi eziningi. Isenzo sobugebengu esibi kakhulu nesisobala kakhulu saleli bhange kwaba ubudlelwano balo bebhizinisi nenkampani yeSinaloa.
The Inhlawulo ye-HSBC yezigidigidi ezingu-1.9 zamaRandi ibiyinkulu kunawo wonke emlandweni wamabhange, kodwa noma kunjalo ibimele inzuzo elinganiselwa emavikini amahlanuโingeyona neze isibotho esikhulu emkhawulweni onempilo ngokwedlulele. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-akhawunti asebhange abantu ababandakanyeka ezenzweni zobugebengu avele esephelele. Ukuze ubuyisele umkhawulo wenzuzo wangaphambilini, owebhange abanikazi bamasheya, abatshalizimali, izimpesheni, kanye nabanikazi bama-akhawunti asebhange bakhokhe isikweletu. Nalapha, akekho oya ejele.
Emfanekisweni ofanelekayo wesimo esisekelwe ekilasini sempi yezidakamizwa, ngaleso sikhathi uMsizi Wommeli Jikelele wase-US u-Lanny Breuer wathi, kulandela uphenyo lweSenethi, ukuthi inhlawuloโleyo izinhlangothi ezinecala ngokwazo ezingakhokhi ngisho indibilishiโibingcono โkunesibambiso. imiphumelaโ yokushushisa abamabhange. Ngemuva kokushona nokunyamalala kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-120,000 eMexico kanye โnomonakalo wesibambisoโ olingana nenani eliphindwe ka-43.5 inani labantu ababulawa eNew York ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, uBreuer wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngosizi lwabo kanye labo bamabhange okuthiwa bakhwabanise izigidigidi zamabhange. amadola egameni lamaphekula aziwayo kanye nenqola ama-capos. UBreuer ukuthethelele ububele obunikezwa abamabhange ngokubalula uthando olusanda kutholwa abampofu futhi enxenxa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi okungangabazeki okungaba khona uma izinkantolo zivalela idlanzana lezigebengu ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukube ibhange belizophucwa ilayisense, kwahamba umqondo wakhe, izinkulungwane zabantu zizozithola zingasebenzi. Kulokhu, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US wawuzimisele kakhulu ukwenza okuhlukile, ngenxa yokwesaba ukudicilela phansi lokho uBreuer akubheka ngenye indlela njengomkhakha wamabhange wase-US ozinzile.
Akukho okuhlekisayo, U-Breuer waphawula: โosukwini lwanamuhla kufanele sihlole ukuthi abantu abangenacala bazobhekana nemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu uma wenza isinqumoโโokuphawule okungenakwenzeka ukuba kududuze amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu eMexico nakwezinye izindawo abaye bathinteka ngokuqondile isigebengu saleli bhange. ukuziphatha.
IGroup Chief Executive ye-HSBC uStuart Gulliver, ngakolunye uhlangothi, โwayezisola kakhuluโ ngalawa โmaphutha adlule,โ isitatimende esibonakala senelise uMnyango Wezobulungiswa. Okungenani e-United States, kukho konke ukuhambisana kukahulumeni nomkhakha wamabhange okhohlakele, kwaba nokuqashelwa komphakathi kobubi kanye nophenyo olunzulu olwenziwa yiSigele Sase-US. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Financial Services Authority (FSA) yase-UKโlapho ikomkhulu le-HSBC ikomkhulu, phelaโayikwazanga ukuhlanganisa noma yiluphi uphenyo mayelana nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owayeyi-CEO ye-HSBC, u-Lord Stephen Green, manje osenguNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo kaNdunankulu u-David Cameron, ugweme imibuzo enzima ngokwenqaba izicelo zokuxoxisana nabezindaba zase-UK okuthiwa ziyaxova.
Amacala e-Wachovia kanye ne-HSBC awayiqalisi inkinga yomhlaba wonke ebona izikhondlakhondla zamabhange eziningi zifuna izimpahla eziwuketshezi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivelaphi. Ukuthi amabhange avuna izigidigidi zamaRandi ngenzuzo yobugebengu obuhleliwe phakathi nokuwohloka komnotho okujulile emhlabeni wonke emashumini eminyaka kuyinkomba yerekhodi elibi lemali engalawulwa kanye nemiphumela yako ebolile emphakathini. Ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga batakula amabhange acebe kakhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ngezigidigidi zamarandi zezimali zabakhokhi bentela kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo bebhidliza futhi behweba izinsiza zomphakathi nezinhlelo.
Imboni yobugebengu ebiza izigidigidi zamadola eMexico ibingeke iwazuze amandla ayo ukube bekungengenxa yokubambisana komkhakha wamabhange. Ukusebenzelana okusebenzayo kwamadoda nabesifazane abahloniphekile bezikhulu zezombangazwe nezamabhizinisiโisixuku okwathi, naphezu (noma mhlawumbe ngenxa) yeziqu zabo ezivela e-Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, nasePrinceton, umoya wabo wokuhlonishwa nokuphakama, futhi ukufinyelela kwabo emandleni ezombangazwe nakwezomnothoโokusemoyeni wenkohlakalo yemvelo yobunxiwankulu engasekho kanye nokungabi nandaba nokuhlupheka kwabantu.
UPeter Watt ufundisa iLatin American Studies eNyuvesi yaseSheffield. Ungomunye wababhali bencwadi, Impi Yezidakamizwa eMexico. Ezombusazwe, Udlame kanye Neoliberalism ku-New Narcoeconomy (Izincwadi zeZed 2012).
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