Enkulumweni ne IJornada I-Michoacán, UDaniela Morales ukhuluma nesifundiswa saseBrithani, uPeter Watt, othi izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal kanye nempi yezinkampani zezidakamizwa zaseMexico ziyingxenye yephrojekthi efanayo; ukugcina intando yeningi ebuthakathaka kanye nombuso wezempi ngenhloso yokugcina ukulawulwa kwezomnotho nezepolitiki kwe-United States esifundeni.
UDaniela Morales: Iphumelele ngezinga elingakanani impi yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa eMexico?
Peter Watt: Uma umuntu ecwaninga ngemiphumela lezo zinqubomgomo ezibe nazo futhi ehlaziya izisusa ohulumeni base-US kanye nohulumeni waseMexico abanazo zokuzisebenzisa, uthola ukuthi imigomo emenyezelwe iyahluka emigomeni yangempela. Uma i-Mérida Initiative kanye 'Nempi Yezidakamizwa' ihlobene nokuvikeleka kwabantu baseMexico, baye bahluleka ngokuphelele; kodwa uma bezokwenza nezinye izinto, mhlawumbe baphumelele impela.
DM: Yiziphi ezinye izinto?
PW: Isibonelo esisodwa kungaba izindawo ezilawulwa yi-Zapatista, lapho naphezu kokuba yingxenye yokugcina yase-Mexico lapho kungazange kube khona ukubulawa okwenziwe ama-cartel, kube nokwanda kodlame lwezwe olubhekiswe kuleyo miphakathi ngaphansi kwezaba lokufuna izidakamizwa.
Futhi kungani ukwanda kwenani lama-commandos wezempi elite eChiapas? Kungani izisekelo zezempi eziningi kangaka? Ngicabanga ukuthi kunezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, ingxenye yayo ye-Plan Sur, isinyathelo okuvunyelwene ngaso uhulumeni wase-US nowaseMexico sokuvimbela abantu baseMelika Emaphakathi abalibangise e-US ukuthi bawele umngcele oseningizimu yeMexico. Okunye ukuthi eningizimu yeMexico abantu abaningi bezizwe ngezizwe banentshisekelo enkulu ngoba kunemithombo yemvelo eminingi. Onjiniyela bafuna ukusebenzisa lawo mazwe ukuvakasha kwemvelo, bafuna ukuxhaphaza imithombo yemvelo equkethwe emahlathini, njll. Izaba lihlala 'kuyimpi yezidakamizwa' noma 'ukuphepha', kodwa kunokuningi ngemuva kwezizathu kanye ne-Chiapas. isibonelo esisodwa nje.
DM: I-Mérida Initiative inezinjongo ezingahlangene ngqo nokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa?
PW: Ekuqaleni babeyibiza ngePlan Colombia kodwa balishintsha igama mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi abantu belihlanganisa nePlan Colombia. Abagxeki be-Mérida Initiative basayibiza ngokuthi i-Plan Mexico ngoba bayihlonza ne-Plan Colombia. Endabeni yase-Colombia, lapho ukusekelwa ngokwezimali kwebutho kanye nezikhulu zezempi yi-US kwathethelelwa njengempi enqoleni nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa, umphumela waba ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kwe-cocaine kwamanye amazwe kwahlala okufanayo noma kwanda, ngakho-ke uma ' impi ezidakamizweni', against the ama-narcos, kwakuyinhlekelele. Kodwa okungenani abanye abameleli kahulumeni wase-US babethembeke ngokwanele ukuba bavume ukuthi impi yayingekhona nje kuphela ezidakamizweni kodwa nakubavukeli, amavukela-mbuso kanye ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngakho-ke ngalowo mbono inqubomgomo yaba yimpumelelo ekuvikeleni izintshisakalo zemali kanye nokugcina ukulawulwa kwe-Latin America ehlanganisayo ngokwezomnotho. I-US inabalingani ababili abanamandla kakhulu esifundeni, iMexico neColombia, amazwe athole inani elikhulu losizo lwezempi. Amazwe kuphela athola okwengeziwe yi-Israel neGibhithe. Ngaphandle kwaleso sigaba okwamanje, uhlelo olukhulu kakhulu losizo lwangaphandle oluvela e-US luya eMexico ngaphansi kwerubrikhi ye-Mérida Initiative. Ngakho-ke, uma izinhloso zangempela zihlobene ne-counterinsurgency, ngokusungulwa kwesistimu yokulawula amasosha eNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi, kunengqondo.
DM: Imali yokushintshanisa ukulawulwa kwezomnotho nezepolitiki eMexico kanye nesifunda.
PW: Ziningi izinto. Kukhona iqiniso lokuthi iNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ibe yinhlekelele kubantu abaningi baseMexico, kubalimi nakubantu abampofu abayeka ukulima ngoba bengakwazi ukufuna intengo ehloniphekile yemikhiqizo yabo futhi manje asebeyishiyile. izwe. Ukufuduka kusuka eMexico kuya e-United States manje sekuyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke ewela imingcele emhlabeni, futhi abantu abangaba ngu-500,000 bawela minyaka yonke, mhlawumbe kancane kancane eminyakeni embalwa edlule, isenzakalo esacasulwa yizinqubomgomo ezifanayo ze-neoliberal eziye zaqanjwa. yaqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-1982. Ukufuduka kwabantu kube nomthelela wokukhulula umhlaba omningi othengwa yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathuthukisi bathatha umhlaba, kanti abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bawusebenzisa ukutshala ama-poppies nensangu. Leyo mikhakha yomibili ingabazuzi abakhulu be-NAFTA.
DM: Ucabanga ukuthi inkinga yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa iwumphumela wezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal eMexico?
PW: Yebo. I-Narcotrafficking yayikhona kudala ngaphambi kwe-neoliberalism, kodwa izivumelwano ezifana ne-NAFTA zakha izimo eziphelele zokukhula kwamaqoqo. Amaqoqo alandela nje imfundiso ye-neoliberal - ukuncintisana okuqinile nokukhululekile, ukuhlonishwa kwempahla yangasese - futhi asizakala ngobumpofu kanye nomphakathi obuthakathaka njengezinkampani.
Izinqubomgomo ze-Neoliberal zenza buthaka umbuso waseMexico kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Ngemuva kuka-1982, futhi ikakhulukazi kulandela ukuqaliswa kwe-NAFTA ngo-1994, iMexico yayingenisa ummbila nobhontshisi, imikhiqizo yakudala yezwe, futhi manje leyo mikhiqizo ithengwa emazweni acebe kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi abalimi baseMexico abayitholi intengo ehloniphekile futhi abakwazi ukuncintisana nayo. izimpahla ezishibhile ezivela kwamanye amazwe.
Isibonelo, ngo-2007 ikhilo lemithi engekho emthethweni yayingathola inani eliphindwe izikhathi ezingama-300 kunekhilogremu lommbila; ikhilo lensangu noma opopi lalibiza ngaphezu kwethani likabhontshisi. Lokho kuwumphumela we-NAFTA futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu manje sekunamahektha amaningi e-Mexico anikezelwe ukukhulisa ama-poppies kunombila. Ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele benzeni esimweni esinjalo? Akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukukhulisa izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kwanda ngokushesha kangaka.
DM: ‘Empini Yezidakamizwa’ ngaleso sikhathi, kunezici okungenani ezimbili okungasoze kukhulunywe ngazo: ukulwa nokuvukela umbuso kanye nokuvikelwa kwezintshisekelo zezomnotho ezinamandla. Ingabe lokho kuchaza inkulumo engaqondakali nokubamba iqhaza kwe-US kuleyo mpi?
PW: Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaphesenti angama-90 ezikhali ezingekho emthethweni eMexico adabuka e-US futhi manje sekunezikhali ezingekho emthethweni ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-15 - ezinye ziphuma ebuthweni laseMelika - ezweni elinabantu abayizigidi eziyi-105, kanti lezo yizikhali ezingekho emthethweni kuphela. , inkinga ukuthi i-Mérida Initiative ayihlanganisi ilungiselelo lokubala, okuthile okungaba isinyathelo sokunciphisa amazinga okungavikeleki.
Ukube bekuyimpi ngempela yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, enye indlela yokuyilawula kungaba ukuvuselela imilutha yezidakamizwa e-US, kodwa akukho nesenti eliya ezinhlelweni zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo.
Labo abeseka inqubomgomo yaseMelika bathi ubufakazi bokuthi iyasebenza wukuthi sekuqubuke udlame enyakatho yeMexico, bathi udlame olungaka luwumphumela wokutatazela kwamaqembu. Kodwa udlame lunomthelela ekuqinisekiseni intengo ephezulu yezidakamizwa, ngoba kwenza kubize kakhulu futhi kube yingozi ukuthutha izidakamizwa zisuka e-Colombia noma e-Mexico futhi ziwelele ohlangothini lwase-US. Ngakho futhi, uma kuyimpi ngempela kuma-narcotraffickers khona-ke inqubomgomo yomongameli u-Calderón no-Obama ayisebenzi ngoba izidakamizwa zitholakala kalula yonke indawo futhi i-cocaine iya iba msulwa.
DM: Kuthiwani ngamalungelo abantu?
PW: Engqungqutheleni yaseMelika ngo-Agasti 2009, u-Obama wathi ngokuqeqeshwa kwezingxenye zeButho LaseMexico unesiqiniseko sokuthi uhulumeni waseMexico kanye nezempi bazoqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, kodwa iButho LaseMexico belilokhu lisebenza ngaphandle kokujeziswa. .
Ngonyaka odlule, ngaphansi kwe-Mérida Initiative, iCongress yaseMelika yayicele ukuthi amaphesenti angu-15 emali aye ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo abantu ngakho enye yezinto zokuqala u-Obama azenza kwakuwukukhipha izigaba eziphathelene nokuvikelwa okunjalo. Ngakho angakhuluma ngamalungelo abantu eMexico, kodwa iqiniso lihluke kakhulu.
Khonamanjalo, kunezibalo ezikhombisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-1993 no-2009, angu-217, 000 amasosha ashiya iButho LaseMexico phakathi kwawo amanye aqeqeshwa yi-DEA, yi-FBI futhi akha ingxenye yamabutho akhethekile, ethatha izingalo zawo. nabo. Abanye sebesebenzela ama-cartel akhokha kangcono. Ngicabanga ukuthi u-Obama uyakwazi konke lokhu.
Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu eMexico nase-US, njengeHuman Rights Watch, ziyavuma ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa kwezempi emphakathini sekuholele ekwandeni kokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, pho u-Obama angasho kanjani ukuthi unesiqiniseko sokuthi amasosha nohulumeni bangaqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikela amalungelo abantu?
DM: Ngabe iMexico manje ayinaso isimo esisebenzayo?
PW: Kukhona abathi iMexico isendleleni ebheke kuhulumeni ohlulekile. Isibonelo, lapho uFelipe Calderón eya eCiudad Juárez kulandela isigameko sangoJanuwari 30, lapho kubulawa abasebenzi benxusa laseMelika, wathi izwe lilawulwa, kodwa kufanele aye eJuárez ngasese, akakwenzi lokho. avele esidlangalaleni futhi akakwazi, ngoba umbuso awulawuli idolobha, ngakho-ke ngalowo mqondo kunesimo esihlulekile eCiudad Juárez ngoba uhulumeni akakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezakhamizi zawo futhi lokho kungenye yeziqu ezisobala kakhulu zokuba. isimo esihlulekile.
Izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal ezisetshenziswa eMexico kusukela ngo-1982 zishiye izwe elibuthakathaka futhi kuyaxaka kakhulu ukuthi manje, ngemuva kokuthathwa kwentando yeningi yezwe ngo-2000, iMexico manje isiyintando yeningi ebuthakathaka lapho, ngokwesibonelo, imali ethunyelwa ekhaya ivela kubantu baseMexico abasebenza ezweni. I-US ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ingqalasizinda kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezivame ukuba yisibopho sombuso. Okuxakayo ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engama-70 kukahulumeni we-PRI, iMexico yayicishe ibe yodwa eLatin America ngokungawelanga ngaphansi kwesando sombuso wobushiqela wezempi, kodwa manje, ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yintando yeningi, isibheke ngokushesha kakhulu embusweni wezempi. Okwamanje maningi amasosha namaphoyisa emigwaqweni yaseMexico kunakahulumeni waseBrithani othunyelwe ukuthi ahlasele futhi athathe i-Iraq.
DM: Ngabe kungenzeka yini ukuthi kube nombuso wezempi?
PW: Ngicabanga ukuthi ngo-2006 uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwaseMexico lwaba novalo ngoba owayengenele ukhetho lukazwelonke, u-Andrés Manuel López Obrador, wacishe wanqoba. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi unqobile kodwa wavinjelwa ukuthatha amandla esimweni esikhumbuza i-1988, lapho i-PRI ilungisa imiphumela yokhetho ukuvimbela uCuathémoc Cárdenas oqhubekayo ekuthatheni amandla. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi inani labantu liphikisana ngokuphelele nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal, ngokumelene ne-NAFTA, ukuthi bafuna ukushintsha uhlelo lwaseMexico, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, ukwenza izinguquko ezibanzi. Isibonelo, uCarlos Slim, indoda ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni, uzuza cishe izigidi ezingu-27 zamadola ngosuku kuyilapho iningi labantu baseMexico liphila ngemali engaphansi kwamadola amabili ngosuku. Yebo, eMexico akukho ukuvukela umbuso okuhleliwe esikalini se-FARC eColombia, kodwa kunamaqembu amaningi ahlukene alwela amalungelo abasebenzi, ukuvikela imvelo, amalungelo abesifazane futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ukwesaba abantu baseMexico. izikhulu kanye nohulumeni wase-US kwaba usongo lwentando yeningi ejulayo, intando yeningi eyenqaba umnotho we-neoliberal kanye nokulawulwa kwezepolitiki kwe-US.
DM: Awucabangi yini ukuthi i-US isikhohliwe iLatin America ngandlela thize ngoba iphazanyiswe ukuhlasela kwayo eMiddle East?
PW: Ukube nje bengakhohlwa kancane! Kodwa akunjalo. Ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-US eMexico bekungaba semthethweni, kodwa futhi kuzovusa ukunganeliseki okuthandwa kakhulu eMexico njengase-US. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMexico yayingelinye lamarephabhulikhi angu-12 aseLatin America alandela isinqumo seNkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe sokuphika ukungajeziswa kwamasosha ase-US aphesheya. Kungcono ukuthi i-US iqeqeshe amaphoyisa namasosha angaphandle, kuleli cala abantu baseMexico, ngoba ngaleyo ndlela kuyoba inkinga yabo uma othile ekhononda ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngale ndlela iWashington inenzuzo yokuvela phambi komhlaba njengengqapheli engathathi hlangothi ngenkathi ixhasa umbuso ngezikhali, ukuqeqeshwa, izisebenzi zezempi kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane.
Inkulumo yosopolitiki base-US yashintsha ngemva kokuwa koDonga LwaseBerlin; akusewona ubuKhomanisi ngoba ngeminyaka yawo-1980 bathola esinye isizathu - ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa - futhi kulandela ukuhlasela kwaseNew York ngo-2001 izizathu ze 'War on Drugs' zahlanganiswa nezindikimba ezifana nezokuphepha, usongo lwamaphekula oluvela kontamolukhuni bamaSulumane, kwesokunxele, abashokobezi, labo okuthiwa bathutha Izikhali Zokubhujiswa Okukhulu bedlula eLatin America ukuze bahlasele i-US.
Ngakho-ke uma osopolitiki base-US bexhumanisa konke lokho batshala umcabango engqondweni yomphakathi wokuthi kukhona usongo lwamaphekula oluvela eMexico, kusukela eColombia, amaqembu angakwesokunxele, ohulumeni abangakwesokunxele njengalabo baseVenezuela, eBolivia noma e-Ecuador futhi bayabahlanganisa. ngokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa futhi kunikeza izaba ezinhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-US lapho kucace khona ukuthi kunokuqwashisa okuncane kokuthi kwenzakalani ngempela. Inkulumo yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi iyaphindwa kodwa manje ngaphansi kwezaba lokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ubuphekula, chavismo.
Khonamanjalo, amasosha ase-US agcwele kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kodwa ukukhathazeka kuhlobene neqiniso lokuthi amazwe amaningi aseLatin America ayahlangana. Ukubusa ngokwesiko kwenyakatho kubukeka kubukela phansi ngokwandayo futhi indlela abazama ngayo ukulawula uhlelo abebehlezi beluphethe, futhi olulahlwa abantu, lusetshenziswa ngenkani, ngenkani, ngezikhali.
Kube nenkulumo yokusungula isizinda sezempi eVeracruz, isibonelo, okungaba, ngicabanga, ukugcina nokuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-petroleum yaseMexico, kodwa futhi nokubhekwa, ukuqoqa ubuhlakani ngalokho okwenzeka eCaribbean, eMexico. naseCentral America.
Kunesinye isizinda sase-US ePuerto Rico futhi manje sekunezinye izisekelo zamasosha ayisikhombisa e-Colombia ngoba azisenasisekelo e-Ecuador futhi lezi zinto zonke zixhunyiwe. Uma ubheka inqubomgomo yase-US ebheke eMexico mayelana nokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa ayinangqondo. Uma ubheka ngale kwalokho, ngokombono ophambene, kwenza umqondo omkhulu kubahleli base-US.
DM: Ungawuchaza kanjani umbono ngeMexico e-UK?
PW: Ngicabanga ukuthi lapha sazi okuncane kakhulu, ngaphezu kwakho konke okwamanje okuwukuphela kwento esiyitholayo yizindaba ngoCiudad Juárez. Kodwa umbono esiwuthola kwabezindaba uhambisana kakhulu nowosopolitiki. Ibutho elihloniphekile laseMexico kanye nezwe (ngosizo oluvela komakhelwane babo abasenyakatho) ngokumelene nobubi obungachazeki. ama-narcos. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlaziya ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela, ngoba lokhu, njengoba uCharles Bowden esho, ikusasa lethu. Kusithinta sonke, abantu baseMexico, baseMelika, wonke umuntu. Umbiko we-UN eminyakeni embalwa edlule wasikisela ukuthi izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni ziyingxenye yamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili ohwebo lomhlaba, okuzenza zibe zinkulu kunezindwangu, insimbi kanye nemboni yezimoto. Ukuhweba nge-cocaine kukodwa kukhulu kune-McDonald's noma iMicrosoft. Ngakho kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke.
DM: Yikuphi okufanele kukhathaze amazwe ngamazwe?
PW: Yebo kunjalo. Okufanele ngabe bakusho abezindaba ukuthi cishe bangu-15, 20 abafayo ngosuku eCiudad Juárez, ukuthi idolobha elinodlame kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ngisho nangaphezu kweBaghdad. Kufanele babuze ukuthi yini eyadala izimo okusho ukuthi ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa kukwazi ukukhula ngempumelelo enjalo. Mhlawumbe bangathola ukuthi imibono yabo ebusayo - leyo yamandla ezimakethe - ayidlalanga indima encane.
DM: Kungani kuleli abantu belwamukela kalula lolu olusemthethweni?
PW: Abezindaba e-UK bampofu kakhulu futhi bayavumelana futhi kunzima ukuhlala unolwazi lapho abezindaba bevame ukukwethula umbono wababusi bomhlaba. Alikho iphephandaba noma umagazini lapha obucayi ngale ndlela IJornada or Inqubo kukhona, noma uma zikhona, zincane kakhulu. Ngalowo mqondo, iMexico isithuthuke kakhulu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi yingoba iMexico ingumfelandawonye wase-US futhi isitha sohulumeni abancike kwesokunxele njengalabo baseVenezuela noma baseBolivia kanti i-UK inguzakwethu omncane. Abaphezulu lapha nabo banegazi ezandleni zabo, nabo banesibopho. Iyinkinga yomhlaba wonke, ngakho lapho siyihlaziya kufanele okungenani sithembeke kithina nokuthi ubani ophethe ngaphambi kokuba sikuqonde.
UPeter Watt ufundisa futhi acwaninge Izifundo ZaseLatin America eNyuvesi yaseSheffield;
UDaniela Morales uyintatheli ebhalelayo La Jornada Michoacán.
Ishicilelwe ekuqaleni IJornada.
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