Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNdasa, 1917, uLt. Gen. Stanley Maude wakhipha “Isimemezelo Kubantu BeWilayat yaseBaghdad”. Ibutho le-Anglo-Indian Army lika-Maude lase-Tigres lalihlasele futhi lathatha i-Iraq - ngemva kokugasela izwe lisuka e-Basra - ukuze "likhulule" abantu balo kubashiqela babo. “Amabutho ethu awangeni emadolobheni nasemazweni enu njengabanqobi noma izitha, kodwa njengabakhululi,” kumemezela amaNgisi.
“Bantu baseBaghdad, khumbulani ezizukulwaneni ezingama-26 nahlupheka ngaphansi kondlovukayiphikiswa abangajwayelekile abake bazama ukumisa indlu yama-Arabhu kwenye ukuze bazuze ngokungezwani kwenu.
"Le nqubomgomo iyanengwa ku-Great Britain kanye Namazwe Ahlangene nayo ngoba angeke kube khona ukuthula noma ukuchuma lapho kunobutha noma ukubusa kabi."
UGen. Maude, vele, wayenguJenene Tommy Franks wosuku lwakhe, futhi isimemezelo sakhe - esicebe kakhulu ngokubhuqa manje njengoba uMongameli uGeorge Bush ekhuluma imizwa efanayo - kwakuhloswe ukunxenxa abantu base-Iraqi ukuthi kufanele bamukele ukuqashwa kwamanye amazwe ngenkathi iBrithani ivikelekile. amafutha ezwe.
Isikhulu sezombangazwe sikaGen. Maude, uSir Percy Cox, unxuse abaholi base-Iraq base-Iraq, ababengaziwa, ukuthi babambe iqhaza kuhulumeni ngokubambisana neziphathimandla zamaNgisi futhi bakhulume ngenkululeko, inkululeko, izinkazimulo zesikhathi esidlule, ubukhulu besikhathi esizayo kanye – lapha okuxakayo. ngenani ngamafosholo - izwakalise ithemba lokuthi abantu base-Iraq bazothola ubunye.
Umkhuzi waseBrithani wathumela ucingo eLondon ethi “izimo zendawo azikuvumeli ukuqashwa ezikhundleni ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphandle kwezikhulu zaseBrithani ezinekhono… ukubhekana nabantu bezwe. Ngaphambi kokuthi noma iyiphi i-facade yama-Arab ngempela (sic) isetshenziswe esakhiweni, kubonakala kubalulekile ukuthi isisekelo somthetho nokuhleleka kufanele sibekwe kahle futhi ngokweqiniso." Njengoba uDavid Fromkin aphawula encwadini yakhe ethi, Ukuthula Okuqeda Konke Ukuthula - ukufundwa okubalulekile kwebutho lesikhathi esizayo laseMelika - ukunganaki kweqembu elincane lamaSunni kanye neningi lamaShiite e-Iraq, izimbangi zezizwe nemindeni "zenze kwaba nzima ukuzuza eyodwa. uhulumeni obumbene ngesikhathi esifanayo owayemele, esebenza ngempumelelo futhi esekelwa kabanzi”. U-Whitehall wehlulekile, njengoba u-Fromkin ephawula ngokudabukisayo, “ukucabangisisa ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi zingafezwa kanjani izithembiso ezenziwe ngesihle engxenyeni yezakhamuzi zendawo”. Kwakukhona ngisho nenkinga ngamaKurds, njengoba amaNgisi ayengakwazi ukwenza isinqumo mayelana nokuthi kufanele agxile esimweni esisha sase-Iraq noma avunyelwe ukwakha iKurdistan ezimele. AmaFulentshi ekuqaleni kwakufanele aklonyeliswe iMosul enyakatho ye-Iraq kodwa ayeka isimangalo sawo ukuze abuyisele - futhi, okuxakayo - ingxenye enkulu eNkampanini entsha yaseTurkey Petroleum, eyathathwa amaNgisi yaphinde yenziwa njenge-Iraq Petroleum Company.
Kukangaki iNtshonalanga imasha ingena eMpumalanga Ephakathi ngemfashini ewubukhazikhazi kangaka? UGen. Sir Edward Allenby "wakhulula" iPalestine ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuba uGen. Maude "ekhulule" i-Iraq. AmaFulentshi aphenduka “akhulula” iLebanon neSyria eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, abulala amabutho aseSyria athembeke eNkosini uFaisal owaba nesibindi sokusikisela ukuthi ukuhlasela kweFrance kwakungelona ikusasa ababelifuna.
Kuyini, ngesinye isikhathi ngiyazibuza, ngokwehluleka kwethu njalo ukufunda izifundo zomlando, ukuphinda – cishe igama nezwi endabeni yesimemezelo sikaGen. Maude – izithembiso ezifanayo ezingakhokhelwa kanye namanga? Ikhophi yesimemezelo sokuqala sika-Gen. Maude yangena ngaphansi kwesando endalini yaseBrithani e-Swindon ngesonto eledlule, kodwa ngizobheja ngaphezu kuka-1,400 pounds sterling eyenziwe ukuthi isimemezelo esizayo saseMelika kubantu "abakhululiwe" base-Iraq sifundeka cishe ncamashi. okufanayo.
Bheka i-Article 22 yeSivumelwano SeNhlangano Yezizwe - lapho uBush ethi uchwepheshe onjalo - owavumela amaNgisi namaFulentshi ukuthi bahlukanise lezo zindawo ababesanda "kuzikhulula" kubashiqela base-Ottoman. "Kulawo makoloni kanye nezindawo okwathi ngenxa yempi yakamuva ziyekile ukuba ngaphansi kobukhosi bezifunda ezazibusa phambilini, ezihlalwa abantu abangakakwazi ukuzimela ... kufanele kusetshenziswe isimiso sokuthi inhlalakahle kanye nokuthuthuka kwabantu abanjalo kwakha ithemba elingcwele lempucuko... indlela engcono kakhulu ukuthi ukufundisa kwabantu abanjalo kunikezwe izizwe ezithuthukile, okuthi, ngenxa yengcebo yazo, ulwazi lwazo noma isikhundla sazo ngokwendawo, zikwazi ukwenza kangcono kakhulu. lo msebenzi…”
Kuyini "inkululeko" eMpumalanga Ephakathi? Kuyini lokhu kuthenjwa okungcwele - isipoki "sokwethenjwa" okufanayo uNobhala Wezwe wase-US, u-Colin Powell, manje okhuthaza uwoyela wase-Iraq - amazwe aseNtshonalanga afisa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuvakashela eMpumalanga Ephakathi? Kungani ngokuvamile sifuna ukubusa lababantu, lezi “zizwe eziphethe amafulege” njengoba uSir Steven Runciman, isazi-mlando esikhulu seziMpi Zenkolo zekhulu le-11 nele-12, esake sababiza kanjalo? Ngempela, isimemezelo sikaPapa Urban seMpi Yenkolo yokuqala ngo-1095, eyabikwa ngaleso sikhathi okungenani ngabalobi bemilando abathathu, sasiyothola ukuzwakala ngisho naphakathi kwabashisekeli bobufundamentali abangamaKristu, kanye nabasekeli bakaIsrayeli, manje abalangazelela kakhulu ukuba iUnited States ihlasele i-Iraq.
U-Urban utshele izilaleli zakhe ukuthi amaTurkey ayehlukumeza izakhamuzi zamazwe obuKristu - okuwukunanela lapha kokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu okuthiwa kwamcasula uBush - futhi wachaza ukuhlupheka kwabahambela izindawo ezingcwele, enxusa labo ababephikisana neChristian West ukuthi balwe impi “elungile”. Yiqiniso, ukungqubuzana kwakhe kwakuhloselwe “ukukhulula” amaKristu kunokuba amaSulumane, lawo, kanye namaJuda, amabutho eMpi Yenkolo awabulala ngokushesha nje lapho efika eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Lo mbono “wokukhululwa” eMpumalanga Ephakathi cishe ubulokhu uhambisana nenye ingqikithi: Isidingo sokuketula omashiqela. Amasosha Enkolo ayecophelele ngokuhlasela kwawo njengoba i-US Central Command eTampa, eFlorida, injalo namuhla.
U-Marino Sanudo, owazalelwa eVenice cishe ngo-1260, uchaza indlela amabutho aseNtshonalanga akhetha ngayo ukubeka amabutho awo ogwini eGibhithe ngokwehla kokuqala kwamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo angu-15,000 kanye namahhashi angu-300 (okugcina kuyinguqulo ye-Crusader yebutho lezikhali). E-Beirut, ngine ngisho namakhophi amamephu okuhlasela aseNtshonalanga ekhulwini le-13. U-Napoleon wakhiqiza ezakhe ezimbalwa ngo-1798 ngesikhathi ehlasela iGibhithe ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 yokubusa kuka-Murad Bey no-Ibrahim Bey okwakusolwa ukuthi wayengenandaba futhi enonya. UClaude Etienne Savary, olingana nesiFulentshi sabo bonke labo ngqondongqondo baseWashington ababubula namuhla ngenxa yokuhlupheka kwabantu base-Iraq ngaphansi kukaMongameli Saddam, wabhala ngo-1775 ukuthi eCairo ngaphansi kukaMurad Bey "ukufa kungase kufakazele umphumela wokunganaki okuncane". Ngaphansi kweBeys, idolobha "liyabubula ngaphansi kwejoka labo". Okuhle kakhulu ukuthi manje sicabanga kanjani iBaghdad neBasra ngaphansi kukaMongameli Saddam.
Eqinisweni, izithembiso zikaMongameli Saddam zokucekela phansi impi yaseMelika zinenanelo ephawulekayo lapho kubabaza enye yezikhulu zakwaMameluke e-Egypt ekhulwini le-18, eyakhuluma ngokuhlasela kweFrance okwakusondela, yaphendula ngamazwi ajwayelekile: “Mawafike amaFrank. . Siyowachoboza ngaphansi kwezinselo zamahhashi ethu.” UNapoleon, vele, wenza konke ukuchotshozwa, futhi isimemezelo sakhe sokuqala (naye, wayezo “khulula” abantu baseGibhithe kubacindezeli babo) sasihlanganisa nokunxusa izikhulu zaseGibhithe ukuba zimsize ukuphatha uhulumeni. "O shayks, 'amaqadi', o-imam, kanye nezikhulu zedolobha, tshelani isizwe sakini ukuthi amaFulentshi angabangani bamaSulumane eqiniso... Babusisiwe labo baseGibhithe abavumelana nathi." UNapoleon uqhubekile nokusungula “umkhandlu wokuphatha” e-Egypt, ofana kakhulu nalowo abaphathi bakaBush abathi uhlose ukuwusebenza ngaphansi kombuso wase-US. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ama-“shayks” kanye “namaqadi” kanye nama-Imam avukela umbuso wamaFrance eCairo ngo-1798.
Uma uNapoleon engena ekubuseni kwakhe eGibhithe njengomshoshozeli waseFrance, uGen. Allenby, lapho engena eJerusalema ngoDisemba 1917, wayenikeze uDavid Lloyd George idolobha ayelifuna njengesipho sikaKhisimusi. Ukukhululwa kwalo, undunankulu waseBrithani kamuva waphawula ngentshiseko ecishe ibe ye-Crusader, kwasho ukuthi eLobukholwa lalikwazile “ukuzuza kabusha izindawo zalo ezingcwele”. Ukhulume "ngokubizwa kwe-bluff yaseTurkey" njengokuthi "ukuqala kokuqhekeka kwalowo mkhohlisi wezempi okuvumele ukungasebenzi kahle kwesiqondiso sethu sempi ukuthi kusethuse iminyaka", izithunzi, lapha, zokuzisola kwaseMelika ukuthi akakaze athathe i-Gulf War ka-1991 eBaghdad; ULloyd George “wayeqeda umsebenzi” wokunqoba amandla ase-Ottoman njengoba nje uGeorge Bush Junior manje esehlose “ukuqeda umsebenzi” owaqalwa nguyise.
Futhi njalo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kwakukhona labo mashiqela nabashiqela ababezoketula eMpumalanga Ephakathi. EMpini Yezwe II, "sakhulula" i-Iraq okwesibili ekuphathweni kwayo okusekela amaNazi. AmaNgisi “akhulula” iLebanon ekubuseni kukaVichy ngesithembiso sokukhululeka eFrance, isethembiso uCharles de Gaulle azama ukusihoxisa kwaze kwaba yilapho amaNgisi ecishe ayolwa namaFulentshi Amahhala eSyria.
ILebanon ibhekane “nenkululeko” eminingi kabi. Ama-Israel - ama-Arabs, i-American, "Western" ukufakelwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi - athi kabili ukukhathazeka "ukukhulula" iLebanon ku-PLO "ubuphekula" ngokuhlasela ngo-1978 no-1982, futhi behamba ngokuhlazeka eminyakeni emibili edlule. Ukungenelela kweMelika uqobo eBeirut ngo-1982 kwaqhunyiswa ngebhomu elolini ekomkhulu le-US Marine ngonyaka olandelayo. Futhi yini uMongameli Ronald Reagan ayitshele umhlaba? “ILebanon iwumgogodla wokwethembeka kwethu emhlabeni jikelele. Asikwazi ukukhetha nokukhetha ukuthi sizoyisekela kuphi inkululeko... Uma iLebanon igcina ingaphansi kobushiqela bamabutho anobutha emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ngeke nje sibe sengozini indawo yethu esempumalanga yeMedithera, kodwa futhi nokuzinza kwayo yonke i-Middle East, kuhlanganise izinsiza eziningi zeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia.”
Nakulokhu, thina baseNtshonalanga, sasizovikela iMpumalanga Ephakathi enyameni. U-Anthony Eden wathatha umbono ofanayo nge-Egypt, elangazelele ukuketula “umashiqela” uGamal Abdul Nasser, njengoba nje uNapoleon wayekade efisa ukuhlenga abaseGibhithe ebugqilini baseBeys, njengoba uGen. amaTurkey, njengoba noGeorge Bush Junior manje esefuna ukuhlenga ama-Iraqi enyameni kaMongameli uSaddam. Futhi njalo, ukuhlasela kwaseNtshonalanga kwakuhambisana nezimemezelo zokuthi amaMelika noma amaFulentshi noma amazwe aseNtshonalanga nje ngokuvamile ayengenalutho olumelene nama-Arabhu, kuphela ngokumelene nomfanekiso wesilwane owakhethwa njengesisulu sesenzo sethu sezempi.
Pho kwenzekani kuwo wonke la mazwi amahle? IziMpi Zenkolo zaba inhlekelele ebuhlotsheni bobuKristu namaSulumane. UNapoleon wasuka eGibhithe ephoxekile. IBrithani yalahla igesi kumaKurds ase-Iraq ahlubukayo ngaphambi kokuthola ukuthi i-Iraq ayilawuleki. Ama-Arabhu, ngaleso sikhathi amaJuda, axosha amaNgisi ePalestine naseJerusalema. AmaFulentshi alwa iminyaka yokuvukela umbuso eSiriya. ELebanon, abaseMelika bahlakazeka ngo-1984, kanye namaFulentshi.
Futhi e-Iraq ezinyangeni ezizayo? Izoba yini intengo yobuwula bethu kulesi sikhathi, yokwehluleka kwethu ukufunda izifundo zomlando? Kuphela ngemva kokuba i-United States iqede umsebenzi wayo sizothola. Kulapho ama-Iraqi efuna ukuthi kuphele lowo msebenzi, lapho ukuphikiswa okudumile kobukhona baseMelika ngamaShiites namaKurds ngisho namaSunni eqala ukucekela phansi “impumelelo” yezempi uMongameli Bush ngokungangabazeki ayoyimemezela lapho kungena amasosha okuqala ase-US. E-Baghdad. Bese kuba “indaba” yethu yangempela njengoba kuzoqala izintatheli.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho wonke amazwi angenalutho omlando wamakholoni, isidingo sokuketula omashiqela nabashisekeli, ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwabantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ukusho ukuthi thina kanye nathi singabangane abakhulu bama-Arabhu, ukuthi thina thina kuphela kumele sibasize, sizoqaqa.
Lapha ngizokwenza ukuqagela: Ezinyangeni neminyaka elandela ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, i-US, ekucabangeni kwayo okuzikhukhumezayo ukuthi ingadala "intando yeningi" emlotheni wobushiqela baseMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nokuthatha uwoyela wayo, izohlupheka. okufanayo namaNgisi asePalestine. Ngokuphathelene nale nhlekelele, uWinston Churchill wabhala, futhi amazwi akhe cishe azosebenza e-US e-Iraq: “Ekuqaleni, izitebhisi zazibanzi futhi zingashoni, zimbozwe ngokhaphethi, kodwa ekugcineni wona kanye amatshe adilika ngaphansi kwezinyawo zawo.”
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