Umthombo: The Independent
“Hhayi-ke, sonke singavuma ukuthi ulwandle lwathatha amaphesenti angama-70 okuqhuma!” umngane oseduze waseLebanon umemezele kimi kuleli sonto, ngesayensi ethakazelisayo uma ingabaza. Ngangimbuzile - ngoba ngangiyazi impendulo - yimiphi imiphakathi yezenkolo yaseLebanon ehlukumezeke kakhulu ngenxa yokuqhuma okwashintsha isizwe. Noma asishintshanga isizwe, njengoba kungase kube njalo.
Njengayo yonke into yaseLebanon, ukubala kwakhe kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunembile. Ngoba i-Beirut, njenge-Tripoli - kanye ne-Haifa, ngaleyo ndaba - yakhiwe kwenye yalezo zindawo zasendulo ezisempumalanga yeMedithera, "njengobuso bomdobi omdala" njengoba uFarouz alibiza ngenhloko-dolobha yakhe. Ukushaya izandla okukhulu komsindo kungenzeka kuhlanganisa amanzi anosawoti amaningi kunezakhiwo. Futhi izinhlanzi, ngokwazi kwethu, azizona ezenkolo.
Kodwa umngane wami - umSulumane wamaSunni, isisebenzi sikahulumeni iminyaka eminingi, ofunda izincwadi esikhundleni samamemo - washesha ukungixwayisa. “Le nto masingayiboni ngokwezimpi zombango. Kodwa yebo, amaKristu ashayeka kabi kakhulu ngoba ahlala eduze kwechweba elisempumalanga yedolobha, amaMaronites ikakhulukazi. AmaSulumane aseBeirut alahlekelwa amafasitela, amaKristu alahlekelwa izimpilo zawo. " Kodwa nalokho kwakungelona iqiniso.
Labo ababethi abafileyo baqukethe zonke izinkolo zaseLebanon nabo babeqinisile. Kwakukhona amaSulumane - amaSunni namaShia phakathi kwezicishamlilo, abanikazi bezitolo nabanye - singakhohlwa inqwaba yababaleki baseSyria okungenzeka babe ingxenye yesine yabo bonke abashonile. Eqinisweni, amaSyria ngandlela thize afakwa enanini lokufa kweLebanon. Kodwa kwakukhona okuthile okungavamile ngendlela le nhlekelele eyaxoxwa ngayo kabusha entshonalanga.
EFrance, eBrithani naseMelika - futhi, ngabona, eRussia, futhi - ukulandisa (igama engizondayo) kwakuhluke kancane. “AbaseLebanon”, ngakho satshelwa ukuthi, manje base bebhikishela “izicukuthwane” kanye nohulumeni - owawonakalise izwe, wabhidliza umnotho walo, wehluleka ukuvikela abantu bawo - futhi manje ufuna uhlelo olusha lwezepolitiki, lwentando yeningi, okungezona. -amahlelo, angonakalisiwe, njll njll, njll. Iqiniso futhi.
Futhi yebo, izindlu ezibhidliziwe namafulethi kanye nemigwaqo ecekeleke phansi kwakuyingxenye yokubhujiswa kweBeirut. Kodwa amagama abo - u-Gemmayze, u-Mar Mikhael, u-Ashrafieh - athulwe njengezindawo nje ebalazweni ledolobha kunesiqubulo hhayi nje segagasi lokuqhuma kodwa senhliziyo yamaKristu endala yenhloko-dolobha yaseLebanon. Lezi zifunda zazizinhle, amagugu azo ase-Ottoman agcinwe ngendlela ebabazekayo - bheka nje ukuthi kwenzekeni kuMnyuziyamu omangalisayo waseSursock.
Lezi zindawo bezijabulisa, izikhungo zabantu abasha (ikakhulukazi abasesigabeni esiphakathi kodwa abangamaSulumane kanye namaKrestu), zigcwele izindawo zokudlela kanye nezindawo zokucima ukoma, ezazingathandwa kakhulu yintsha yaseLebanon kuphela kodwa nabasentshonalanga ababehlala edolobheni futhi bezizwa bephephile endaweni yaseFrance- abakhuluma, abakhuluma isiNgisi, ikakhulukazi abantu base-European (futhi ngokuvamile abamelene namaSiriya, ama-Iranian).
Ngaphambi kwempi yombango, kwakungenye indlela: abantu bakwamanye amazwe babehlala entshonalanga yeBeirut, behlangene bezungeza inyuvesi yaseMelika ngemfundo yayo ekhululekile, imibhikisho yayo (yangaleso sikhathi) ukunyakaza kwamaPalestina, iSunnis neDruze yesigaba esiphakathi kanye - uma , ushayele eningizimu amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili, idlanzana lalo elikhulu, alinakanga amaShia. Ezimpini ezalandela no-Israyeli, kwakuyoba yilezi kanye nezinye izindawo zamaSulumane ezazizophihlizwa ngamabhomu, ziqedwe ukuqhuma, abantu bakhona bagawulwe phansi. Izifunda zobuKristu zaziyosindiswa ngokwengxenye.
UGemmayze kanye no-Mar Mikhael babeyimigqa ephambili yama-Christian Phalangist, imigwaqo yasentshonalanga ye-Beirut egadiwe yingxubevange yamasosha asePalestine namaSulumane. Lapho ama-Israyeli ehlasela iLebanon ngo-1982, amukelwa njengabasindisi amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaKristu futhi amukelwa emigwaqweni yawo. U-Ariel Sharon uzohlangana nomholi wamasosha angamaKristu futhi kamuva wabulala umongameli owakhethwa u-Bashir Gemayel endaweni yokudlela “Au Vieux Quartier” empumalanga ye-Beirut, ihostela lakhiwa kabusha kudala kodwa umgwaqo owawumi kuwo ucekeleke phansi ngomhlaka-4 Agasti.
Futhi cha, ibhola lomlilo amagagasi awo ashaqisayo aphule izimpilo zalabo bantu ngesonto eledlule bekungelona uhlobo oluthile lokuziphindiselela okwesabekayo kwezepolitiki okwedlule. AmaKristu amelana nezinyanga zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwamasosha amaSulumane ngesikhathi sempi kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwabaseSyria kamuva - futhi ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, abantu bakhona bebephakathi kwabaholi balabo abafuna kuqedwe ohulumeni ababolile baseLebanon. Kodwa phakathi kwabo, kukhona nalabo abamukela ngokukhulu ukudabuka bemukela ekhaya bephuma ekudingisweni ababi futhi - abaningi bakholwa - ujenene ongumKristu owayehlanya uMichel Aoun, owayeyisitha saseSyria futhi manje osengumngane weSyria futhi umkhwenyana wakhe manje usengungqongqoshe wezangaphandle. (yingakho kuhlaselwa inkonzo yakhe ngempelasonto).
Ngosuku u-Aoun abuyela ngalo e-Beirut ngo-2005 ngemva kweminyaka yokudingiswa okujabulisayo e-Paris, abalandeli bakhe, ababecula futhi bephephezelisa amabhanela, balungisa e-Gemmayze ukuze bagubhe ukubuya kwakhe. “Kungcono siyozilalela futhi sithole ukuthi zifunani,” kusho usomabhizinisi ongumSunni kimi ngaleso sikhathi. "Phela manje sekumele sihlale nabo." Yiqiniso, futhi. Kodwa-ke kuleli sonto kuqhubekela phambili indodana yalowo ozoba ngumongameli oseshiwo ngenhla, uNadim Gemayel osemncane, owayeyilungu lephalamende, ukutshela umhlaba ukuthi iHezbollah kanjalo ne-Iran yayiyimbangela yenkohlakalo yaseLebanon.
Futhi lena indaba enqwabelaniswa “endabeni” yalezi zinkinga zakamuva zaseLebanon. NgoMgqibelo, besitshelwa - lokhu ku- Izikhathi Zezezimali – ukuthi “sekuyisikhathi eside kuyimfihlo esobala ukuthi i-Hezbollah ilawula izingxenye zechweba lase-Beirut, njengoba yenza isikhumulo sezindiza sayo…” Nokho, kufika iphuzu, Lord Copper. Iziteshi zikamabonakude zibe seziveza ukuthi izikhali ze-Hezbollah zazishushumbisiwe echwebeni elifanayo. Ingabe i-ammonium nitrate yayizosetshenziselwa amabhomu e-Hezbollah? Ngempela, mhlawumbe ezinye zazo zase zisetshenziselwe ubudlova, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zingamathani angu-2,750 XNUMX kudala encipha ngesisindo?
Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuvakashela inkonzo yami kahulumeni waseLebhanon engiyithandayo, uMnyango Weqiniso Lasekhaya. I-Hezbollah iyazilawula ngempela izingxenye zesikhumulo sezindiza sase-Beirut eduze kwezindawo eziseningizimu, okuyiyona ebusayo. Buka ukuthi ubani ophethe isivikelo esiteshini lapho izindiza zase-Iranian zifika futhi amalungu e-Hezbollah edlula ekulawuleni kwabokufika. Kodwa itheku?
Nali iqiniso elincane lasekhaya elivela kumenzeli wemikhumbi wase-Beirut engimazi amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. “Yonke iphathi yaseLebanon inabantu bayo ethekwini - amaSunni, amaShia, amaKrestu, inqwaba. Uma ngidinga ukuletha umkhumbi futhi ngifuna ukuhambisa izimpahla ngokushesha ethekwini, ngingathola amadoda aphuma ngaphandle angabantu beqembu likaBerri.” Ukhuluma ngenhlangano ye-Amal, iShia pseudo-militia kasomlomo wephalamende laseLebanon. “Futhi uma abantu bakwaBerri bebuza kakhulu? Hhayi-ke, ngiya ku-Hezbollah ukuze ngibone ukuthi ngingakwazi yini ukuthola isilinganiso esiphansi zabo abantu bamasiko.” Noma kumaKristu. Noma (yize bengebaningi, kubonakala) amaDruze asebenza ethekwini.
Futhi yilokho iphuzu. Ngawo wonke amaqembu amakhulu - ubuhlakani bawo obufunwa yiwo wonke amazwe amakhulu angaphandle - asebenza ethekwini, ingabe i-Hezbollah izozigcina ngempela iziqhumane, izikhali, amabhomu, ngisho nemicibisholo ethekwini? Kufilimu yaseHollywood, kunjalo. Kodwa empilweni yangempela? Cha, izikhali zabo ziwela umngcele waseSyria-Lebanon ngasempumalanga. Phakathi nempi yombango, i-Christian Phalange empumalanga yeBeirut yayilawula yonke i-'5th Basin' (ngakho yayibizwa kanjalo) ethekwini. Kodwa ingabe bangenisa izikhali nezinhlamvu eBeirut ngetheku? Vele akunjalo. (Bazithumela ngamakhreyithi ezimbonini ethekwini labo laseJounieh enyakatho, kodwa enye indaba leyo). Ichweba laseBeirut lalingeyona indawo yokulahla izikhali. Kwakuyisondo le-roulette lawo wonke umuntu. Futhi ikhasino, idayisi layo elilayishwe yiwo wonke amaqembu eLebanon, liqhume ngendlela emangalisayo ngesonto eledlule.
Kodwa indaba yamanje manje ithola amaphiko ngochungechunge lwezinhlangano eziyingozi kodwa ezingashiwongo. Ku-Hezbollah, funda amaShia aseLebanon abathi, maye, abasekeli kakhulu imibhikisho - nakuba, ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba odlule, bamelana ngesibindi namasosha e-Hezbollah eningizimu yeLebanon. Futhi ezikhathini ezithile ezithile, izigebengu ze-Hezbollah ziye zafika enkabeni ye-Beirut zizosabisa futhi zashaya ababhikishi abamelene nenkohlakalo emzamweni wokuhlukanisa imibhikisho, ukuze babaphoqe ukuthi bangene emfelandawonye wamaMaronite-Sunni aphikisana nohulumeni.
KuHezbollah - futhi nali ihlazo labo langempela - bacheme ne-mafiosi yaseLebanon. Bangase babe abameleli "bezixuku" zaseningizimu yeLebanon, abazibiza futhi abakhulu "ukumelana nobudlova beZiyoni", kodwa bakhethe ukusekela "i-zoama" efanayo - imindeni emikhulu - eyonakele iLebanon. I-Hezbollah inezihlalo kuhulumeni. Bafuna ukuzigcina. Ngakho abameleli bezimiso zamaShia bamelene nanoma yiluphi ushintsho emibusweni ekhohlakele ebusa iLebanon.
Okusikisela konke lokhu ukuthi yona kanye ingxenye yehlelo empilweni yaseLebanon - egcwele kwezombusazwe, umnotho, umphakathi kanye (ngingalokotha ngisebenzise igama?) isiko lezwe - manje isixhunyelelwa ekuqhumeni kwesonto eledlule. Asiyibizi indawo eqhumayo ngokuthi ngamaKristu futhi asibizi nge-Hezbollah Shia - futhi asiyikhulumi neze impi - kodwa konke lokhu kuyiqiniso, futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuthi sikuqaphele lokhu ngaphambi kokuba sigqoke ifu lamakhowe njenge. Indaba yasenkulisa mayelana nosopolitiki abakhulu abahahayo ababi - noma "abakhethiweyo" njengoba manje ngizwa bebizwa - kanye nemigwaqo yasempumalanga ye-Beirut njengezimpawu zayo yonke iLebanon.
Indaba yangempela yalesi sizwe esihlushwe ngokwedlulele nesihlakaniphe kakhulu, yebo, iqhubekela phambili futhi iba banzi. Kuyiqiniso - futhi kuyiqiniso - ukusho ukuthi inkohlakalo ingumdlavuza wezwe lama-Arab (hhayi nje i-Arab bit, uma izenzakalo zakamuva kwa-Israel zicatshangelwa). Kodwa ngandlela thize, sithola inguqulo yenkohlakalo yaseLebhanon imbi kakhulu, iyihlazo kakhulu, imbi kakhulu kunaleyo eyenziwa kuwo wonke amanye amazwe ama-Arab. Ingabe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kusobala kakhulu? Noma kungenxa yokuthi ikhona esizweni sama-Arab okuwukuphela kwayo esimemezela ukubola kwayo?
Ngakho-ke, masibuyele, kafushane, eMnyangweni Weqiniso Lasekhaya futhi sikhiphe le ndaba ngaphandle kweLebanon. Wonke umashiqela wama-Arab owina cishe amaphesenti angama-90 noma ngaphezulu okhethweni uphethe izwe elonakele. Nokho i-Egypt, ibutho layo elilawula izinxanxathela zezitolo, izindawo ezithengiswayo, njll - okwanele ukwenza usombusazwe ojwayelekile waseLebanon akhale ngomona - ishiywe ngaphandle ezigxotsheni zenkohlakalo esikala ngazo iLebhanon. Senza ibhizinisi noSisi (amaphesenti angu-97 amavoti ngo-2018), futhi uTrump umbiza ngokuthi “umashiqela engimthandayo” ngemva kokuba uSisi eketule okuwukuphela kwakhe umongameli wase-Egypt okhethiwe, wavala amashumi ezinkulungwane zabamelene naye futhi wahlukumeza iziboshwa zaze zashona. Futhi sikhuthaza izakhamizi zase-UK ukuthi zisekele imboni yezokuvakasha yezwe lakhe elingenamali, zithumele iRoyal Navy ngezingcingo zosizo e-Alexandria futhi zidumise ukuzinza kwe-Egypt ngaphansi kwesishiqela esibi esikhona - nakhu sihamba - silwa "ne-extremism" yamaSulumane njll, njll.
Okufanayo kusebenza naseSyria. Abantu baseRussia benza ibhizinisi no-Assad (ivoti elingamaphesenti angu-88.7 ngo-2014), angase akhe kabusha izwe lakhe lonke, imikhumbi yabo ikhokhe izingcingo - kunalokho okuningi - emachwebeni aseSyria futhi umbuso uthathwa eMoscow njengesivikelo ngokumelene "ne-extremism" yamaSulumane. (njll, njll, futhi). Inkohlakalo yaseSaudi - ezweni elingeke liphuphe nganoma yiluphi ukhetho ngisho noma inkosi yalo noma inkosana yalo ingawina amavoti angu-99.9 - nayo ihlonishwa kangangokuthi i-UK Fraud Squad ingahoxiswa amacala enkohlakalo ngaphandle uma sicasula inkosi. abakhohlakele embusweni. UTony Blair ubenokuningi afuna ukukusho mayelana “nentshisekelo kazwelonke” yeBrithani uma kukhulunywa ngokudedela labo okuthiwa bathathe omakhwapheni. Umugqa uthi: Omashiqela bama-Arabhu bakhohlakele, abantu bamane bacindezelwe. Siyawazi amavoti abo - uma benza sengathi babambe ukhetho - ayinganekwane.
Kepha abaseLebanon, ngokumangazayo, babanjwe yithi ku-akhawunti ephezulu. Ukhetho lwabo lwasephalamende ungalokothi ukukhiqiza amaphesenti angama-90 noma amaphesenti angama-80. Zivamise ukuba ngamanani angawodwa. Ngoba uhlelo lokuvota lohlu lwamahlelo lucophelela kakhulu, lwaklanywa ngokucophelela kangangokuthi luyabacabangela ngempela abantu - imvelaphi yabo yenkolo, okungukuthi - kucatshangelwa. Ngendlela yakho, empeleni kulungile - uma ungayinaki imali exhunyelelwayo kanye nemali enikezwayo futhi uma - futhi kuphela uma - wamukela uhlelo lokuvota ngokuvuma izono kanye nepolitiki yombuso yamahlelo kanye neqiniso elingenakugwenywa lokuthi ivoti lizoveza uchungechunge lwabaholi ezihlalweni ezijikelezayo abaphethe ngenxa yenkolo yabo kunamakhono abo.
Okufiswa abantu abasha baseLebanon - noma labo esibabona bekukhombisa namuhla - kulula ukukuqonda. Asikho isizwe umongameli waso okumele abe ngumMaronite ongumKristu, undunankulu waso oyohlale eyiSulumane lamaSunni, usomlomo waso wephalamende kumele ahlale engumShia, oyoke abe yizwe lesimanje. Ukuqiniseka kwehlelo lokusebenzisa amandla-ngokwenkolo kuqinisekisa inkohlakalo. Angeke kube nokuhlolwa kokungathembeki lapho amandla encike ekwesabeni omunye esikhundleni sokuyekethisa.
Futhi ngokunikeza ivoti kuzo zonke izakhamuzi - ohlelweni lokhetho oluguquguqukayo kangangokuthi ngisho namaLungu ePhalamende kufanele "afunde ifomu", okusho ukuthi - abantu baseLebanon ngokwabo balethwa esondweni lokhetho lokuhlazeka. Ukuhlanganyela kwabo okhethweni ngakho kubangcolise ngenkohlakalo abayizonda ngokusobala nangendlela efanele. Akumangalisi ukuthi ulaka lwabo luvutha kangaka. Ukusula kukahulumeni - njengomdlalo omncane ka-Hassan Diab wasetiyetha ngoMsombuluko - kungesinye nje isimemo sokubamba iqhaza esenzweni esilandelayo sombuso sokuzihlaza: masibe nolunye ukhetho futhi sibuyisele amaqola afanayo ekhasino!
Futhi ukucabanga - futhi yebo, lokhu kuyiqiniso - kukangaki thina bantu bangaphandle sincoma "intando yeningi" yaseLebanon eyingqayizivele, sengeza ngokuthi, uma "inamaphutha", okungenani ingcono kunobushiqela obuzungezile. Nokho ngaphandle kwabaholi, ingabe inhlangano enjalo yangempela, encane, ehlonipheke kwezombusazwe - iphikelela ngokufanelekile ukuthi kuqedwe “inkontileka kazwelonke” enyantisayo lapho iLebanon iboshiwe - iletha kanjani ushintsho kumthethosisekelo? Sizwe amazwi amaningi ekhuluma ngokuthi amaFulentshi ayebusa kangcono kangakanani i-Lebanon, umbhedo okumele ubhujiswe noma yikuphi ukufundwa komlando wesimanje waseLebanon - khipha imisebenzi ka-Kamal Salibi, uSamir Kassir kanye noBrigadier Stephen Longrigg ongalingani uma unawo. ukungabaza.
Kodwa imibono engathi sína manje iyantanta; ukuthi kufanele kube nohlobo oluthile lwegunya lamazwe ngamazwe lokubuyisela umnotho waseLebanon, ukuphoqelela amabhange kanye nohulumeni ukuba benze izinto obala, abaholi bawo babe uhulumeni omelelayo kunokuba babe nelungelo lokuzamazama komhlaba . Nokho ngesikhathi intshonalanga ifika ngesimo se-International Monetary Fund (IMF), i-World Trade Organization (WTO) - ngempela, i-UN kwamanye umsebenzi ongakacabangi, ongakahlolisiswa - amaKristu namaSulumane aseLebanon azohlangana ukuze bakhiphe ngesibindi njengoba kwenza okhokho babo amaFulentshi.
Sisebenze ngokukhethekile emazweni asentshonalanga kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule ekudaleni amazwe amasha, imithethosisekelo emisha, “abantu” abasha ababuthane ngokunganaki ngaphakathi kwemingcele engenzi mqondo ngokwendawo noma kwezombusazwe. Ngeke siphinde siqale ukucubungula uhlelo, sijezise abaseLebanon ngobugovu babo uma befisa ukuthi sihlenge umnotho wabo namabhange abo, sibanikeze ukudla nokwakha kabusha kanye nezinhlelo zezepolitiki ezintsha. Ngempela, intengo yebheyili yethu yasentshonalanga - evela e-US, i-EU kanye nayo yonke imibuso yethu yezezimali - izobukeka ingaphansi njengegunya lamakholoni lango-1919, njengokunxeshezelwa okunonya okwatholwa eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuze sibeke umthetho wethu esizweni esicindezelwe nesibulawa indlala ngo-1919, ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi siyakhokha izikweletu zaso, kwadingeka sithathe ingxenye yesizwe saseJalimane. Ukuze “ihlanze” iLebanon namuhla, intshonalanga kuyodingeka iqinisekise ukuthi abantu bayo bayayilalela imithetho emisha. Yimuphi umbutho we-UN ongacelwa ukuba wenze lo msebenzi ongenakwenzeka?
Okuwukuphela kwemoto ongayicabanga kungaba inhlanganisela yeligi entsha yamazwe ngamazwe ehlanganiswe neMarshall Plan largesse, ukubukezwa kabusha kwezibopho zomhlaba - hhayi nje eLebanon encane kodwa yonke inhlekelele yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, umsebenzi womcabango wamazwe ngamazwe ongahlanganisa wonke amazwe. izimpi zamahlelo nezokunweba ezikhungethe isifunda kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Cabanga nge-UN ekusungulweni kwayo ngo-1945, indawo eseduze-nenjabulo (futhi cishe nokuhlanzeka kwentombi) uma kuqhathaniswa nembongolo endala evala phambi kwethu namuhla.
Kepha siphila enkathini kaDonald Trump, uVladimir Putin kanye nobuzwe bohlobo okwakungaphupha ngalo izishiqela zama-Arab kuphela eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Akubona abaseLebanon bodwa abafuna ukuphela kwenkohlakalo. Sonke sifuna into efanayo emhlabeni wonke. Sizokwenza, ukuhlanganisa enye i-cliche, yonke i-Lebanese manje. Yingakho inhlekelele eyadlula enhlokodolobha yabo yayinamandla futhi yethusa kakhulu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela