Ukubhekana nokuhlasela okungenzeka kusuka kokubili eBrithani futhi Germany ngo-1940 futhi wanquma ukuhlala engathathi hlangothi, i Uhulumeni wase-Ireland eDublin yacela omunye wongqongqoshe bayo abakhulu ukuba babhale imemorandamu yokuthi bangaphuma kanjani eMpini Yezwe Yesibili. “Ukungathathi hlangothi kuwuhlobo lwempi elinganiselwe,” kwakuyimpendulo yakhe egabalayo kodwa edabukisayo.
The AbaseLebanon bangavuma. Sekuyiminyaka eyisikhombisa bencenga futhi bekhuleka futhi bekhuluma ukuthi bangangeni empini yaseSyria eduze, bangazinaki izinsongo zakwa-Israel, ukwamukela iSyria, izixwayiso zaseMelika, ukuncenga kweRussia kanye nokuhlambalaza kwe-Iran. Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele ube abantu abanesiphiwo sokumamatheka ngokuzibophezela - ngokuthokozisayo, kalula, ngesibindi, ngokuzikhandla, ngokukhathala - ngaso sonke isikhathi eduze kwakho futhi ubaleke nakho.
“Lapho iLebanon ingenahulumeni inyanga yonke, uyazi ukuthi abaseLebanon banecala,” umngane wami wangimemezela ephuza ikhofi eBeirut kuleli sonto. "Lapho iLebanon ingenahulumeni izinyanga ezintathu, uyazi ukuthi abokufika bayabandakanyeka." Amabutho ahlasele iLebanon izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kunjalo, kodwa abakhongi bayo bamanje bafika cishe nsuku zonke. AmaLebhanon amukelwa yiSyria esanda kunqoba, esatshiswa u-Israyeli, exwayiswa ngabaseMelika, egoqwe amaRussia futhi eqinisekisa uthando lwaphakade ngabase-Irani abakhokha futhi bahlomise Lebanese Hezbollah amasosha. Futhi konke lokhu ngesikweletu sikazwelonke sika-$80bn, ababaleki baseSyria abayizigidi ezingu-1.5, nokunqanyulwa kukagesi - nsuku zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha - kusukela ngo-1975.
Kuyisifundo sokuba mncane, uhlale uphephile futhi uphile ngokwesaba. Ikhabhinethi ebambekayo kaSaad Hariri - empeleni, uhulumeni wangaphambi kokhetho lwaseLebanon kanye nohulumeni olandelayo bangena ekubeni munye, ungqongqoshe ngamunye okhethwe ngaphansi kohlelo olukhathazayo lwezwe lamaMuslim-Christian lokucwasa - usemukele inqubomgomo "yokuhlukana" nezingxabano zezifunda. “Ukuzihlukanisa” kuwuhlobo lokungathathi hlangothi, lapho cishe wonke umuntu kusukela kwabaseMelika kuya kubantu base-Irani kanye ne-EU enza sengathi iLebanon ibumbene othandweni, futhi isebenziseka kakhulu kunokucekelwa phansi impi yombango ka-1975-1990. I-EU, vele, idla imali esigulini saseLebanon esingenamali ngoba ayifuni kwabaningi ababaleki abatheleka e-Europe.
Eqinisweni ukungathathi hlangothi kweLebanon nakho kuyayivikela ngokwayo. AmaSunni athola uxhaso olukhulu kumaSaudis, anyanya ama-Irani, iHezbollah kanye namaShia aseLebanon abawasekelayo. Undunankulu waseLebanon waseSunni Saad Hariri uthanda amaSaudis - noma kunalokho, kufanele athande amaSaudis, njengoba esekela ubundunankulu bakhe futhi ngoba uphethe ubuzwe baseSaudi futhi abakwaSaudi bakholelwa ukuthi uzokwenza intando yabo. Abafundi bangakhumbula ukuthunjwa komnumzane Hariri e-Riyadh ngonyaka odlule kanye nokuvela kwakhe njengesipoki phambi kukamabonakude waseSaudi "esula" uNdunankulu waseLebanon kwaze kwaba yilapho umongameli uMacron emkhulula ezandleni zenkosana yobukhosi u-Mohammad bin Salman, futhi wamfaka umoya eParis lapho aqala khona kabusha ubundunankulu bakhe baseLebanon ngendlela engaqondakali. U-Hariri, ngokuba umnikazi wamaphasiphothi we-eclectic, futhi uyisakhamuzi saseFrance.
AmaKristu aseLebanon, njengenjwayelo, ahlukene phakathi - uMongameli Michel Aoun usengumngane ka-Assad, abanye besaba okunye "ukungenelela" kweSyria eLebanon - kuyilapho iHezbollah ithi uma u-Israyeli ehlasela i-Iran, impi phakathi kwamasosha aseShia no-Israyeli izoqala kabusha eningizimu. Lebanon. I-Israel ihlale isabisa i-Hezbollah - okujabulisa i-Hezbollah - kanye ne-Lebanon. I-Druze kaWalid Jumblatt isalinde ukubhujiswa kuka-Assad. Zama ukumchazela konke lokho Donald Trump. Phela, sekuphele unyaka kuphela lapho umongameli wase-US onechashaza ancoma u-Hariri ngokuba “phambili ekulweni ne-Hezbollah” – ngokudabukisayo engazi ukuthi u-Hariri omdala ompofu uhlezi eduze nongqongqoshe be-Hezbollah kwikhabhinethi yaseLebanon.
Ngakho-ke amaMelika (kanye namaSaudis) agcina isikhuthazo sabo esingaguquki nesingenamsebenzi esiya eLebanon sokuthi iShia Hezbollah kumele ikhishwe izikhali / ihlakazwe / ihlanganiswe nebutho laseLebanon - njengoba ihlome i-Iran (ifonti yabo bonke ububi), isitha sika-Israyeli. (ifonti yakho konke okuhle) kanye nomfelandawonye we Syria (umholi wabo amaMelika asafuna ukwehliswa esikhundleni njengesizinda sayo yonke impi yamakhemikhali) - ngenkathi ethumela izikhali ebuthweni laseLebanon. Ngaphandle kwalokho, alikho isosha laseLebanon - okungenani kuwo wonke amaShia - elizohlasela abafowabo nodadewabo baseShia eningizimu yeLebanon ukuze kuzuze abaseMelika, amaSaudi noma ama-Israel.
Ngakho ukusekelwa kweMelika kuyaqhubeka kuza, kuze kufike eqophelweni; ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule, umkhuzi wamasosha aseLebanon uJoseph Aoun wayeseWashington ukuzodingida “ukubambisana ukulwa nobushokobezi” - ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuba amasosha akhe kanye neHezbollah ('amaphekula', ngokoMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika) behlangene ndawonye ukuxosha ama-Islamist. iphakethe le-Ersal enyakatho-mpumalanga yeLebanon. AbaseMelika banikeza ibutho laseLebanon izindiza ezine zokuhlasela okulula ze-A-29 Super Tucano, ezinamandla ngokwanele ukudubula i-Isis, zibuthaka ngokwanele ukuba zingabi yingozi ku-Israyeli. Usizo lwezempi lwase-US oluya eLebanon lumi onyakeni olinganiselwa ku-$70ma - uma uqhathanisa no-$47bn eminyakeni engu-40 namasosha aseGibhithe, angakwazi ngisho nokucindezela ukuvukela kwe-Isis eSinayi. Futhi izikhali zase-US zizoyeka ukufika e-Beirut, abaseMelika bacacisile ngokuphelele, lapho abaseLebanon belingwa yi-Iranian offer.
Abantu base-Irani, ngomnotho wabo we-rial owohlokayo, bebenikela Beirut ngisho nemali eningi - ukuthi ivelaphi, ngempela, asazi - kunamaMelika, kanye nezibhamu, usizo lwezolimo kanye nezimboni. Ngemuva kwezivumelwano ezintsha zezempi nezokuvikela zase-Iran neSyria, kanye “nendima ekhiqizayo” ezoyidlala ekwakhiweni kabusha kweSyria ngemuva kwempi - amazwi kangqongqoshe wezokuvikela wase-Iranian u-Amir Hatami - ingasaphathwa eyokwakhiwa kabusha kwezakhiwo zamasosha aseSyria, izizinda zezindiza, izikole, izibhedlela. (uma sikhuluma ngokuqhathanisa, lolu hlu lungokwezilinganiso ze-Marshall Plan) kufanele nakanjani kube nokuhlanganiswa kwezimali kanye nenganekwane. Ubungeke ucabange ukuthi ungqongqoshe wezomnotho wase-Iran uxoshiwe kuleli sonto. AmaRussia, ngokungadingekile ukusho, afuna isigxobo sabo ekwakhiweni kabusha kweSyria - kanjalo nabaseLebanon, omunye angase anezele - kodwa eLebanon amaRussia aneqembu elinikeza ukuyisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zababaleki baseSyria ekhaya ngaphansi kweziqinisekiso zokuphepha.
Lezi yizindaba ezinhle kuMongameli u-Aoun kanye nongqongqoshe wakhe wezangaphandle uGebran Bassil (okwenzeka ukuthi ungumkhwenyana ka-Aoun), abafuna ukususa amakamu ababaleki baseSyria ngaphesheya kweLebanon futhi basize ukubuyisela “isimo esijwayelekile” eSyria. Kepha kube nokuphikiswa okuningi okuvela kwabaseYurophu kanye ne-UN, okuzofanele babambe iqhaza futhi bafune ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ababaleki abashaywe ejele lapho nje bewela umngcele futhi ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye bafuna ukugwema “okujwayelekile. ” yeSyria yangemva kwempi ngaphansi kuka-Assad.
AmaSyria, ngakolunye uhlangothi, afuna ukuphinde aqale kabusha ubudlelwano babo “obudadewabo” neLebanon futhi abaphelelwa yisineke lapho abaseLebanon - ikakhulukazi uHariri - benqaba. I-Syria, ngokunqanyulwa okukhulu kwamandla ayo, isivele ihlinzeka ngogesi eLebanon, futhi abaseLebanon bajabule ukuzwa ukuthi uhulumeni waseSyria usanda kulawula umngcele waseSyria-Jordanian eNassib. Lokhu kuzovula kabusha ukuphela kwendlela yokuhamba komhlaba yokuthunyelwa kweLebanon ukuya eJordani naseGulf.
Kodwa kwakukhona ukubamba. Inxusa laseSyria eBeirut, u-Ali Abdul Karim Ali, wenze inkulumo efanele yeBaathst kuleli sonto. "Izitha manje sezifuna izindlela zokubeka ukuziqhenya kwazo eceleni, ngakho-ke" - futhi lapha wayebhekisele eLebanon - "kuthiwani ngezwe labazalwane imingcele yalo yonke iSyria, ngaphezu kwePalestine edlayo?" NgePalestine, funda i-Israel. Futhi, u-Ali wengeza, "I-Syria idinga iLebanon, kodwa iLebanon iyidinga kakhulu." Kwabe sekufika imibiko - engaqinisekisiwe kodwa edabukisayo ekamu likaHariri elisekela iSaudi - ukuthi nakuba ababaleki ababuyayo bangawela umngcele waseNassib, belingakavulelwa amaloli aseLebanon athwala izithelo nemifino yezwe. “I-blackmail,” kubhonga uHariri. Okubi nakakhulu kubantu baseLebanon kwakuyisithombe esibonisa amaphoyisa ezempi aseRussia kanye namasosha aseSyria emngceleni weNassib.
Ngakho-ke uma iLebanon idinga iSyria ngaphezu kokuba iSyria idinga iLebanon, ngicabanga ukuthi iLebanon idinga iMelika ngaphezu kokuba iMelika idinga iLebanon - kodwa i-Iran idinga iLebanon ngaphezu kokuba iLebanon idinga i-Iran. Futhi amaSaudis adinga iLebanon, ngoba angasebenzisa uHariri njengenhloko yeSunnim ngokumelene neShia Hezbollah/Syrian axis futhi ngaleyo ndlela alimaze iShia Iran. Futhi abaseLebanon, abanesikweletu sabo esingu-$80bn - okuwumphumela wezinqubomgomo, okuxakayo, zikababa kaHariri obulewe uRafiq - badinga amaSaudi. AmaRashiya? Ngokuqinisekile, njengoba imikhumbi yawo izulazula edolobheni laseTartu elisogwini lwaseSiriya, ayimdingi muntu. Mhlawumbe lowo ngqongqoshe wase-Ireland - uFrank Aiken, umakadebona wempi yenkululeko yase-Ireland kanye nempi yombango yase-Ireland - wayeqinisile ngo-1940. Ukungathathi hlangothi kuwuhlobo lwempi elinganiselwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Small Lebanon. Populations 7 million, with more than 2 million refugees! And these might just be those as a result of conflict in Syria. How can this be? The U.S. fights against refugees, plays a big role in producing refugees in the Middle East and elsewhere!
What a world. I became more aware of Lebanon because Robert Fisk lives there and has written about the Middle East for going onto 5 decades. Lebanon is one of several “canaries in the mine” that we need to know more about.
Kuningi ongakusho...