Ngizoba nendaba eshicilelwe kamuva namuhla mayelana nedokhumenti entsha, kodwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, le interview entsha ne (kanye nephrofayili) kaMqondisi Wezobunhloli Kazwelonke u-James Clapper ngo I-Daily BeastI-Eli Lake ifanele ukuchitha isikhashana ihlola. Ngesonto eledlule, iLake ishicilele eyodwa ingcaphuno yengxoxo yakhe lapho uClapper avuma khona ukuthi uHulumeni wase-US bekufanele atshele abantu baseMelika ukuthi i-NSA yayiqoqa amarekhodi abo okuxhumana: njengobufakazi obumsulwa bokukhetha kuka-Edward Snowden njengoba uthola, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala. Kodwa kunezambulo ezimbalwa ezintsha, eziphawulekayo ezivela esihlokweni sanamuhla ekuseni:
Sibonga usonkontileka okhohlakele u-Edward Snowden, amaqhinga ezikhulu ze-Clapper zethunzi ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili ezedlule avezwe indaba eyodwa ngesikhathi. UClapper uvame ukuba ngumfana okufanele ashayele abahleli bephephandaba ucingo ukuze abatshele ukuthi bangaziphrinti izindaba abavame ukuzishicilela noma kunjalo.
Le nqubo yokwazisa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kuhulumeni wezindaba ze-NSA ibikwe kabi kabi kwezinye izindawo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ngizwakalisa ukudelela lolu hlelo lapho luphumela khona ukucindezelwa kolwazi okufanele lube sesidlangalaleni; lapho empeleni ikhuphula izikhulu zase-US zibe ozakwethu bokushicilela ngokuzibandakanya โezingxoxweniโ ezinde nabo mayelana nalokho okungashicilelwa nokungeke kushicilelwe; futhi ikakhulukazi lapho kusho izinhlangano zezindaba bazi bavumele izikhulu zikahulumeni ziqambe amanga ngokugodla amaqiniso angempela.
Kuzo zonke izindaba ze-NSA ezishicilelwe ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili ezedlule emhlabeni jikelele, uhulumeni wase-US waziswa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa (imvamisa ngaphambi nje kwalokho) abahleli bezinhlangano zezindaba (angikaze, ngokwazi kwami, izintatheli, okungenani ngokwam). Izinhlangano zezindaba zenza lokhu ngezizathu ezimbili.
Esokuqala sisemthethweni: Uhulumeni wase-US ugcizelela ukuthi ukushicilelwa kolwazi oluhlukanisiwe, ikakhulukazi lolo oluhlobene "nobuhlakani bezokuxhumana", kuwubugebengu (bona i-18 US ยง 798), ngakho wonke ummeli wezindaba uphikisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukuvumela uhulumeni ithuba lokubeka icala lokuthi kungani okuthile kungafanele kushicilelwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuboniswe ukuntuleka kwenhloso yobugebengu, okungukuthi, ukugwema ukushushiswa ngobugebengu ngisho nalapho kushicilela imibhalo ephezulu eyimfihlo; enye intatheli: kunengqondo ukuthi izintatheli ezikhethayo mayelana nokuthi zishicilele ini nokuthi zithini ngamadokhumenti zingafuna ulwazi oluningi, kunokuba oluncane, lapho zinquma.
Angikwazi ukukhuluma ngani The Washington Post or New York Times engikwenzile, kodwa ezindabeni ze-NSA engisebenze kuzo - ku i-Guardian kanye nemithombo yezindaba engaphezu kweshumi nambili emhlabeni jikelele - uhulumeni uye waphikisana ezimweni eziningi ukuthi indaba kanye nemibhalo ehambisana nayo akufanele ishicilelwe. Futhi cishe kuzo zonke izimo - 99% uma kungenjalo - lezo zimpikiswano zinqatshiwe ngokuphelele futhi izindaba nemibhalo yashicilelwa noma kunjalo. Eqinisweni, ezindabeni nenqwaba yezindaba kanye nemibhalo engisebenze kukho, ngikhumbula icala elilodwa lapho noma yini eshiwo uhulumeni yaholela ekutheni kugodlwe noma yini esasinqume ukuyishicilela, futhi lokho kwakuyisici esincane ingxenye eyodwa yombhalo owodwa, thina singazi, eyayingaveza ukuthi ungubani umsebenzi we-NSA (i-Guardian futhi New York Times, ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya kwami, bobabili bagodle imininingwane ethile endabeni yabo mayelana I-NSA/GCHQ ifaka engozini izindinganiso zokubethela, nakuba ngokuyinhloko - njengoba ngikuqonda - ngoba ukushicilela idlanzana lezindinganiso eziyekethiswe esazi ngazo kwakuzodukisa abantu ekukholelweni ezinye izindinganiso eziyekethisiwe (iningi lazo elingadalulwanga ngamadokhumenti) ziphephile).
Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, izimpikiswano zikahulumeni zokungashicilelwa kwenqatshwa, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi zazingacacile futhi zingagculisi. Ngakho-ke nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi imibono kahulumeni ivunyelwe ngaphambi kokushicilelwa - njengoba nje nezintatheli zifuna imibono yanoma ubani ezibhala ngaye - iLake liqinisile ukuthi ezimweni eziningi (ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami, cishe konke) lokho okusemthethweni okudinga ukucindezelwa. yenqatshwa, njengoba nje kwakufanele.
Kuze kube namuhla uhulumeni wase-US akazi isilinganiso esigcwele salokho okwavezwa ngu-Snowden noma ngabe eminye imibhalo engakashicilelwa emaphephandabeni isingenile ezandleni zezinhlangano zezobunhloli zaseRussia noma zaseShayina.
Kube kuhle kakhulu ukubukela hhayi kuphela uhlu olujwayelekile lwezintatheli zaseMelika ezithembekile zikahulumeni, kodwa nalezo ezithanda uhlobo oluthile lwabagxeki abangenangqondo, regurgitate ngokunganaki zikahulumeni engenabufakazi Ukugomela ukuthi uSnowden wathatha wabe esenikeza izintatheli imibhalo eyizigidi eziyi-1.7. Kuyangimangaza ngoba: (1) noma ubani njengamanje ozimisele ukulinganisa izigomiso zikahulumeni ezingenabufakazi neQiniso ucwila emazingeni athile adlulele obushiqela, ngencazelo; futhi (2) ngokusobala uhulumeni akazi ukuthi uSnowden wathathani, njengoba umbiko ngemva kombiko wenze kwacaca.
Ukumboza cishe lonke udonga lwendawo yokulinda ngaphandle kwehhovisi likaClapper isithombe esiqoshiwe sokhuni esinikezelwe kuMthethosisekelo wase-US. Iqukethe ifulegi, ukukhishwa komhlangano womthethosisekelo, kanye nekhophi yombhalo ngokwawo. Iphinde ibe noqwembe olufundeka kanje, โYini umlingo woMthethosisekelo? Umlingo uthi: Thina, abantu. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni ukuthi uhulumeni ukhuluma ngabantu, hhayi ngomholi.โ
Yebo, kunjalo: U-James Clapper uguqule udonga olungaphandle kwehhovisi lakhe lwaba ukukhulekela okugqamile kuMthethosisekelo wase-US ofanayo awubhidliza nsuku zonke. Leso isenzo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokudelela obala ngamabomu umphakathi noma ukuzikhohlisa kusukela kuBarack Obama. ikhuthaze uhlelo olusemthethweni โlokuboshwa kokuvimbelaโ ngo-2009 ngenkathi emi phambi koMthethosisekelo wase-US ku-National Archive. Omunye angase afune ukuchazela uClapper lokho umfutho oyinhloko walowo Mthethosisekelo, kanye nokuVukela KwaseMelika ngokuvamile, kwakuyinzondo โngezincwadi ezigunyazwayo ezivamileโ zeNkosi lapho abantu babengaseshwa ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi benza okubi.
U-Clapper uphinde avume ukuthi imvelo yomuntu yokuphatha alawulayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukudalulwa okuningi akunakugwenywa. โEkugcineni,โ esho, โasisoze sakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke kube khona u-Edward Snowden noma omunye u-Chelsea Manning ngoba leli yibhizinisi elikhulu elakhiwe abantu abanazo zonke izinto zabo ezingaqondakali.โ
Lokho kuyiqiniso ngempela, futhi kuyizindaba ezinhle: u-Chelsea Mannings no-Edward Snowdens abanakugwenywa, futhi akukho lutho uHulumeni wase-US angakwenza ukubavimba. Izindaba ezinhle lezo ngoba kusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni kuzofanele zisebenze ngokucabangela ukuthi ezikwenzayo ebumnyameni kuzobonakala emphakathini (okuyinto enhle kakhulu yokuvimbela) futhi ngenxa yokuthi lolo hlobo lokubeka izinto obala lunempilo esikweni lezepolitiki lapho imfihlo idlangile futhi nezikhungo. eyenzelwe ukuyihlola (iCongress, abezindaba, ijaji likahulumeni) zonke zehlulekile kakhulu.
Lokhu kuphinde kugcizelele ukuthi kungani uHulumeni wase-US ubenesandla esiqinile ekuzameni ukujezisa abantu abafana noManning nabanye ababi. Njengoba bengenazo izindlela zokuvimbela lezi zinhlobo zokuvuza, okuwukuphela kwethemba labo ukudala isimo sokwesaba nokwesaba: uma ucabanga ukuveza izenzo zethu ezimbi, bheka ukuthi yini senze ku-Chelsea Manning or UTom Drake futhi ucabange kabili. Kungakho bekubaluleke kakhulu - futhi, esimweni sezokuphepha kuzwelonke sase-US, kwadabukisa kakhulu - ukuthi u-Edward Snowden akakaze abanjwe: kunokuba ambonise phambi komhlaba egqoke i-jumpsuit ewolintshi namaketanga, izikhulu zase-US uphoqeleke ukuthi abuke njengoba enjalo ahalaliselwe as iqhawe lamazwe ngamazwe, uyamukela umklomelo ngemuva umklomelo, Futhi uhlanganyela ngokukhululeka engxoxweni ayiqalile. Lokho-ke, kuvumela isifanekiso abesisebenzisa ukuthi sibe sihle, ngokungangabazeki esizogqugquzela abashaya izimpimpi bakusasa.
[USenenja weDemocratic Alliance uRon] Wyden esitatimendeni utshele iDaily Beast, โKuyiqiniso ukuthi akekho owaziyo ukuthi kwenzekani ekhanda likafakazi uma behlezi etafuleni lofakazi, ngaphandle kukafakazi ngokwakhe. Ngeshwa, eminyakeni embalwa edlule izikhulu ezimbalwa sezenze kaningi izitatimende ezidukisayo nezingalungile mayelana nokugadwa kwasekhaya ezigcawini zengqungquthela nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi.. "
Amanga uClapper awatshela iSigele saseMelika ngoMashi, 2013 asethole ukunakwa okukhulu, kodwa njengoba uWyden ekubeka kucace, i-NSA nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu bebelokhu beqamba amanga ngokugadwa kwe-US kuCongress, ezinkantolo, nasesidlangalaleni. mayelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto. Yilokho okwenza ukulingana kobugqila ngabezindaba base-US โkwezimangalo ze-NSA ezingaqinisekisiweโ โneqinisoโ kube ukuzithoba okuphoxayo nokungenangqondo. Yilokho futhi okwenza ukulangazelela kwezintatheli zaseMelika zifune ukuboshwa kuka-Snowden - uma kuqhathaniswa nokwesaba kwazo ukwenza okufanayo kuClapper - umfanekiso onamandla kangaka wokwethembeka nokusebenza kwazo kwangempela.
Abanye abaphakeli kancane. Ngenyanga edlule uSen. Rand Paul, i-libertarian Republican yaseKentucky, wathi uma u-Snowden ezobhekana nobulungiswa, kufanele โahlanganyele isitokisi sejele noJames Clapperโ ngokuqamba amanga kuCongress.
"Hhayi-ke uSenator uPaul uthi kufanele ngimazi [uSnowden] ngokuba sesitokisini esisodwa naye, okuyinto engingaboni ukuthi kuwumqondo omuhle," kusho uClapper etshela iDaily Beast ngesonto eledlule. โMhlawumbe bekungeke kuthandeke kuMnu. Snowden. "
Lesi sitatimende - iphupho lejele elithusayo kanye nokusongela okuncane - akumangalisi. Isidingo sokuthi izikhulu zaseMelika ziveze obala isifiso sodlame uma kukhulunywa ngo-Snowden sizigomele ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Khumbula ukuthi uSihlalo weKomidi Lezobunhloli leNdlu uMike Rogers kanye nowayeyisikhulu se-CIA/NSA uMike Hayden โwahlekisaโ esigcawini ukuthi u-Snowden kufanele afakwe โohlwini lwabashayiweโ lukahulumeni wase-US futhi abulawe. Ngenyanga edlule, BuzzFeed icaphune iPentagon kanye nezikhulu zomphakathi zezobunhloli ezingaziwa njengoba zinjalo babeka imicabango yabo ukuthi bangathanda ukumbulala kanjani u-Snowden (โEbuyela efulethini lakhe futhi uphonswa umuntu odlula ngendlela. Akacabangi lutho ngaleso sikhathi uqala ukuzizwa efifiyela kancane bese ecabanga ukuthi isilokazane esivela emanzini endawo. Uyahamba. ekhaya umsulwa futhi okulandelayo uyazi ukuthi ushona eshaweniโ). Owayengumphathi weCIA uJames Woolsey wathi "kufanele alengiswe ngentamo aze afe" uma etholakala enecala lokuvukela umbuso, kuyilapho owayeyiNxusa le-UN uJohn Bolton. yembula iphupho elinemininingwane eyengeziwe: "Umbono wami ukuthi uSnowden wenze ukuvukela umbuso, kufanele atholwe enecala ngalokho, wabe eseshwibeka esihlahleni eside se-oki."
Lokhu akugcizeleli nje izifo ezisontekile phakathi kwabaholi abakhazimulayo beNational Security State yaseMelika, kodwa futhi kugqamisa ukungakholwa kokuthi lolu hlobo lwabantu lungakwazi futhi kufanele lwethenjwe ngamandla okuhlola ahlaselayo okufanele asetshenziswe ebumnyameni.
Amacala abekwe wona ayamkhathaza uClapper. โNgincamela ukungakuzwa lokho noma ngikubone lokho,โ kusho yena. โKunzima emndenini wami, ngizokutshela lokho. Indodana yami inguthisha esikoleni samabanga aphakeme futhi inomkhuba, noma iyaphumelela, ukufaka ngaphakathi okuningi kulokhu. " Abaziyo nabake basebenza noClapper nabo bathi akulungile ukumbiza ngongathembeki. URhodes uthe uMengameli u-Obama uyamazisa uClapper ngoba โungumdubuli oqondile ongafaki lutho ebholeni.โ
Akumangazi ukuthi uMongameli Obama ubheka umqambimanga ofakazile โnjengomdubuli oqondileโ. Nguye lo Mongameli obonayo ukuhlukunyezwa-nokukhishwa-ukukhuthaza John Brennan njengompristi wakhe ophakeme oziphethe kahle nini enquma ukuthi ubani okufanele afakwe โohlwini lwakhe lokubulalaโ.
Kodwa okuphawulekayo lapha ukuzidabukela okuvela kuClapper. Uhambe ezungeza izwe ngenyanga edlule ukubeka izintatheli uphawu โnjengabambisene naboโ ngobugebengu bokubika nge-NSA ngaphandle kokunaka nakancane imiphumela lesi senzo sobugebengu esinayo kulezo zintatheli, imindeni yazo, kanye nenqubo yokuqoqa izindaba.
Kodwa okumangaza nakakhulu ukuthi uClapper uzibona eyisisulu esikhundleni salokho ayikho: umzuzi ongafanelwe ngokuphelele wesimiso โsobulungiswaโ lapho abantu abavamile nabangenamandla baba khona. ababoshelwe amacala amancane ngamanani amakhulu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe emhlabeni, kuyilapho labo abanegunya lezombangazwe, njengaye, benjalo ukhululekile ukwenza ubugebengu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngisho nemisebenzi yabo enamandla, ingasaphathwa eyokushushiswa ngenxa yabo. UJames Clapper kufanele azibuke esibukweni njalo ekuseni futhi abonge kakhulu ngohlelo lwezombangazwe olonakele olumvikele emiphumeleni yobugebengu bakhe njengoba ezama ukwenza ubugebengu kwabanye ngokwenza izinto uMthethosisekelo wase-US. ibaqinisekisa ilungelo lokwenza.
Kunalokho uzibona eyisisulu. Unezindondo esifubeni sakhe kanye nesikhundla esibalulekile sombuso wezokuphepha kwezwe. Kuyacasula ukuthi abanye abantu basikisela ukuthi akanalo ilungelo lokwenza amacala, futhi kuyacasula ukuthi indodana yakhe esikhulile kufanele izwe abantu abathile (cishe abekho kwabezindaba) bephakamisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwayo kobugebengu kufanele kube nemiphumela efanayo neyalapho izakhamuzi ezivamile. ukwenza ubugebengu obuncane kakhulu. Lokho kungukwenqaba ukwamukela noma yimuphi umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, umbono wezikhulu zase-US ezinamandla eziyikho futhi kufanele zibe ngaphezu komthetho ngokuphelele, ukuzicabangela ngokweqile, okucekele phansi isiko lezepolitiki laseWashington ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye.
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Izolo, iphepha German Isithombe sika-Sontag kubike lokho ngemuva kokuthi uMengameli u-Obama eyalele i-NSA ukuthi iyeke ukulalela ezokuxhumana kukaShansela u-Angela Merkel, baphendule ngokwandisa ukugada kwabo ongqongqoshe nabeluleki bakhe abaseduze. Ngaphandle kokunikeza omunye futhi umfanekiso welungelo elingaphandle kokulawula eliqhuba i-US Surveillance State, phawula ukuthi umbiko usekelwe "kumsebenzi ophezulu we-NSA eJalimane", okusho ukuthi lona kusengomunye umthombo we-NSA ozayo. phambili ukudalula izenzo ze-ejensi eziyimfihlo kanye.
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