Umthombo: Inqubomgomo Yomhlaba Wonke
Isithombe ngu-archna nautiyal/Shutterstock
Ukuncintisana okukhulu kwamandla kuye kwavela njengento ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ngaphansi kokuphatha kwe-Biden. Eqinisweni, kungenzeka ukuthi sesivele sisekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi entsha, ngokusho kukaRichard Falk, omunye wezazi ezihamba phambili emhlabeni emkhakheni wezombangazwe zomhlaba kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kungxoxo engezansi. U-Falk uphinde waba yisishoshovu esiholayo kusukela ngempi yase-Vietnam, futhi ushicilele izincwadi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu nezinkulungwane zezindatshana. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva iyisikhumbuzo sezepolitiki esinesihloko esithi Public Intellectual: The Life of a Citizen Pilgrim (Clarity Press, 2021). UFalk unguSolwazi Emeritus Womthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe eNyuvesi yasePrinceton, lapho afundisa khona cishe ikhulunyaka, kanye noSihlalo Womthetho Womhlaba Wonke eQueen Mary University yaseLondon.
I-CJ Polychroniou: Richard, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ngaphansi kwabaphathi beBiden ihloselwe ukukhulisa ukuncintisana kwamasu neChina neRussia. Ngempela, i-Interim National Strategic Guidance, ekhishwe ngoMashi 2021, ikwenza kucace ngokusobala ukuthi i-US ihlose ukuvimbela izitha zayo "ekuvimbeleni ukufinyelela kuma-commons omhlaba, noma ukubusa izifunda ezibalulekile" nokuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi awukwazi ukwenziwa wodwa, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphansi kukaTrump, kodwa kuzodinga ukuvuselelwa nokuvuselelwa kohlelo lomfelandawonye emhlabeni wonke. Ingabe lokhu ukufunda kuwe njengocingo lokuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi entsha?
URichard Falk: Yebo, ngingasho ukuthi kungaphezu โkobizoโ lweMpi Entsha Yomshoshaphansi, kodwa ukuqala kwayo. Njengamanje kugxilwe kakhulu eChina kuneRussia, ngoba iChina ibonwa yiWashington njengeyingozi enkulu, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ibheka iRussia njengembangi yendabuko kuyilapho iChina ibeka inoveli nezinselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-Russia, ngenkathi iziphatha ngendlela engathandeki, edlalwa ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kweqembu eliphikisayo u-Alexei Navalny, ibonakala njengelawuleka ngokwezwe. Isu le-Euro-American liwukuqinisa ukumelana nengcindezi yaseRussia esetshenziswa kweminye yemingcele yayo, futhi njengaseMpini Yomshoshaphansi ingasingathwa ngezinguqulo ezilungisiwe โzokunqandaโ kanye โnokuvimbela.โ
I-China ingenye indaba ngokuphelele. Izinsongo ezibonakala zimbi kakhulu zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nemikhakha engeyona eyezempi yaseNtshonalanga, futhi ikakhulukazi, i-U.S., ubukhulu, ukubusa kwayo phezu komnotho okhiqizayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobuchwepheshe be-frontier. Umfutho wentuthuko omangalisayo womnotho waseShayina udlule kude noma yini eyake yafinyelelwa emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Uhulumeni wase-United States ngaphansi kwe-Biden ubukeka ephuphuthekisiwe ngenkani, ebonakala ezimisele ukubhekana nalezi zinsongo zaseShayina njengokungathi zingaxazululwa ngempumelelo ngenhlanganisela yokungqubuzana kwemibono kanye nanjengeSoviet Union, ukuqukatha kanye nokuvimbela. Kuze kube manje, impendulo ye-Biden inephutha ngokuyisisekelo endleleni yayo, okuwukubuka iChina njengesitha esifanayo kuneso iSoviet Union. Le nselele yesiShayina ayikwazi ukuhlangatshezwana nayo ngempumelelo ngokuqondile. Kungahlangatshezwana kuphela ngokuxilonga ukwehla okuhlobene kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga ngendlela yokuzihlola, ukulingisa okukhethiwe, kanye nokwanda kwamandla okudala aguquguqukayo. Impendulo enjalo idinga ukuhambisana ne-ajenda yenguquko yokulingana kwezenhlalo-mnotho, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwengqalasizinda, ukwamukelwa kwengcebo engenzeleli kanye nezinhlaka zentela yeholo, kanye nokuzibophezela kusitayela sobuholi bomhlaba obuhlonze intshisekelo yezwe ngokwezinga elikhulu. izimpahla zomphakathi zomhlaba jikelele. Esikhundleni sokugxila ekubambeni i-China, i-United States ingenza kangcono kakhulu ngokufunda empumelelweni yayo, futhi izivumelanise nokuhluka kwezimo zayo zezwe.
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi indlela yamanje yokusabela e-China iyingozi futhi i-anachronistic ngezizathu ezine eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, igama elingalungile lenselelo yaseShayina libonisa ukuntula ukuzethemba nokuqonda kobuholi benqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika i-American Biden/Blinken. Okwesibili, indlela ekhethiwe yokungqubuzana ibeka engcupheni ukungqubuzana okuyinhlekelele eSouth China Seas, indawo leyo ngokwemithetho yezombangazwe yendabuko iwela ngaphansi kwethonya lamaShayina, kanye nesimo lapho ukuqina kwamaShayina kubonwa 'njengokuzivikela' yiBeijing ngenkathi ukuba khona kwamasosha ase-U.S. kuthathwa njengokugxambukela, uma kungeyona 'i-hegemonic.' Le mibono ibhebhethekiswa umzamo wase-U.S. wokwengeza indima yawo njengokusekela izibopho zomfelandawonye eNingizimu ye-Asia, okusanda kuqinisekiswa i-animus ecacile emelene namaShayina esesimweni se-QUAD. (i-Australia, Japan, India, kanye ne-U.S.), ngokusemthethweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, okuthi naphezu kwamazwibela ihlose ukukhombisa ukubambisana kwezempi okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokwabelana ngokukhathazeka kwezokuphepha.
Okwesithathu, ukuphakama kwezempi yase-U.S. isikhathi eside esifundeni sase-Pacific kungase kungabonakali ibhalansi yesifunda yamanje yamabutho eMpumalanga naseNingizimu China Seas. Ukugomela komphakathi kwePentagon bekulokhu kuhlaba umkhosi, kugcizelela ukuthi uma kwenzeka kuba nempi, iChina izophuma phambili ngaphandle kokuthi i-US isebenzise izikhali zenuzi. Ngokwe-athikili ebhalwe ngu-Admiral Charles Richard, okwamanje ophethe i-National Strategic Command, lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekiswe imidlalo yakamuva ye-Pentagon yempi kanye nokulingiswa kwezingxabano.
Ecabangela lo mbono, u-Admiral Richard weluleka ngokuthi amalungiselelo e-U.S. ale mpi ehlomile ashintshwe asuke endleleni okungenzeka ukuthi asebenzise izikhali zenuzi aye emathubeni azo. Umcabango osobala, owesabekayo, ukuthi i-US kumele yenze noma yini edingekayo ukuze igweme umphumela wezepolitiki ongamukeleki noma ngabe udinga ukweqa umkhawulo wenuzi. Kungase kube ukufundisa ukukhumbula i-Cuban Missile Crisis yango-1962 lapho iSoviet ihambisa izinhlelo ezicitshwayo zokuzivikela eCuba ukuphendula ukungenelela okuvuselelwe kwe-US ukuphoqelela ukuguqulwa kombuso. Kuyafundisa ukukhumbula ukuthi i-Cuba yamukelwa njengezwe elizimele elinegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi livikele ukuphepha kazwelonke njengoba libona kufanele, kuyilapho i-Taiwan ibilokhu iwela ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomlando yobukhosi bendawo yaseShayina. Ukuthembeka kwesimangalo saseShayina kwanikezwa isisindo sobuzwe e-Shanghai point Communiquรฉ eyaphinde yasungula ubudlelwano be-U.S./China ngo-1972. U-Kissinger ukhumbule ukuthi ezingxoxweni eziholela ekuvuselelweni kobudlelwano bamazwe amabili uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseShayina ohlonishwa kakhulu, u-Chou En-Lai. , yayivumelana nezimo kuzo zonke izindaba ngaphandle kwaseTaiwan. Okusho ukuthi, i-China inesisekelo esiqinile esingokomthetho nesomlando sokubuyisela i-Taiwan njengengxenye ebalulekile yendawo yayo yokuzimela uma kucatshangelwa ukuhlukana kwayo ne-China ngezikhali ngenxa ye-imperialism yaseJapane. IShayina yayibusa indawo manje eyaziwa ngokuthi yiTaiwan kusukela ngo-1683-1895, ngaleso sikhathi yanqotshwa futhi yabuswa yiJapane kwaze kwaba ngu-1945 yaphinde yathathwa yaba ingxenye yeRiphabhulikhi yaseChina, futhi ngemva kuka-1949 yaqanjwa ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhulikhi yaseChina eTaiwan. Ngokombono wamaShayina, lokhu okwedlule komlando kusekela impikiswano eyisisekelo yokuthi i-Taiwan iyingxenye ye-China futhi ayifaneleki ukuphathwa njengezwe elihlukile.
Okwesine, futhi mhlawumbe ngokusobala, izimangalo zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana namandla nezinsiza zase-United States zihluke kakhulu kunalokho ezaziyikho ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kwakungekho nhlekelele ezokwenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukukhathazeka noma ingqalasizinda ebolayo edinga kakhulu ukulungiswa okumba eqolo noma ukutshalwa kwezimali kancane ekuvikelweni komphakathi nguhulumeni endaweni yezempilo, ezezindlu, nezemfundo.
I-CJP: Akunakwenzeka yini ukuthi indlela yokuphatha yeBiden endaweni ezayo yokuncintisana kwamandla amakhulu ingaholela ekwakhiweni komfelandawonye wezempi waseRussia-China, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukwakheka komfelandawonye kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenzisana kombuso? Ngempela, uVladimir Putin useshilo kakade ukuthi ithemba lobambiswano olunjalo โngokwembonoโฆ lingenzeka,โ ngakho umbuzo uthi: Bekungaba yini umphumela wokuhleleka komhlaba wonke uma bekungasungulwa umfelandawonye wezempi waseSino-Russian?
I-RF: Ngicabanga ukuthi sisenkathini yokuvuselela ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana sikhumbula imizamo eshisayo yase-United States yokuzungeza iSoviet Union ngamasosha atshaliwe, okwakuyindlela yokuxhumana neMoscow ukuthi iSoviet Union ayikwazanga ukwandisa imingcele yayo ngaphandle kokulindela ukuthi kube khona impi. ukuhlangana kwezempi ne-United States. Uma uthi nhlรก, imifelandawonye eqanjwe ngale migomo yendabuko yenza umqondo omncane. Ngaphandle kwase-Taiwan mancane amathuba okuthi i-China ifune ukukhulisa indawo yayo ngokusongela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngalo mqondo, i-ad hoc diplomacy yokwakhiwa komfelandawonye, โโefanekiselwa yi-QUAD ibonakala i-anachronistic, futhi ingaholela ezimpini njengenye yemiphumela embalwa engahlosiwe.
Kodwa-ke, ukulungisa kabusha okuhlukile kwezinhlaka zomfelandawonye kunengqondo esimweni samazwe ngamazwe lapho i-United States izama ukubhekana nezitha zayo zomhlaba wonke ngezijeziso kanye nezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuxoxisana ngenkani okuhloswe ngazo ukukhawulela izinketho zayo zenqubomgomo. Izifundazwe eziningi zincike kumaketanga okunikezela ngamazwe ngamazwe ukuze uthole amandla nokudla, kanye nobudlelwano obuthembekile bokuhwebelana nokutshalwa kwezimali. Ukubuyela eMpini Yomshoshaphansi iSoviet Union yayizimele. Lokhu akulona iqiniso elincane kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje lapho ukuminyana okuphezulu kokuthembela komunye kuxhunyaniswe nokuba sengozini okukhulu kwezokuphepha ekuhlaselweni kwe-cyber, nalapho ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe be-drone nolwazi lwekhompyutha kwenza abalingisi abangewona umbuso, ukunyakaza kwezepolitiki okuyingozi, kanye nezinhlangano zobugebengu zibe nzima kakhulu. ingxenye yepolitiki yomhlaba wonke. Esimweni esinjalo somhlaba jikelele esiphuthumayo, ukuthembela okuvamile ekuvimbeleni, amandla okuzivikela, kanye nesenzo sokuziphindiselela kuvame ukungasebenzi, futhi ngokuvamile akukhiqizi lutho. Inhloso yamaphethini wamanje wokuqondanisa kabusha incane ukukhulisa ukuzivikela ekungeneleleni nasekuhlaseleni kunokwandisa izinketho zenqubomgomo emazweni adinga ukufinyelela ngale kwemingcele yawo ukuze azuze impumelelo kwezomnotho. Esinye isisusa ukuphambukisa amaqhinga obuxhwanguxhwangu bendawo yezombangazwe ahloselwe ukuhlukanisa izitha. Njengoba iShayina neRussia zichazwa njengezitha zaseNtshonalanga, ukuqondanisa kwazo zodwa kunengqondo uma kucatshangwa โnjengomphakathi wezokuphephaโ onenzuzo ngokulinganayo. ngezikhali nempi nokunye okwengeziwe ngokufinyelela ukuzinza kwentuthuko, ukwabelana ngobuhlakani, kanye nokunciphisa ukuba sengozini ezinsongweni ezihlukile namapharamitha e-Cyber โโAge.
Umqondo wokulungisa kabusha unikeza amazwe afana ne-China ne-Russia amathuba okukhulisa indawo yawo yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuthembela kumibono ehlobene noma ukuphoqwa. Ushintsho olunjalo esimweni sezombangazwe zomhlaba lubonakala ngokubanzi. Isibonelo, amazwe abalulekile afana ne-Iran neTurkey asebenzisa ukulungisa kabusha njengethuluzi lezokuxhumana ukuze aqede izingcindezi kanye nokugxambukela kwezokuphepha kwe-U.S. kanye ne-Israel. Odabeni lwase-Iran naphezu kokwehluka okukhulu emibonweni nasesitayeleni sokuphatha, iphendukela eChina naseRussia ukuze ivikele ubukhosi bayo bukazwelonke ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo zokudicilela phansi ezithathwe izitha zayo. Nakuba iTurkey, ngenkathi yehliswa inani njengozakwethu womfelandawonye kumongo we-NATO, ingase yanelise izidingo zayo zonke ngokuphendukela eShayina naseRussia kunokunamathela endimeni yayo yendabuko yokubambambiqhaza osemncane ezinhlakeni zomfelandawonye waseNtshonalanga ezinamandla kakhulu.
I-CJP: Abahlaziyi abathile benqubomgomo yezangaphandle abavamile bavuselela izimpikiswano ezindala mayelana nomncintiswano we-US-China, ikakhulukazi, ngokuthi lena ngempela impi yombono phakathi kwentando yeningi nobushiqela. Uthini owakho umbono ngalolu daba?
I-RF: Ngicabanga kakhulu kunaseMpini Yomshoshaphansi, inkundla yempi iyisibuko sentuthu ngemuva esicashe ukwesaba kanye nezinsongo ezibonwayo ekubuseni kwaseNtshonalanga komnotho womhlaba kanye nobuchwepheshe bezempi obusha. Engxenyeni edlule yekhulu leminyaka iShayina isivele ifake isimangalo esinamandla sokuthi ibonise imodeli yentuthuko ephakeme kakhulu (โubuhlali obunezici zesiShayinaโ) kuleyo ekhiqizwa e-United States yonxiwankulu. Le mpumelelo yaseShayina ichazwa ngokucacile futhi ibhalwe ngusomnotho ovelele waseNdiya, u-Deepak Nayyar, ocwaningweni lwakhe olubalulekile, Ukubuyiswa Kwe-Asian: Ukuhlukahluka Kwentuthuko (2019). U-Nayyer ugcizelela kakhulu izinga eliphezulu lokonga okwenza i-China ikwazi ukuxhasa ngezimali futhi ilawule ngamasu ukutshalwa kwezimali zomphakathi okuhlosiwe. U-Nayyer ubukela phansi indima yemibono futhi ugcizelela lezi zici zezomnotho, njengoba ehlaziya impumelelo yentuthuko yamazwe ayi-14 e-Asia.
Iqiniso lokunyuka kwamaShayina likwenza inhlekisa izimangalo zokunqoba zikaFrancis Fukuyama kwethi End of History kanye nethi The Last Man (1992), ngisho nangokwengeziwe encwadini ehlanganisa uGeorge W. Bush ayibhalela i-National Security Strategy yase-United States ngo-2002 athi ikhulu lama-20 laphela โngokunqoba okuwujuqu kwamabutho enkululekoโkanye nesibonelo esisodwa esiqhubekayo sempumelelo yezwe: inkululeko, intando yeningi, nebhizinisi elikhululekile.โ Yeka ukuthi ulimi olunjalo lubonakala lunesikhathi futhi lungafaneleki kanjani eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva!
Uma i-China manje ikwazi futhi ukubekela inselelo ngempumelelo i-U.S. ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa namarobhothi ngokungangabazeki izosiqinisa lesi sithombe sokukhuphuka kwamaShayina esigabeni somhlaba sekhulu lama-21. Yileli themba lokwehliselwa ethunzini lobuchwepheshe elase lenze abahlonishwayo abavela emazweni amabili e-United States bakhathazeke kakhulu kamuva nje. Eqinisweni, ngisho nezishoshovu zaseRiphabhlikhi zizimisele ukubeka eceleni ubutha bazo obuhlukanisayo ukuze zihlanganyele namaDemocrats ekukhuphuleni ukuhlasela kweChina okungaba ukusebenzelana okudala impi uma iBeijing iphendula ngendlela. U-Graham Allison uye wasikhumbuza ukuthi izimo zomlando lapho amandla aphakeme ngaphambili esongelwa ngokuphakama ngokuvamile kubangele impi eyinhlekelele. Ukulwa okunjalo kuvame ukuqaliswa umdlali wezepolitiki ozizwa egudlukile ngenxa yethonya elishintshayo, ingcebo, kanye nesikhundla ngokuhleleka komhlaba, evumela ingcindezi yokubandakanya imbangi ngenkathi isenamandla ezempi. [Bheka i-Allison, Emiselwe Impi: Ingabe iMelika neChina Zingaphunyula Ugibe lweThucydides (2017)]
I-CJP: Izikhali zenuzi kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumela izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona kubantu. Ingabe singaba nethemba ngempela ukuthi lezi zinsongo zingalawulwa ngaphakathi kohlelo olukhona lwamazwe ngamazwe? Uma kungenjalo, yiziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo ebudlelwaneni bamanje bamazwe ngamazwe?
I-RF: Kunjalo, ngalesi sikhathi sesizazi kahle lezi zinsongo ezikhona emhlabeni wonke ngokubhekana nobunzima bobhubhane lwe-COVID, oluveze indlela engqubuzanayo yombuso yokubhekana nesimo ebesingasingathwa ngempumelelo uma kuphendulwa ngendlela. wobumbano lomhlaba wonke. Njengoba lolu bhubhane manje selubonakala ludamba ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ngeke sikhuthazwe ubuthakathaka bemikhankaso yokubambisana naphezu kwezinzuzo ezisobala zokuzicabangela bona zabo bonke uma ngabe kwamukelwe indlela ye-global commons maqondana nokuhlolwa, ukwelashwa kanye ukusatshalaliswa kwemithi yokugoma. Lesi sizinda esibi ngandlela thize kufanele siphakamise amathemba ayize mayelana nokuphatha izinsongo ezilethwa izikhali zenuzi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ngasinye sazo esidalula izici ezihlukene zohlelo olungasebenzi kahle nolungalingani lokuhleleka komhlaba oselungene esigabeni sezepolitiki lapho impumelelo yempucuko isikhona. engozini ngisho nokusinda kwezinhlobo zabantu. Ukungasebenzi ngendlela efanayo kwemvelo ehlukile kubonakala empilweni yangaphakathi yezombangazwe nezomnotho emazweni amaningi azimele.
Ubudlelwano bezikhali zenuzi bube yinkinga kwasekuqaleni, kusukela esinqumweni sokulahla amabhomu e-athomu emadolobheni aseJapan ngo-1945 njengoba impi yayisondela ekupheleni. Imiphumela eshaqisayo yabantu abavamile yonakalise imiphumela yonembeza babantu abahlangene cishe kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Amaqiniso amabili ayisibonelo sonya lweMpi Yezwe II i-Auschwitz neHiroshima. Kuyasikhanyisela ukuthi okokuqala ukuziphatha kohluliwe empini kwaba yicala eNgqungqutheleni Yokubulalana Kwesizwe kuyilapho ophumelele okwesibili kwaba semthethweni nakuba eshiywe ngaphansi kwefu elimnyama elisaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Iqiniso liwukuthi izikhali zenuzi zigcinwa ukuze zisetshenziswe amazwe ayisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise namazwe anamandla kakhulu kwezempi. Iqiniso lokuthi iningi lohulumeni abangewona abenuzi kanye nemizwa yabantu abaningi emhlabeni iphikisana ngokungenamibandela nezikhali ezinjalo alinandaba. I-UN isanda kuxhasa iSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi (TPNW) esaqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2021; nokho-ke, akukho mthetho noma ukuziphatha okuhle okungabekela inselele ukuzimisela kwezifundazwe zezikhali zenuzi ukugcina inkululeko yazo yokuba nempahla, ikhiphe, ithuthukise, ngisho nokusongela noma ukusebenzisa lezo zikhali zokucekela phansi okukhulu. Amalungu amahlanu ahlala unomphela oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN, amazwe okuqala akha izikhali zenuzi, akhiphe isitatimende esisemthethweni ezwakalisa ukukholelwa kwawo embusweni wokungabhebhetheki kanye nokuvimbela njengemodeli ekhethwayo yokuvimbela impi yenuzi kunaleyo ehambisana nenkambiso engenamibandela. ukwenqatshelwa okuqiniswe ngezigaba, ukugadwa, kanye nenqubo yesivumelwano sokuhoxiswa kwezikhali esiqinisekisiwe.
UMartin Sherwin ocwaningweni lwakhe oluqondile, Ukugembula nge-Armageddon: I-Nuclear Rouletter esuka e-Hiroshima iya eCuban Missile Crisis (2020), ikhombisa ngokugculisayo ukuthi ukugwema impi yenuzi kube ngumphumela wenhlanhla eyisimungulu, hhayi ukwengamela okunengqondo noma izithiyo ekusebenziseni okuhlobene ukuvimbela. Iphuzu liwukuthi naphezu kobukhulu bezinsongo ezibangelwa ukuba khona kwezikhali zenuzi izinhlaka zezibalo zaseWestphalian ziye zanqoba ngokucabangela umthetho, ukuziphatha, ingqondo, nokuhluzeka kwengqondo. Okungekho mayelana nalezi zinsongo zomhlaba wonke ezikhona yintando yezombusazwe eyanele yokuguqula izici eziyisisekelo zesakhiwo lapho igunya, amandla, kanye nobunikazi buphathwe khona ezingeni lomhlaba wonke emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Ukungabikho kokwethembana phakathi kwamazwe kunikezwa kuqala, futhi kuqiniswa nakakhulu ubuthakathaka bezindlela zobumbano emhlabeni wonke, okuholela ekushiyeni lesi sikhali ezandleni ezingase zingakwazi ukuziphendulela, isiphetho somhlaba encwadini ka-Jonathan Schell enaleso sihloko, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1982.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwenze ingxenye ehlukile yalesi sakhiwo sezibalo sokuhleleka komhlaba. Isidingo sokuncishiswa ngokubambisana nokuphuthumayo kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa siye saqinisekiswa ukuvumelana okuqinile kombono wesayensi. Imithelela yokungenzi lutho noma isenzo esinganele sibonakala ngendlela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuncibilika kweqhwa, nokufuduka ngenxa yesomiso nezikhukhula. Nokho isenzo sokuphendula esisebenzayo sivinjwe ukungalingani kwezimo kanye nombono odala ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokwabiwa kwesibopho kanye nesikhathi esifushane esenza abenzi bezinqumo bemboni ezimele nekahulumeni bangabaze ukucindezela izibalo zokusebenza ngokulungiswa okubizayo okwehlisa inzuzo nentuthuko. Kukhona ukuqashelwa okusabalele kwesidingo sokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala, kodwa okuhle kakhulu okukwazile ukwenziwa yintando yeningi yohulumeni ukukhiqiza iSivumelwano saseParis ngo-2015, esikushiya phezu kwentando enhle kanye nokuziphatha okuzibophezele kohulumeni ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo. ukunciphisa ukungcola, isisekelo esintengantengayo esingabeka kuso ikusasa lesintu engozini.
I-UN njengoba yakhiwe manje ayikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinkundla zokubhekana nezinsongo ezikhona emhlabeni jikelele ngendlela ephumelelayo nelinganayo. Izimpendulo kubhubhane lwe-COVID zinikeza isifanekiso sokuhlola okungekuhle okunjalo. Bekusobala ukuthi izithakazelo zezomnotho kazwelonke zesikhashana esifushane zaphumelela ngezindleko zokunciphisa izingozi zezempilo zegciwane i-COVID-19. Lapho lezi zintshisakalo sezigculisekile amazwe acebile azizwa elungile ngokuphendukela ekuzizweleni umusa omuhle, owawufihlwe njengozwela lwamazwe ampofu kanye nenani labantu bawo. Le miphakathi ibishiywe cishe ngokuphelele ingakwazi ukufinyelela imishini yezokwelapha evikelayo, ama-ventilator, kanye nemigomo ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwezingozi zezempilo.
Isenzakalo esidalula kakhulu sephethini sifakwe endleleni yakwa-Israyeli eyayisebenza kahle kakhulu kwa-Israel, ngenkathi igodla imithi yokugoma kubantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezinhlanu basePalestine abahlala Ezindaweni Ezithintwayo ZasePalestine. Lo mehluko ushaye indiva isibopho esicacile se-Israel ngaphansi kwe-Athikili 56 ye-Fourth Geneva Convention ukunikeza ukuvikelwa kubantu abamatasa uma kwenzeka kuba nobhubhane. Okudalulwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okuphusile ukubusa kwesakhiwo kwezibalo namandla emakethe kuhlanganiswe nobuthakathaka bezindlela ezikhona zobumbano lomhlaba wonke, okuyimibandela yangaphambili yokuxhasa izimpahla zomphakathi zomhlaba. Ukushintshashintsha kwesifaniso kwenzeka ezifundazweni, okubonisa izintshisekelo zesigaba, ubulili, nohlanga kanye nemithwalo engalingani ethwalwa abampofu, abesifazane, kanye nedlanzana elalicwaswa.
CJ Polychroniou ungusosayensi wezepolitiki/usomnotho wezepolitiki ofundise emanyuvesi amaningi aseYurophu nase-United States futhi oke wasebenza ezikhungweni zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene. Uneziqu ze-PhD kuSayensi Yezombangazwe azithola eNyuvesi yaseDelaware futhi ungumbhali/umhleli wezincwadi ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa neMarxist Perspectives on Imperialism (1991), Perspectives and Issues in International Political Economy (1992), Socialism: Crisis and Renewal (1993) . Inkulumo Ngokuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke kanye Nentando Yeningi: Izingxoxo Nezazi Eziphambili Zesikhathi Sethu (ngesiGreki, 2001) namakhulu ezindatshana nezindatshana, eziningi zazo ezihunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi zakwamanye amazwe. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva iyiqoqo lezingxoxo noNoam Chomsky enesihloko esithi I-Optimism Over Depression: On Capitalism, Empire, and Social Change (Izincwadi zeHaymarket, 2017).
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