Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kwenhlekelele yokugcina yezimali, amaRiphabhulikhi - ngokusekelwa amaDemocrats amaningi - enze isiqiniseko sokuthi iWall Street ingabuyela ezindleleni zayo zakudala zokwenza ibhizinisi ngokuchitha uMthetho weDodd-Frank, obusebenza kuze kube manje njengombuso wokulawula omnene kakhulu. ukuze ulawule isimo esiyingozi semali yezimali. Isinqumo sokuhoxiswa kuka-Dodd-Frank sasifaneleka ngezizathu zokuthi sibeke ikhefu ekukhuleni komnotho. UGerald Epstein, uprofesa wezomnotho kanye nomqondisi-kanye we-Political Economy Research Institute eNyuvesi yaseMassachusetts e-Amherst, uphikisa ngokuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso nhlobo. Kule ngxoxo ekhethekile ye-Truthout, u-Epstein uphawula ukuthi manje maningi amathuba okuthi "imisebenzi enobuthi, eqagelayo" yesixuku sase-Wall Street izobuya nengozi, ngaleyo ndlela ilungiselela isisekelo senkinga yezimali elandelayo.
C.J. Polychroniou: Ngemva kwenhlekelele yezimali yango-2008, umthethosivivinywa waphasiswa ngo-2010 ngaphansi kokuphatha kuka-Obama owawufuna ukuqukatha ubungozi ohlelweni lwezezimali lwase-US. Umthethosivivinywa, owawuxhaswe nguSenindela wase-US uChristopher Dodd kanye nommeli wase-US u-Barney Frank, wawubuthakathaka njengombuso wokulawula. Noma kunjalo, yagxekwa kakhulu ama-conservatives. UDonald Trump wethule umlayezo oxubile ekugijimeni umongameli, ehlambalaza ngokumelene namabhange amakhulu kanye nokuxhumana kukaHillary Clinton ku-Wall Street, ngesikhathi esifanayo ethembisa ukuhoxiswa okwengeziwe. Manje, iCongress isidlulile futhi uMongameli uTrump usayine umthetho ophelele wokuhoxiswa kwezimali, "The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act." Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ejensi alawula ezezimali aqokwe nguTrump afana ne-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) asebenzise izinqubomgomo zokuxegisa imithetho ezikhungweni ezehlukene zezezimali nemisebenzi. Abasekeli bokuhlehla kwe-Dodd-Frank bathi ukuhoxiswa kwezimali kuzokhuphula ukukhula komnotho futhi kunikeze izikweletu eziningi ezindlini nasemabhizinisini. Okokuqala, babuyini ubuthakathaka boMthetho we-Dodd-Frank, futhi ingabe ngempela waba nesandla ekukhuleni komnotho ongenawo amandla, njengoba abagxeki bawo baseRiphabhliki abafana noPaul Ryan nabanye bephikisana?
UGerald Epstein: Ubuthakathaka obuyinhloko boMthetho we-Dodd-Frank ukuthi awuzange uhlukanise izikhungo zezezimali "ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli". Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zikhungo ezinkulu zezezimali zigcine amandla okusola umphakathi ukuthi uwukhulule ngokuzayo lapho kuba nokuwohloka kwezimali futhi, njengoba sibonile kusukela kwakhethwa uTrump, ukuthenga osopolitiki abenele ukuze babuyisele emuva imithetho entekenteke yezezimali. lokho kwaphasiswa. Ngokuvamile, u-Dodd-Frank wayenezintuba eziningi kakhulu ezibangelwe ukunxenxa umkhakha wezezimali ukuze ungalokothi usetshenziswe ngendlela eqine kakhulu.
Cha, u-Dodd-Frank akazange afake isandla ekukhuleni kwegazi. Abukho ubufakazi balokhu. Ukukhula kwe-anemic kudalwe kakhulu yifa lenkinga yezezimali uqobo, lapho ingcebo eningi yasekhaya yaqedwa, kanye nezinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo zokuthi amaRiphabhulikhi akwazi ukuziphoqelela ekuphathweni kuka-Obama okungenamandla futhi ku-Wall Street-bedazzled Obama. . Phezu kwalezi zici izinkinga zesakhiwo sesikhathi eside somnotho wase-US ezihlobene nezinga eliphezulu lokungalingani - ngokwalo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamandla amakhulu e-Wall Street - kanye nokungatshalwa kwezimali okusabalele kwezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zase-US emnothweni wase-US, phakathi ezinye izici. Uma kukhona, u-Dodd-Frank usebenze ngokumelene nokunye kwalokhu kuthambekela, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wasiza ekusimamiseni ukusimama komnotho okude lokho abaphathi bakaTrump manje abahlomula kukho kwezombusazwe.
Umthetho othi โUkukhula Komnotho, Usizo Lokulawula, Nokuvikelwa Kwabathengiโ kusolwa ukuthi uzoba muhle kubathengi nakumabhizinisi amancane. Ingabe likhona iqiniso kulesi simangalo?
Cha. Akunjalo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uphendule ngokuningiliziwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lo Mthetho wawungeminye yemithetho yezomthetho egunyazwe kabili kusukela uTrump eqala ukubusa. Ngakho-ke, lokhu akusona isinyathelo seRiphabhulikhi noma sikaTrump ngokuphelele. Idlanzana lamaDemocrats liwusekele lo mthethosivivinywa, eNdlu kanye naseSenethi. Futhi kwakunjalo nangobubanzi i-Wall Street eyayenza ngokumelene nemithetho eqinile ekulweni no-Dodd-Frank ngo-2009-2010. Ukufinyelela kwe-Wall Street kudlulela ngalรฉ kwamaRiphabhulikhi. Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni evela kuma-Americans for Financial Reform, I-Wall Street ifake cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili okhethweni lwango-2, futhi ngo-2017-2018, isivele isebenzise amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-719 ekukhuthazeni nasekunikeleni imikhankaso. Amademokhrasi athola amaphesenti angama-40 ale mali. Kuleli zinga lokusebenzisa imali, lokho akulona โushintsho oluseceleniโ lokho.
Kube nenani lokuhlaziya okuhle kakhulu komthelela โwoMthetho Wokukhula Komnotho, Usizo Lokulawula, kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwabathengiโ ngu AmaMelika for Financial Reform, Idemo, Izimakethe Ezingcono nezinye izinhlangano. Lokhu kuhlaziya kubonisa ukuthi imiphumela engase ibe khona yomthetho kuzoba ukuvumela izikhungo zezezimali ukuthi ziphinde zibandakanyeke โekubolekeni kobuqiliโ kohlobo oluphushe izikweletu ezinkulu nezimba eqolo kulabo ababengazifuni nabangakwazi. ukukhokhela; ukuzibandakanya kalula ekudaleni kabusha okubandlulula abantu bebala ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zezezimali; ukukhulisa abatshalizimali kalula ngokubadayisela ukutshalwa kwezimali okuyingozi; kanye nokunciphisa intela yezimali ezikhungweni zezimali ukuze kube lula ukuthi lezi zikhungo kudingeke ukuthi zibambene ngezandla ku-Federal Reserve kanye noMgcinimafa (okungukuthi, abakhokhintela) ukuze bathole ibheyili ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho kunesidingo. inkinga yezezimali.
Ngokujwayelekile, uma kwenzeka, kungaba yimiphi imiphumela engenzeka kakhulu yokuchithwa koMthetho we-Dodd-Frank emnothweni wase-US?
Kungenzeka kakhulu sibone izinguqulo ezinobuthi, eziqagelayo eziholele enkingeni enkulu yezezimali; maningi amathuba okuthi sibone imbuyiselo ekugxilweni kokutshalwa kwezimali okugxile kwesikhashana okuveze izinkampani zase-US ezikuthola kunenzuzo enkulu ukuzibandakanya nenzuzo yezimali โyokuceba ngokushesha,โ kunokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside emnothweni okhiqizayo; kungenzeka sibone ukusheshisa ukugasela kwezinkampani ezikhwameni zempesheni kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokonga zabasebenzi ukuze kufakwe amaphakethe osozimali; futhi kungenzeka sibone okunye ukubukela phansi izinga lokuphila labasebenzi okuqondiswa ngokwezimali, njengoba kuvezwe umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wosomnotho. UWilliam Lazonick futhi U-Eileen Appelbaum noRosemary Batt, abacwaninge izindlela imisebenzi yezezimali eqagelwayo ebukela phansi impilo yesikhathi eside yomnotho waseMelika.
Izindlela zomnotho azibanga zinhle ekubikezeleni izinkinga zezimali nezomnotho, nokho umuzwa okhona phakathi kwezazi eziningi zezomnotho ezithuthukayo ukuthi inkinga yezezimali elandelayo iyindaba yesikhathi nje. Ingabe nawe uyawathanda lo mbono?
Njengoba ongasekho, usomnotho owaziwayo uCharles Kindleberger abonisa emlandweni wakhe oqondile, โUkuhlanya, Ukwethuka kanye Nokuphahlazeka,โ izinkinga zezimali โziwumhlalaphansi oqinile.โ Ulinganise ukuthi zenzeka ndawana thize emhlabeni cishe njalo eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Ngakho, inqobo nje uma sinonxiwankulu, sizoba nezinkinga zezimali. Indaba iwukuthi kangaki futhi inzima kangakanani futhi ubani ozokhokha inani. Uma imboni yezezimali kanye nabalingani bayo ebhizinisini nakuhulumeni beqhubeka nokuvuna inzuzo enkulu yesikhathi esifushane ngokususa ubungozi kubasebenzi nasemiphakathini, njengoba bezokwazi ukwenza kalula ngokushiswa kukaDodd-Frank, bese kuba namathuba omunye. inkinga enkulu ikhuphuka kakhulu. Futhi ngubani owaziyo ukuthi kuzophela kanjani ngalesi sikhathi. Nge-venality kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokuphatha kukaTrump, kunzima kakhulu ukubikezela.
Uma kubhekwa isimo sobungxiwankulu be-neoliberal, ngabe umbuso wezezimali olawulayo ungabukeka kanjani?
Umgomo oyinhloko ukuthi umkhakha wezezimali kufanele usize umphakathi kunokuba wenze ngenye indlela. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi asidingi nje kuphela ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezezimali, kodwa futhi nengxenye ebalulekile yezikhungo zezimali zomphakathi nezingenzi nzuzo eziklanyelwe ukusiza umphakathi. Lokhu ngikubiza ngokuthi โimali engenabo osozimali.โ Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, lezi zikhungo kumele zibe nkulu ngokwanele futhi/noma zibe yingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho ukuze zithuthuke futhi zibe nomthelela ezimakethe zezimali. Lokhu kudinga iziphathimandla zezezimali - ikakhulukazi iFederal Reserve - ukuthi zisekele lezi zikhungo njengoba nje ziye zeseka amafemu amakhulu azimele. Lokhu kubandakanya ukunikeza amakhredithi esikhathi esifushane axhasiwe kanye nenethi yokuphepha yawo. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekile zihlanganisa ukukhawulela imali engenayo eyenziwa osozimali abazimele ukuze abasebenzi bezezimali abagxile emphakathini bangalingeke kakhulu ukuba benze njengamabhange azimele, abaqagelayo. Eminye imithetho kufanele ibe khona kodwa lokhu kuzonikeza umbono walokho okudingekayo.
Ekugcineni, inqobo nje uma sinohlelo lwe-neoliberal capitalism, kuzoba nzima, ngokwepolitiki nakwezomnotho, ukuqalisa lo mbuso wezezimali onenqubekela phambili nonempumelelo. Kodwa umzabalazo wokuthola umnotho olinganayo futhi ozinzile kumele uhlanganise nezinhlelo zezimali ezifana nalezi.
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Nikela