Ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ngempela ukwehluleka ukubona izinkuni zezihlahla. Kudingeka sicacise ukuthi uTony Blair uthi usongo lwe-WMD yase-Iraq lufanele impi enkulu ngokumelene ne-Iraq. Kufanele sikholelwe ukuthi ngemva kwengxabano enkulu lapho amathani angu-88,500 amabhomu ajikijelwa khona ngo-1991, ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yokuhlolwa, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yokuhlasela kwamabhomu okuqhubekayo, kanye nezijeziso ezikhubazayo ezabekwa ngaphansi kokugadwa okukhulu nokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. emlandweni, bobabili uBlair noBush bathola ubuhlakani obuphakamisa ukuthi i-Iraq "iwusongo olukhulu futhi lwamanje".
Njengoba sesazi manje, lobu buhlakani okusolwa ukuthi buhlobene ne-WMD kanye nezixhumanisi ne-al-Qaeda ezazingekho. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikholwe ukuthi ulwazi olushaqisayo oluhlobene nezingozi ezingekho - ukuxhamazela okukhulu kangangokuthi inqubomgomo ehlala isikhathi eside yashiywa - kwavela ngokuzumayo kwaholela uBush noBlair ukuthi bakholelwe ukuthi akukho okungaphansi kwempi okudingekayo ukuze kugwenywe. ingozi.
Lokhu kuyamangalisa ngempela. Singase silindele umbiko oyiphutha owodwa noma emibili exwayisa ngento engekho - kodwa isisindo sobufakazi obanele ukuze siguqule inqubomgomo? Ngaphandle kokuba nokwenzeka kohlobo oluthile lokudumazeka okukhulu, kubonakala kungakholakali - lena akuyona nje indlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo. Yiqiniso kungase kuthiwe usongo lwaluhlale "lunzima futhi lwamanje" - lapho kwenzekani ungenzi lutho iminyaka eyishumi? Futhi kungani uColin Powell esho ngoSaddam ngoFebhuwari 24, 2001:
โAkazange abe nekhono elibalulekile mayelana nezikhali ezibhubhisayo. Akakwazi ukuveza amandla avamile ngokumelene nomakhelwane bakhe.โ? (Kucashunwe, uJohn Pilger, Daily Mirror, Septhemba 22, 2003)
Izimpumputhe Nezithulu - Intelligence-based Intelligence
Ezindabeni ze-BBC Ngehora Leshumi (Februwari 2, 2004) intatheli uGavin Hewitt uphakamise ukuthi uphenyo ngokwehluleka ukuthola i-Iraq's WMD okusolwa ukuthi luzogxila ezindabeni ezimbili: 1) Ngabe abezobunhloli "balutholile iphutha"? kanye no-2) Ingabe osopolitiki โbahlulekile ukubuza abantu lapha [MI6] imibuzo yokusesha efanele?โ
Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe osombusazwe babemane bevilapha ngokwehluleka ukubekela inselele izimangalo zezobunhloli eziyindle abazidlulisela emphakathini ngokufanelekile?
Cabangela uhla lwemibuzo ka-Hewitt engaba khona ngenxa yamazwana ashiwo u-Greg Thielmann ku-CBS News ngo-Okthoba odlule. U-Thielmann, uchwepheshe we-WMD yase-Iraq futhi owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu senkonzo yakwamanye amazwe iminyaka engu-25, uthi ubufakazi obubalulekile obethulwe nguColin Powell ku-UN ngoFebhuwari 5, 2003 bahlanekezelwa kabi futhi nomphakathi wakhohliswa:
โInkinga enkulu kwaba ukuthi izikhulu eziphezulu zokuphatha zinento engiyibiza ngezobunhloli bokholo. Babekwazi ababefuna ubuhlakani buveze. Babeyizimpumputhe ngempela futhi beyizithulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi oluphikisayo olwaluzokhiqizwa umphakathi wezobunhloli. Ngizobeka icala elithile emphakathini wezobunhloli, futhi icala elikhulu kubaphathi abakhulu.โ ('Indoda ebiyazi', Okthoba 15, 2003, www.cbsnews.com)
URay McGovern, owayengumhlaziyi we-CIA osesikhundleni esiphezulu, utshele uJohn Pilger ngonyaka odlule ukuthi abaphathi bakaBush bafuna ukuthi kubunjwe ubuhlakani ukuze buhambisane nezinhloso zezepolitiki: "Kwakungamaphesenti angama-95", esho. (UJohn Pilger, 'Blair's Mass Deception, Daily Mirror, February 3, 2004)
Izikhalo ezicishe zifane ziye zizwakaliswa ngapha nangapha kwe-Atlantic. Isazi sezikhali uDavid Kelly utshele uSusan Watts weBBC ukuthi "abantu abaningi" bakhathazekile, ukuthi "abantu abaphezulu bengafuni ukuzwa ezinye zezinto" futhi "ezinhliziyweni zakho kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi lokho empeleni akuyona into elungile ongayisho". ('Ngaphandle kokungabaza: amaqiniso phakathi kwenganekwane', Vikram Dodd, Richard Norton-Taylor kanye noNicholas Watt, The Guardian, Agasti 16, 2003)
UKelly wengeza:
โIphuzu lemizuzu engu-45 kube yisitatimende esashiwo saphuma kuzo zonke izingxenye. Bona [uhulumeni] babelangazelela ukwaziswa. Babephusha kanzima befuna ulwazi olungase lukhishwe. Yiyo leyo eyavela yabanjwa futhi kuyishwa ukuthi kwaba njalo. Kungakho kunengxabano phakathi kwabezobunhloli kanye noNombolo 10, ngoba bayicosha futhi uma sebeyicoshile awukwazi ukuhlehla kuyo, abantu abaningi bazothi 'Hhayi-ke, asinaso isiqiniseko salokho. ' ngoba igama elithi smithing empeleni libaluleke kakhulu."
Kuyamangaza ukuthi lapho ememezela izimangalo zika-Andrew Gilligan "azinasisekelo" embikweni wakhe wangoJanuwari 28, uLord Hutton washo nje ngombiko kaWatts:
โUNksz Watts uqophe le ngxoxo kusiqopha mazwi futhi okuqoshiwe kwadlalwa ngesikhathi sophenyo.โ (Uphenyo lukaHutton, Isitatimende sikaLord Hutton, Januwari, 28, 2004, http://www.the-hutton-inquiry.org.uk)
UBrian Jones, umhlaziyi ophezulu kubasebenzi bezobunhloli, utshele uphenyo lukaHutton ukuthi "izivalo zehla kanjani" kuhulumeni, zivimbela ochwepheshe bezikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji ukuthi baveze ukungakhululeki okusabalele mayelana nolimi nokucatshangwa kudosi likaSepthemba 2002. UJones utshele uHutton:
โOkungikhathazayo ukuthi izikhali zamakhemikhali zase-Iraq namandla ezikhali zebhayoloji bekungamelwe ngokunemba kuzo zonke izindlela maqondana nobufakazi obukhona. Ikakhulukazi ... ngokweseluleko sabasebenzi bami, ngatshelwa ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi kwenzeke ukukhiqizwa okubalulekile okungaba yi-ejenti yempi yamakhemikhali noma izikhali zamakhemikhali. " (โThe whistleblowerโ, uRichard Norton-Taylor noVikram Dodd, The Guardian, Septhemba 4, 2003)
UJones uyabhala ku-Independent yanamuhla (February 4):
โNgokubona kwami โโabahlaziyi bezobunhloli abangongoti be-DIS [Defence Intelligence Staff] bachithwa ngesikhathi kulungiswa idosi ngoSepthemba 2002 okwaholela ekwethulweni okwakudukisa ngamakhono e-Iraq.โ ('Umbiko kaHutton: okwalandela - kwakungekho ubufakazi obubambekayo ... Satshelwa ukuthi kunobuhlakani esasingakwazi ukububona', uBrian Jones, The Independent, February 4, 2004)
Ephendula inkulumo kaColin Powell kaFebruwari 2003 ku-UN, owayengumhloli omkhulu wezikhali we-UN, uScott Ritter, wathi kungxoxo ngaleso sikhathi:
โUvele akushaye, akushaye, akushaye ngobufakazi obubambekayo, futhi udida abantu โ futhi uqamba amanga, uqambe amanga kubantu, udukisa abantuโฆ Isethulo sikaPowell akubona ubufakaziโฆ Isethulo esidida kakhulu. Kusho ukuthini? Imelelani? Konke kuhlangana kanjani? Akuhlangani.โ ('uRitter uchitha umbiko kaPowell', i-Kyodo News, February 7, 2003)
Enkulumweni yakhe, uPowell uchaze โnjengombhalo omuhleโ kahulumeni kaBlair wangomhla zi-3 kuFebhuwari 2003. U-Glen Rangwala waseNyuvesi yaseCambridge washeshe wabona ukuthi idosimende eningi yayikopishwe igama negama (okuhlanganisa namaphutha ezimpawu zokubhala kanye nesipelingi) esihlokweni esabhalwa umfundi waseMelika we-PhD eminyakeni eyishumi nambili ngaphambili futhi etholakala ku-inthanethi. Okuwukuphela kwezinguquko ezazihilela ukuhlolwa kwezindinyana ukuze zizenze zibe yingozi kakhulu: isisho sokuthi i-Iraq "ikade isiza amaqembu aphikisayo" yashintshwa yaba "izinhlangano ezisekela amaphekula". Ukuphawula kokuthi isikhungo sezobunhloli sase-Iraq u-Mukhabarat "besiqaphe amanxusa angaphandle e-Iraq" sishintshiwe saba "ukuhlola amanxusa angaphandle e-Iraq". (UJonathan Rugman, 'Downing St dossier plagiarised', February 6, 2003, www.channel4.com)
Kunzima ukuphikisa ukuthi osopolitiki bamane bahumusha kabi ubuhlakani kuleli cala - idosi lihlanganiswe yithimba lamadoda amane ku-Downing Street libika ku-Alastair Campbell, owayengumqondisi wezokuxhumana kandunankulu.
UGlenda Jackson, owayengungqongqoshe wezabaSebenzi, waveza ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi uhulumeni wayedukisa iphalamende kanye nomphakathi, wengeza ngokuthi:
"Futhi ukudukisa ukuqamba amanga kuyinkulumo yephalamende." ('I-Downing St ivuma iphutha ku-Iraq dossier', uMichael White, u-Ewen MacAskill noRichard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian, February 8, 2003)
Konke lokhu kwakungaphezu kwesenzo sikaLord Hutton, vele, okwathi ngenxa yalokho wasusa uBlair kanye nama-Keystone Cops akhe kubo bonke ububi. Khumbula ukuthi u-Hutton wayengomunye wabaphathi bezomthetho abahlanu ababesola uzakwabo u-Lord Hoffmann ngokusebenza โnjengejaji ngecala lakheโ ngokwehluleka ukudalula ukuxhumana kwakhe ne-Amnesty International lapho enquma ukuthi umashiqela waseChile, u-Augusto Pinochet, wayengaboshwa futhi. ukubuyiselwa ezweni ngo-1999. I-Guardian yabika:
"ULord Hutton uthe ukuthembela komphakathi ngobuqotho bokuphathwa kwezobulungiswa kuzonyakaziswa uma uLord Hoffmann enquma ukuthi uJenene Pinochet ashushiswe angavunyelwa." ('Amakhosi omthetho alahla uHoffmann', uClare Dyer, The Guardian, Januwari 16, 1999)
U-Pinochet wakhululwa futhi, lapho efika e-Chile, wasukuma ngokuyisimangaliso esihlalweni sakhe esinamasondo ukuze agone abafisela okuhle.
Owayengungqongqoshe weKhabhinethi, uClare Short, ugcizelela ukuthi uTony Blair wayenecala โlokukhohlisa okuhloniphekileโ esebenzisa โamaqhinga ahlukahlukeneโ kanye โnochungechunge lwamaqiniso angaphelele, ihaba, iziqinisekiso ezazingenjalo ukuze asifake ezingxabanweni entwasahloboโ. ('Kafushane: Ngachazelwa ngesivumelwano sempi eyimfihlo ka-Blair', uPatrick Wintour, The Guardian, Juni 18, 2003) Omfushane uchaze ukuthi i-cabal encane ezungeze uBlair yazishaya indiva kanjani izinqubo ezijwayelekile zikahulumeni wekhabhinethi, futhi yashaya indiva izeluleko zezobunhloli nezikhulu. umphakathi, athi wayiphikisa ngasese impi.
Owayengunobhala wezangaphandle, uRobin Cook, uchaza ukuthi "kwakukhona ubufakazi obukhethiwe obusekela isiphetho... ubuhlakani bebungasetshenziselwa ukwazisa nokubumba inqubomgomo, kodwa ukulungisa inqubomgomo eyayivele isixazululiwe". (Ibid)
Njengeningi lemithombo yezindaba, uGavin Hewitt ukhethe ukukushaya indiva ukuphawula kukaPaul O'Neill, owayengunobhala woMgcinimafa waseMelika, ngenyanga edlule. U-O'Neill, ohambele inqwaba yemihlangano yomkhandlu wezokuphepha kuzwelonke, uchaze ukuthi abaphathi bakaBush bafika kanjani esikhundleni banquma ukuketula uSaddam Hussein, besebenzisa ukuhlasela kwangoSepthemba 11 njengezaba:
โKonke bekuwukuthola indlela yokwenza. Umongameli ethi 'Hamba ungitholele indlela yokwenza lokhu'โฆ Kusukela ekuqaleni, kwakukhona ukukholelwa ukuthi uSaddam Hussein wayengumuntu omubi futhi kwakudingeka ahambe." ('Bush uthathe isinqumo sokususa uSaddam โngosuku lokuqalaโ', uJulian Borger, The Guardian, January 12, 2004)
U-O'Neill ubika ngokubona imemorandamu eyodwa elungiselela impi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphatha. Enye, ebhalwe ukuthi โimfihloโ yathi, โPlan for Post-Saddam Iraqโ. U-O'Neill uphinde wabona idokhumenti ye-Pentagon enesihloko esithi โForeign Suitors For Iraqi Oilfield Contractsโ, eyayidingida ngokuhlukanisa amafutha ase-Iraq phakathi kwezinkampani zikawoyela emhlabeni.
U-Matt Frei we-BBC ukhethe ukungazinaki lezi zimangalo futhi esikhundleni salokho wahlambalaza le ndoda nomyalezo wayo:
โUma ukhumbula, u-Paul O'Neill waxoshwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi wayengakwazi ukusebenza kahle, futhi wayedume kabi ngokungaziphathi kahle kwakhe kunokuqonda kwakhe ngethiyori yezomnotho. Wake washo ngesankahlu ukuthi ukuwa kwesikhulu samandla u-Enron kwakuyisibonelo sobuhlakani bobunxiwankulu, futhi mhlawumbe ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuthi ikhodi yentela eMelika yayingamagama ayizi-9,500 2 e-gibberish ephelele.โ (Matt Frei, Newsnight, BBC12, January 2004, XNUMX)
Kodwa udaba, ngokusobala, wukuthembeka kwalokho u-O'Neill akushoyo njengoba kusekelwa imibhalo kahulumeni engu-19,000 athi ukuphethe, enye yayo ayivezile kumabonakude bukhoma. Umhlaziyi wezindaba wase-US u-Alexander Cockburn uyaphawula:
โOkukhathaza i-White House umbhalo othile woMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke okhonjiswe kunhlolokhono ye-60 Minutes, eyabhalwa ngokucacile emasontweni okuqala okuphatha okusha, nokukhombisa izinhlelo zokuhlakazwa kwempahla kawoyela yase-Iraq ngemuva kokuhlasela phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu yomhlaba. ukuqala ngezinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela.
โOkwesikhashana nje sisesikrinini se-TV umuntu wayekwazi ukubona ukuthi leli phepha, elaligxivizwe ngokuthi 'Imfihlo', ngokungangabazeki lalingomunye wemibhalo eqhuma kakhulu emlandweni wozungu lombuso. Lapha, indawo efile ku-lens yekhamera, kwakuwukuphikiswa kwazo zonke izizathu zokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ezake zanikezwa uGeorge W. Bush kanye nabahleli bakhe uzungu, kuhlanganise noTony Blair.โ (Cockburn, 'The O'Neill/Suskind Bombshells - Bush, Oil & Iraq: Some Truth at Last', Counterpunch, January 14, 2004)
Futhi cabangela izambulo zika-O'Neill ngokulandela izimangalo zikaTony Blair kunhlolokhono edume kabi ye-BBC Newsnight yangoFebhuwari 7, 2003:
โLapho abantu bethi uzimisele kakhulu kule mpi, ngizamile ukukugwema ukuba kulesi sikhundla futhi ngokweqiniso ngacabanga ukuthi bekukhona ithemba ngoNovemba odlule lapho sidlulisa iSinqumo se-UN sokuthi [uSaddam] uzobona ukuthi sizimisele ngaso. lokhu nokuthi uma engabambisani naye uzoba senkingeni.โ ('Tony Blair ku-Newsnight - ingxenye yokuqala', The Guardian, February 7, 2003)
Ukusebenzisa igama elithi โukwethembekaโ okuthakazelisayo.
UDavid Edwards os umhleli weMedia Lens. Bhalisela Izaziso Zemidiya ku- www.medialens.org.
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