NgoJanuwari 21, 'I-Orwell Day', yaphawula iminyaka engama-63 yokushona kukaGeorge Orwell, uSteven Poole. amanothi ku Guardian. Ukukhumbula iminyaka engu-110 selokhu u-Orwell azalwa (Juni 25), umsakazo we-BBC uzosakaza uchungechunge ngempilo yakhe kuyilapho uPenguin ezoshicilela uhlelo lwakhe olusha. Indaba, 'Ipolitiki kanye nolimi lwesiNgisi'. Le ndaba, uPoole uphawula ngayo, ‘iwumsebenzi omfushane odume kakhulu ka-Orwell, futhi mhlawumbe ongaphezu kwanoma yimiphi imibhalo yakhe’.
Kungani ‘eqiniswa ngokweqile’?
‘Okuningi kwalokhu kuwuhlobo lombhedo oluphikisana nesilwane esifuywayo esikhuluma ulimi olungase alubhale noma ubani namuhla nge-imeyili enombhalo oluhlaza eya emaphephandabeni.’
'Ukuhlasela kwenkulumo-ze yezombangazwe', kubonakala sengathi, 'kulungile kodwa kunomkhawulo', kuyilapho ukuhlasela kwayo okuvamile 'kulokho akubona njengesitayela esibi kuvame ukuba yinhlekisa, kuhlanganisa iqoqo elihlekisayo lokungabekezelelani'.
Izinto eziqinile lezi. Ingabe enye yezindatshana zika-Orwell ezazibhekwa kakhulu yayimayelana nokukhipha ‘inzondo yezilwane ezifuywayo’? Impendulo iku-eseyi. Orwell kuphawulwe ukuthi ukubhala ayekuthanda ngokuvamile kwakunikelwa ‘uhlobo oluthile lwesihlubuki, oluveza imibono yakhe yangasese hhayi “umugqa weqembu”. I-Orthodoxy, yanoma yimuphi umbala, ibonakala idinga isitayela esingaphili, sokulingisa.
Ngokuqondene nemikhiqizo evamile yosuku lwakhe - 'amapheshana, izihloko ezihamba phambili, i-manifesto':
‘umuntu cishe akalokothi athole kuzo inkulumo entsha, ecacile, eyenziwe ekhaya. Lapho umuntu ebuka i-hack ekhathele endaweni yesikhulumi ephindaphinda imishwana ejwayelekile - izilwane, unya, isithende sensimbi, ubushiqela obugcwele igazi, abantu abakhululekile emhlabeni, yimani ihlombe nehlombe — umuntu uvame ukuba nomuzwa wokufuna ukwazi wokuthi akabheki umuntu ophilayo kodwa uhlobo oluthile lokukhohlisa: umuzwa ovele ube namandla ngokushesha lapho ukukhanya kubamba izibuko zesikhulumi futhi kuwenze amadiski angenalutho abonakale engenawo amehlo ngemuva. labo'.
Lesi siqephu esivamile nesiphazamisayo senza kucace ukuthi u-Orwell ubengagxili ‘ekuzondeni kwezilwane ezifuywayo ngokolimi. Kunalokho, washukumiseleka ukuba amelane nenqubo yokululaza umphakathi ihlelwe ngu ‘okulingisayo’ kanye ‘nokungaphili’ ukukhulumisana, nge-‘orthodoxy’ enobuthi. Wagcizelela umbono wakhe:
‘Lapha angizange ngicabange ukusetshenziswa kolimi ngokombhalo, kodwa ulimi nje njengethuluzi lokuveza hhayi lokufihla noma ukuvimbela umcabango.’
Uma lokhu bekuyinkinga ebalulekile ngesikhathi sika-Orwell, kusenjalo nanamuhla.
Encwadini yakhe Inhlangano Ehlakaniphile, eyanyatheliswa eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokufa kuka-Orwell, u-Erich Fromm wahlola ‘umuzwa onelukuluku wokuthi umuntu akabheki umuntu ophilayo’ ngokuhlaziya kwakhe ‘indlela yokumaketha’:
‘Kulokhu, umuntu uzibona eyinto okumele aqashwe ngempumelelo emakethe. Akaziboni eyisithunywa esisebenzayo, njengomphathi wamandla omuntu. Uhlukanisiwe nala mandla. Inhloso yakhe wukuzithengisa ngempumelelo emakethe.’ (Kusuka ku-From, Inhlangano Ehlakaniphile, Rinehart noWinston, 1955, amakhasi 137-8)
U-Fromm wengeze:
‘Njengoba eqashiwe, akayena umenzeli osebenzayo, akanawo umthwalo wemfanelo ngaphandle kokusebenza ngendlela efanele komsebenzi ongayedwana awenzayo... Akukho okunye okulindeleke kuye, noma okufunwa kuye. Uyingxenye yezinto ezisetshenziswayo eziqashwe ngemali enkulu, futhi indima yakhe nomsebenzi kunqunywa yileli qophelo lokuba ucezu lwesisetshenziswa.’ (Ibid., amakhasi 175-6)
Lokhu, u-Fromm waphikisa, kwakuwuphawu lokukhuphuka 'komphakathi womshini', 'oye wachazwa ngokucabangela kakhulu u-Orwell kanye no-Aldous Huxley'. (Kusuka, Uguquko Lwethemba, Harper & Row, 1968, p.41)
U-Orwell no-Fromm baqonda ukuthi ukukhathazeka okubanzi kwezombangazwe nezokuziphatha kwakuqedwa ekuqwashiseni amandla ezinkampani zikahulumeni ezinxenxa abantu ukuba bazibheke njengabakhiqizi nabathengi kunokuba bazibheke njengabantu abanomthwalo wemfanelo.
Muva nje, isazi sefiziksi saseMelika uJeff Schmidt, owahlela I-Physics Namuhla iminyaka engu-19, ichaza indlela ochwepheshe bemithombo yezindaba abaqeqeshwa ngayo ngayo kanye le ndlela ukuze bafake ngaphakathi ukuqonda ukuthi akufanele ‘babuze ipolitiki eyakhelwe emsebenzini wabo’:
‘Ingcweti ewumphumela ingungqondongqondo olalelayo, impahla ehlakaniphile abaqashi abangayethemba ukuze bazame, bacabange, basungule futhi badale ngokuphepha ngaphakathi kwemingcele yemibono eyabelwe. Uvalo lwezombangazwe nolongqondongqondo lwezisebenzi zanamuhla ezifunde kakhulu aluyona ingozi.’ ( Schmidt, Izingqondo Eziqondile, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, p.16)
Okuxakayo ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kukaPoole kwe-Orwell uqobo kuyisibonelo sencwadi yohlobo lwempendulo ehlukanisiwe echazwe ngu-Orwell, Fromm kanye noSchmidt.
Izindawo Ezikude Ezisesihlabathini Nempi Yangaphambi Kokuqeda
Nakuba indaba ka-Orwell iwumsebenzi womuntu onentshisekelo, okhuluma ngokungagunci ophikisana 'nomphakathi wemishini', i-athikili ka-Poole iwumsebenzi wochwepheshe webhizinisi osebenza 'ngaphakathi kwemingcele yemibono eyabelwe'.
Ngokusobala, uPoole ubhala ukuthi indaba ka-Orwell 'idelela kakhulu osopolitiki kanye nabakushoyo'. Kuliqiniso, kodwa u-Poole uyeka ukusho ukuthi futhi ‘kuyadelela kakhulu’ ‘kwamapheshana’ kanye ‘nezihloko ezihamba phambili’ - okungukuthi, ngomsebenzi kaPoole. Ngokusobala, bekuyoba okungenangqondo ukuthi u-Orwell agxile kuphela ekuhlukunyezweni kolimi kwezombangazwe kuyilapho eshaya indiva ubuntatheli obuvamile. Kodwa njengoba sesibhale kaningi, ukuhlaziya ngokwethembeka lolu daba kuyinkinga enkulu kunoma yisiphi isisebenzi semidiya yebhizinisi. Cabanga u-Poole evumelana, noma esho, lawa mazwana avela ku-Orwell Indaba 'i-England I-England yakho':
'Ingabe amaphephandaba esiNgisi aneqiniso noma awathembekile? Ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile kuwukungathembeki okujulile. Wonke amaphepha abalulekile aphila ngezikhangiso zawo, futhi abakhangisi bahlola izindaba ngokungaqondile.'
U-Poole uyabhala:
‘Ukuncenga kwabezindaba ngobuhle buka-Orwell kwanda ngokuphawulekayo ngemva komhla ka-9/11, lapho kwakubonakala kwabanye ongqondongqondo abangosomathuba njengokungathi ukuphila kwakhe nokusebenza kwakhe kwakuthethelela ngokwesiprofetho ukuhlasela kwangaphambili kwezindawo ezikude eziyisihlabathi.’
U-Orwell ngabe ukujabulele ukubhekisela ‘kwezindawo ezikude eziyisihlabathi’ ekuchazeni ukuchitheka kwegazi kwaseBrithani neMelika okwenza amanye amacala amakhulu kakhulu enkathi yanamuhla. Ubezophinde aqaphele ukubhekisela kukaPoole ‘kokuhlasela kwangaphambili’ kanye nokushiya kwakhe isichasiso esibalulekile esithi ‘okungekho emthethweni’. Eqinisweni, bekungekho mbuzo wokuthi iNtshonalanga ibambe iqhaza ekumiseni ukuhlasela okuhloswe yi-Iraq noma i-Afghanistan. Noam Chomsky Ubeke amazwana:
‘Isu [lombuso kaBush] ligomela ilungelo le-US lokwenza “impi yokuvimbela” ngokuthanda kwayo: Ukuvimbela, hhayi ngaphambi kokuphuma. Impi yangaphambi kwesikhathi ingase iwele ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke ukube amabhomu aye atholwa esondela e-US evela esikhungweni samasosha eGrenada, ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwencazelo enengqondo ye-UN Charter, ukuhlasela kwangaphambili okucekela phansi izindiza futhi mhlawumbe nesizinda saseGrenadan bekuyothetheleleka.
'Kepha izizathu zempi yangaphambi kokuphuma azibambeli impi yokuvimbela, ikakhulukazi njengoba lowo mqondo uhunyushwa ngabashisekeli bawo bamanje: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezempi ukuqeda usongo olucatshangelwayo noma olusunguliwe. Impi yokuvimbela ingena esigabeni samacala empi.’
U-Poole akeneme ngalokhu, esinye seziqephu zika-Orwell ezidume kakhulu:
‘Esikhathini sethu, inkulumo yezepolitiki kanye nokubhala ikakhulukazi kuwukuvikela okungavikeleki. Izinto ezinjengokuqhubeka kombuso wamaNgisi eNdiya, ukuhlanzwa nokudingiswa kweRussia, ukuwisa amabhomu e-athomu eJapane, kungavikelwa ngempela, kodwa kuphela ngezimpikiswano ezinonya kakhulu ukuba abantu abaningi babhekane nazo, nezingahambisani nazo. izinhloso zokuthi amaqembu ezombusazwe. Ngakho-ke ulimi lwezombangazwe kufanele luhlanganise ikakhulukazi ukugabisa, ukubuza imibuzo kanye nokungafihli kahle okuguquguqukayo... Ulimi lwezombangazwe... luklanyelwe ukwenza amanga azwakale eyiqiniso futhi abulale ahlonipheke, futhi enze kubonakale ukuqina emoyeni ohlanzekile.'
Inkinga ka-Poole:
‘Okukhathazayo, nokho, ukuthi ukutholakala kuka-Orwell “okungacacile kwamafu” kanye “nomoya ohlanzekile” kungase kubonakale kuvumela ukuxoshwa okungenasineke. Kufanele sicabange nje ukuthi konke okushiwo osopolitiki kuwumoya oshisayo? Ukwenza kanjalo kuyoba ukwehlisa onogada bethu... Kunokuba uyizulise “njengomoya ohlanzekile”, kubalulekile ukuyilalelisisa le nto, ngoba udinga ukuyiveza obala ingxabano engcwatshiwe ukuze ihlule.'
Lezi yizizathu ezifuna ukwazi ngempela zokugxeka ukuphawula okunjalo okunokuqonda nesibindi. Indatshana ka-Orwell iwumsebenzi wokuveza izimpikiswano ezingcwatshiwe ukuze azinqobe, njengoba ekwenza kucace:
‘Umuntu akakwazi ukukushintsha konke lokhu ngokuphazima kweso, kodwa okungenani angakwazi ukushintsha imikhuba yakhe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ngisho noma eklolodela kakhulu, athumele ibinzana eligugile nelingenamsebenzi i-jackboot, isithende sika-Achilles, i-hotbed, ibhodwe elincibilikayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-asidi, inferno yangempela, noma esinye isigaxa semfucumfucu yamazwi—emgqonyeni wothuli lapho ungowakho.’
Ukukhathazeka kuka-Orwell kwakungekona neze inkulumo yezombangazwe ‘enyakazisa… kude’ ngokunganaki, kodwa ngolimi oluyinselele noludelelayo okwenza ‘ukubulala kuhlonipheke’.
Of The Critical Spirit And The Corporate Professional
U-Poole unikeza izibonelo zakhe zokuhlukunyezwa kwesimanje kolimi:
‘Izinkulumo zezombangazwe njengasosukwini luka-Orwell azixhaphazi kuphela i-euphemism ("austerity") kodwa i-dysphemism ("skivers") nesingathekiso esilayishiwe ("i-fiscal cliff")'
Futhi:
‘Thatha izingcingo ezitholakala yonke indawo namuhla zokuthi amazwe aseYurophu enze lokho kanye “okuzoqinisekisa izimakethe”, njengokungathi abanikazi bamabhondi kahulumeni babevevezela, izimbali ezincane ezididekile okufanele ziboshwe ngokomqondo ngazo zonke izindlela.’
Lokhu ukuswayipha okubuthakathaka, okungcono kakhulu. Ingabe lezi ziyizibonelo ezinobuthi kakhulu ‘zezindaba’ zanamuhla? Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi noma ubani angabhala kanjani isihloko esibukeza u-Orwell namuhla ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngokusetshenziswa okungapheli kwegama elithi 'ukungenelela kosizo' njengesembozo se-realpolitik yaseNtshonalanga enonya. U-Orwell wayezothola ukubaluleka okubabayo eqinisweni lokuthi ukubhujiswa kwe-Iraq - nokufa kwesigidi ngenxa yempi ka-2003 - kwakuyingxenye 'yenqubomgomo yezokuziphatha yangaphandle': i-imperialism yesitayela esidala eyenziwa 'yi-New Labour'.
Ngokufanayo, ukufunda ukuhlaziywa kuka-Hans von Sponeck ngombuso wezigwegwe obekwe e-Iraq ngezindleko zesigamu sesigidi sempilo yezingane, Uhlobo Oluhlukile Lwempi (Berghahn Books, 2006), wukucishe abone ukukhanya okubambekayo emibukisweni yesistimu yezombangazwe yamazwe ngamazwe kangangokuthi 'iwaguqule abe amadiski angenalutho abonakala engenawo amehlo ngemuva kwawo'.
Olunye uhlobo lwakudala okunzima ukuphuthelwa lwe-'newspeak' ye-Orwellian 'kwakungu-'no-fly zone' ka-2011 eyayisetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela 'indawo yohlangothi olulodwa-may-fight' ye-Nato evuna ababambisene ne-Nato njengengxenye yokuzimisela kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga ukuphoqa izinguquko zombuso. eLibya.
Futhi singaxoxa kanjani ngemibono ka-Orwell ngokulawula umcabango ngaphandle kokusho, isibonelo, lokho izinkampani zabezindaba eziyisithupha esondelene kakhulu namandla ezwe manje alawula amaphesenti angama-90 alokho abantu baseMelika abakufundayo, abakubukayo nabakuzwayo? Ukubhekwa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bomhlaba owandayo owenziwe idijithali ophethwe amarobhothi angababulali alwa ‘nempi engapheli’ nakho kuvele ku-Orwell’s. 1984.
Ngokuphambene, lokhu kuyahlekisa kancane Isiqephu kwe Poole Ungakhulumi uchungechunge lwevidiyo yewebhu lusondele kumahlaya alula kunokuhlaziya okuqinile kwezepolitiki kuka-Orwell.
Njengezintatheli eziningi zezinkampani, u-Poole ubhala ngephimbo elizimele, elinokubhuqa. Esikweni lethu lemithombo yezindaba, kuhle ukuklolodela, kodwa kwanqunywa ukuyekelela ukuba ‘yi-crusader’ ngesizathu esithile ngendlela ka-Orwell, owacishe wabulawa elwa eMpini Yombango YaseSpain. U-Orwell wayezibandakanye ngentshiseko emizamweni yokuguqula umhlaba. Wabona ukuhlupheka nokungalungi njengomthwalo wakhe siqu, umsebenzi wakhe wawuqhutshwa ngokusobala ubuhlungu obukhulu ayebuzwa.
Kodwa lokhu akukhona lokho i-Guardian, noma ubuntatheli bezinkampani ngokujwayelekile, imayelana. Kungani? Ngoba izintatheli ziqashwe ngochwepheshe, 'ingxenye yemishini eqashwe ngemali enkulu'. U-Poole, isibonelo, uyakhokhelwa ukuze abhalele umqashi wakhe ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi, i-corporate Guardian. Nokho unenyongo yokuphakamisa lokho U-Orwell's ‘ukuhlaselwa kwenkulumo-ze yezombangazwe’ ‘kulungile kodwa kunomkhawulo’.
U-Schmidt ugqamisa igebe elihlukanisa abaphikisi abacabanga ngokukhululekile njengo-Orwell kusukela kuchwepheshe omaphakathi wemidiya:
‘Ukucabanga okujulile kwangempela kusho ukwembula kanye nokungabaza imibono yezenhlalo, yezombangazwe neyokuziphatha; ukusebenzisa kanye nokucwenga umbono wezwe othuthukisiwe; kanye nokucela isenzo esithuthukisa i-ajenda esungulwe mathupha. Indlela ehlehlayo kunoma iyiphi yalezi zici ezintathu ayinawo umoya wokugxeka.’
Ngokusobala akanandaba nozwelo olwashayela u-Orwell, u-Poole ugcona ‘ukucwaswa kwabokufika ngolimi’:
‘Indatshana yakhe iduduza, isibonelo, uhlobo Lomlimi WaseNgilandi Omncane wamazwi osola amagama avela ngale kwalezi zingu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka ulingeka ukuthi uthi “status quo” noma “cul de sac”, u-Orwell uzokuklolodela “ngokugabadela.”’
Kungani? ‘Ngenxa yokuthi le misho inemvelaphi “yakwelinye izwe.”’ UPoole uyanezela:
Uhlu lwethiphu lokugcina luka-Orwell luhlanganisa “Ungalokothi usebenzise igama elide lapho elifushane lizokwenza khona” (kungani kungenjalo?), kanye nokuthi “Ungalokothi usebenzise igama lokwenziwa lapho ungasebenzisa khona okusebenzayo.” Asikho isizathu esihle esinikezwayo noma esingacatshangwa ngempela…’
Futhi, ukuphikisa kwangempela kuka-Orwell kucacile: ulimi kufanele lube 'ithuluzi lokuveza hhayi ukufihla noma ukuvimbela umcabango'.
U-Poole wembula okuningi lapho ebhala ukuthi amathiphu okubhala ka-Orwell ‘ayenqatshelwe okokugcina: “Yephula noma yimiphi yale mithetho ngokushesha kunokusho noma yini ewubuqaba.” Kodwa, umfundi omagange angase abuze, umuntu angasho kanjani ukuthi lokho akushilo kuwubuqaba noma cha? U-Orwell uthule ngalolu daba. Cishe kugcina kuwumbuzo wokunambitha.’
Lapha ukukhanya okubandayo kuyabenyezela ngempela 'kumadiski angenalutho' esiko lesimanje lebhizinisi. Fromm futhi:
‘Ngezinga umuntu azivumelanisa ngalo akanakuzwa izwi likanembeza wakhe, ingasaphathwa eyokwenza ngawo. Unembeza uba khona kuphela lapho umuntu ezizwa njengomuntu, hhayi njengento, njengempahla.’ (Kusuka ku- mm, Inhlangano Ehlakaniphile, op. isicaphuna, ikhasi 168)
Esikhathini sethu sezinkampani, imibuzo kanembeza ayinangqondo. Lapho lingekho igunya elithile eliqondisayo baba ‘umbuzo wokunambitha’ nje.
U-Poole uphetha isiqeshana sakhe:
'U-Orwell uyavuma ngisho, ekupheleni kwe "Politics", ukuthi ungalandela yonke imithetho yakhe futhi "usabhala isiNgisi esibi". Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwamathiphu okubhala kuyisu elimnandi lokugwema umsebenzi kubabhali, futhi.’
Ingabe kukhona okuthile ezweni lethu lanamuhla okungase kusenze sibe nozwela, sithukuthele, size siphoqeleke ukuba senze okuthile? Kubonakala kungenjalo.
Ukuselusa kulesi siphetho, akufanele neze kuthiwe, kuwumsebenzi obalulekile womkhakha wethu wokushicilela ongakhululekile.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela