I-United States inezisekelo ezingama-460 phesheya kwezilwandle! Inezisekelo ezihlala njalo ezingama-507! I-US yenzani ngezisekelo zangaphandle ezingaphezu kuka-560? Kungani inezisekelo ezingama-662 phesheya? I-United States ngempela babe nezizinda zamasosha ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 emhlabeni wonke?
Emhlabeni wezibalo nokunemba, umhlaba lapho โukuziphendulelaโ manje sekuyinkulumo-mpikiswano yase-Washington, umhlaba lapho lonke ulwazi lutholakala ngokuchofoza igundane, kunenombolo eyodwa umMelika ongayazi. Hhayi umongameli. Hhayi iPentagon. Hhayi ochwepheshe. Ekekho neyodwa.
Indoda eyabhala incwadi eqondile kuyo yayingazi ngokuqinisekile. Umklomelo wePulitzer New York Times umbhali akazange asondele ngisho naseduze. Eyakho ngempela ibhale izindatshana eziningi ezisekelweni zamasosha ase-US ngisho ingxenye yencwadi ngesihloko, kodwa wehluleka njengabanye.
Kunezisekelo zamasosha zase-US ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 ezigcwele umhlaba. Ukucacisa, isibalo esinembe kakhulu singu-1,077. Ngaphandle uma kungu-1,088. Noma, uma ubala ngokuhlukile, 1,169. Noma ngisho 1,180. Empeleni, inombolo ingase ibe ngaphezulu nakakhulu. Akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile.
Ukugcina Ukubala
Kamuva ucezu op-ed, New York Times umlobeli wengosi uNicholas Kristof waveza iphuzu elimangalisayo: โI-United States igcina amasosha ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-560 nakwezinye izindawo phesheya, eziningi zazo eziyifa lempi yezwe eyaphela eminyakeni engu-65 edlule. Ngabe siyesaba ukuthi uma sisusa izisekelo zethu eJalimane, iRussia ingahlasela? โ
Iminyaka edlule, uChalmers Johnson ongasekho, indoda eyabhala le ncwadi ngezempi yaseMelika umbuso wezisekelo, Izinsizi ZoMbuso, wenze iphuzu elifanayo futhi walisekela ngocwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi ngeqoqo leziqhingi zaseMelika ezihlanganisa umhlaba wonke ezisekelweni ezake zahlanganiswa. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngemva kokumba imibhalo yePentagon etholakala esidlangalaleni, uJohnson wabhala, โ[T] i-United States igcina 'iziza' zezempi ezisebenzayo ezingama-761 emazweni angaphandle. (Lelo yigama elikhethwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela, kunokuba 'izisekelo,' yize izisekelo ziyilokhu eziyikho.)
Muva nje, i-Pentagon ibuyekeze izinombolo zayo ezisekelweni nakwamanye amasayithi, futhi zehlile. Ukuthi bawele ezingeni elithuthukisiwe nguKristof, noma kunjalo, kuyindaba yokuchazwa. Ngokombiko woMnyango Wezokuvikela we-2010 Base Structure Report, amasosha ase-US manje agcina amasayithi angaphandle angama-662 emazweni angama-38 emhlabeni jikelele. Gcoba kulowo mbiko ngokujulile, nokho, bese kuvela izikhala ezilingana neGrand Canyon.
Ifa Lezisekelo
Ngo-1955, eminyakeni eyi-10 ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, i- I-Chicago Daily Tribuneishicilele uphenyo olukhulu lwezisekelo, okuhlanganisa imephu enezinkanyezi ezincane nonxantathu, iningi labo elihlanganiswe eYurophu nasePacific. โIfulege laseMelika lindizela ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-300 phesheya kwezilwandle,โ kubhala intatheli uWalter Trohan. โAmakamu namabharaki nezisekelo zimboza izimpahla zaseMelika eziyi-12 noma izindawo ezigcinwe ngokwethenjwa. Izizinda zakwamanye amazwe zisemazweni angama-63 noma eziqhingini zangaphandle. โ
Namuhla, ngokwezibalo ezishicilelwe zePentagon, ifulegi laseMelika lindiza phezu kwezindawo zamasosha ase-US ezingama-750 emazweni angaphandle nasezindaweni zase-US phesheya. Lesi sibalo asibandakanyi amasayithi angaphandle amancane angaphansi kwamahektha ayi-10 noma lawo amasosha ase-US awabizayo ngaphansi kwezigidi ezingu-$10. Kwezinye izimo, izisekelo eziningi zalolu hlobo zingagoqwa ndawonye futhi zibalwe njengokufakwa kwezempi okukodwa ezweni elinikeziwe. Isicelo sokuchazelwa kabanzi nguMnyango Wezokuvikela asiphendulwanga.
Esikwaziyo ukuthi, ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwezempi yase-US, ilawula eduze kwezakhiwo ze-52,000, kanye nezingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-38,000 zengqalasizinda esindayo njengama-piers, ama-wharves, namathangi okugcina amakhulu, ingasaphathwa engaphezu kwe-9,100 "izakhiwo eziqondile. โ njengemigwaqo yezindiza, imizila yezitimela, namapayipi. Ngeza izakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka-6,300, izingcezu zengqalasizinda ezingu-3,500, kanye nezakhiwo ezingumugqa ezingu-928 ezindaweni zase-US futhi unesamba esimangalisayo. Futhi nokho, ayisondeli endabeni egcwele.
Ukubala Kokulahlekelwa
NgoJanuwari odlule, uColonel Wayne Shanks, okhulumela i-US eholwa yi-International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), wangitshela ukuthi kukhona cishe ama-400 ase-US kanye nezisekelo zombimbi e-Afghanistan, okuhlanganisa amakamu, izizinda zokusebenza eziya phambili, nezindawo zokulwa. Ulindele ukuthi lelo nani linyuke ngo-12 noma ngaphezulu, wengeza, phakathi no-2010.
NgoSepthemba, ngaxhumana neHhovisi Lezindaba Zomphakathi le-ISAF le-ISAF ukuze ngilandelele. Ngamangala lapho ngitshelwa lokho"cishe kunezisekelo zokusebenza eziya phambili ezingama-350 ezinezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu zamasosha, izinkundla zezindiza iBagram neKandahar.โ Ngididekile ukulahlekelwa izisekelo ezingu-50 esikhundleni sokuzuza kwe-12, ngathintana noGary Younger, Isikhulu Sezindaba Zomphakathi ne-International Security Assistance Force. "Kunezisekelo ezingaphansi kwe-10 ze-NATO e-Afghanistan," wabhala ku-imeyili ka-Okthoba 2010. "Kunezisekelo ezingaphezu kuka-250 zase-US e-Afghanistan."
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakubonakala sengathi, i-US yayilahlekelwe izisekelo ezifika ku-150 futhi ngangididekile kakhulu. Ngenkathi ngithinta amasosha ukuze alungise ukungaboni ngaso linye futhi ngibala izinombolo engangizinikeziwe - kusukela kusisekelo sikaShanks sika-400 kuya esibalweni esingaba ngu-250 ngu-Younger - ngakhishwa kaningi ngaze ngafika noSergeant First Class u-Eric Brown. ku-ISAF Joint Command's Public Affairs. "Isibalo sezisekelo e-Afghanistan silinganiselwa ku-411," kubhala uBrown ku-imeyili kaNovemba, "okuyisibalo esakhiwe ngezisekelo ezinkulu, kuze kufike ezingeni le-Combat Out Post." Ngisho nalokhu, uxwayise ngokuthi, empeleni kwakungelona uhlu olugcwele, ngoba โizikhundla zesikhashana ezihlalwa yizingxenye ezilingana neplatoon noma ngaphansiโ azizange zibalwe.
Endleleni eya kulesi sibalo "sokugcina", nganikezwa izincazelo eziningana - kusukela ezindleleni ezahlukene zokubala kuya ekuhlulekeni kwamayunithi emkhakheni ukunikeza ulwazi olunembile - ngezinombolo eziphikisanayo engangizinikeziwe. Ngemuva kwezinyanga zokushintshisana ngama-imeyili nokubona izinombolo zinyakaza, zigcina ngokubala cishe okufanayo ngoNovemba njengoba ngiqale ngoJanuwari kuphakamisa ukuthi umyalo wase-US awugcini umkhondo ngokucophelela inani lezisekelo e-Afghanistan. Ngokusobala, amasosha awazi nje ukuthi zingaki izisekelo anazo enkundleni yawo yokuqala yokusebenza.
Amasayithi Amnyama e-Baseworld
Skena umbiko weSakhiwo Sesisekelo soMnyango Wezokuvikela wango-2010 ukuze uthole amasayithi ase-Afghanistan. Qhubeka, funda wonke amakhasi angama-206. Ngeke uthole ukuthi kukhulunywe ngabo, akukhona okucashuniwe, akukho okukodwa nje, akukho okukhomba ukuthi i-United States inesizinda esisodwa e-Afghanistan, ingasaphathwa eyedlula ama-400. Lokhu akuyona neze into eshiyiwe engasho lutho. Engeza lezo zisekelo ezishodayo ezingu-411 enanini likaKristof futhi uthole amasayithi angu-971 emhlabeni jikelele. Yengeze kuzibalo ezisemthethweni zePentagon futhi usele nezisekelo nezingosi eziyi-1,073 phesheya kwezilwandle, cishe ngama-770 ngaphezu kwalokho u-Walter Trohan akudalula ngesihloko sakhe sango-1955. Leyo nombolo ingaphezulu kwesibalo sango-1967 sezisekelo eziyi-1,014 zase-US phesheya, uChalmers Johnson azibheka โnjengenani eliphakeme leMpi Yomshoshaphansi.โ
Kukhona nokho, ezinye izindlela ukuhlanganisa ingqikithi. Encwadini eyabhalwa eNtwasahlobo edlule, uSenator uRon Wyden kanye nabamele uBarney Frank, uRon Paul, kanye noWalter Jones bagomela ngokuthi bekukhona nje ukufakwa kwamasosha e-US angama-460 phesheya, kungabalwa lawo ase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. U-Nicholas Kristof, oqhamuke nenani le-100 ngaphezu kwalokho, akazange aphendule i-imeyili ukuze acaciselwe, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi wenze ukuhlaziya okufanayo njengoba ngenza: sesha umbiko we-Pentagon's Base Structure Report bese ukhetha amasayithi asobala ukuthi, kuyilapho โinezigxivizoโ ezinkulu, zingabalwa kuphela njengezisekelo, njengezakhiwo zezindlu zomndeni nezikole, amahhotela okungcebeleka (yebo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela unazo), izindawo zokushushuluza (nabo, nabo) kanye nomkhulu kunabo bonke izifundo zegalofu - Amasosha ase-US athi anezifundo eziyi-172 zabo bonke osayizi ngo-2007 - futhi uthola ingqikithi yezindawo zangaphandle ezingama-570. Engeza kubo inani lezisekelo zase-Afghan futhi usele nezizinda zamasosha zangaphandle ezingaba ngu-981.
Njengoba kwenzeka, nokho, i-Afghanistan akulona kuphela izwe eline-baseworld-out-out. Sesha izibalo ze-Pentagon zamasayithi e-Iraq futhi ngeke uthole okukodwa okungenayo. (Lokho kwakuyiqiniso ngisho nalapho i-US kuthiwa yayinayo izisekelo ezingaphezu kuka-400 kulelo zwe.) Namuhla, umkhondo wezempi wase-US lapho usunciphe kakhulu. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wenqabile ukuphendula isicelo se-imeyili senombolo yamanje yezisekelo e-Iraq, kodwa imibiko eshicilelwe ikhombisa ukuthi abasekho ngaphansi kuka-88 abasekhona, okuhlanganisa neCamp Taji, Ikamu Ramadi, I-Contingency Operating Base Speicher, Futhi I-Joint Base Balad, okuyinto, iyodwa, eqhosha ngamasosha aseMelika angaba ngu-7,000. Lezi zisekelo ezingekho zingakhuphula inani lomhlaba wonke lifinyelele cishe ku-1,069.
Izindawo zezimpi akuzona zodwa izindawo eziyimfihlo. Bhekisisa kahle Amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ohulumeni babo, besaba umbono womphakathi wasekhaya, bancamela ukuthi kungabikho ukumenyezelwa okunikezwa amasosha aseMelika lezisekelo endaweni yabo, bese uyiqhathanisa nohlu olusemthethweni lwePentagon. Ukwenza isibonelo, umbiko we-2010 Base Structure Report ubala isayithi lase-US elingenagama e-Kuwait. Nokho siyazi ukuthi izwe lasePersian Gulf libamba inqwaba yezikhungo zamasosha ase-US okuhlanganisa Camp Arifjan, I-Camp Buering,Camp Virginia, I-Kuwait Naval Base, I-Ali Al Salem Air Base, Futhi Udari Range. Ngeza kulezi zingosi ezingekho futhi ingqikithi yenani lezisekelo phesheya ifinyelela ku-1,074.
Hlola isisekelo se-Pentagon se-Qatar futhi uzophuma ungenalutho. Kodwa bheka izinombolo zabasebenzi boMnyango Wezokuvikela abasebenzela phesheya kwezilwandle futhi uzothola abesilisa nabesifazane abangaphezu kuka-550 abafakwe lapho. Ngenkathi leso sizwe sasePersian Gulf kungenzeka ukuthi sakhe ngokusemthethweni i-Al Udeid Air Base uqobo, ukuyibiza ngokuthi noma yini ngaphandle kokufakwa kwe-US bekungaba okuphambene, uma kubhekwa ukuthi isebenze njengenhlangano. izinto ezinkulu kanye nehabhu lomyalo ngezimpi zase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. Yengeze futhi isibalo sesisekelo sangaphandle sifinyelela ku-1,075.
ISaudi Arabia nayo ayikho ohlwini lwePentagon, noma uhlu lwamanje lwabasebenzi baphesheya lukhombisa ukuthi amakhulu amasosha ase-US atshalwe lapho. Kusukela ekuholeni kuze kufike eMpini Yokuqala YeGulf ngo-1990 ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, amasosha aseMelika amisa izinkulungwane zamasosha embusweni. Ngo-2003, ekuphenduleni ingcindezi eyisisekelo kuhulumeni waseSaudi, iWashington yamemezela ukuthi ikhipha wonke amasosha ngaphandle kwezwe. Kodwa-ke i-US iyaqhubeka nokuqeqesha nokweluleka kusuka kumasayithi afana ne-Eskan Village, indawo engamakhilomitha angama-20 eningizimu ye-Riyadh lapho, ngokwezinombolo zango-2009, izisebenzi zase-US ezingama-800 (abangama-500 kubo abangabeluleki) bezizinze khona.
Kwehlisiwe, Okungabaliwe, futhi Okungaziwa
Ngaphezu kwenombolo engaziwa yezisekelo ezincane i-Pentagon engazihluphi ngisho nokubala kanye nezisekelo zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Afghan ezindiza ngaphansi kwe-radar, kunezindawo ezimnyama nakakhulu embusweni wezisekelo: ukufakwa kwamanye amazwe esetshenziswa kodwa engavunywanga yi-United States noma evunywe izwe elisingatha nayo idinga ukubalwa. Isibonelo, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi izindiza ze-drone zase-US, ezisebenza ngaphansi kwe-auspices ye kokubili i-CIA kanye ne-Air Force nokwenza impi engeyona imfihlo ePakistan, suka kusuka esisekelweni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kulelo zwe.
Ukwengeza, akhona amanye amasayithi afana "nesizinda sokusebenza esiyimfihlo esiqhutshwa yi-US Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) edolobheni elisethekwini lasePakistan iKarachi," wadalula nguJeremy Scahill ku Nation kanye nenkundla yezindiza eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ephethwe abasebenzi benkontileka yonogada yangasese Ama-Blackwater (manje isiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Xe Services). Yize abasebenzi boMnyango Wezokuvikela bekhombisa ukuthi kunamasosha angaphezu kwekhulu atshalwe ePakistan, akusho lutho.
Ngokufanayo ababalwayo yi-US Navy's amaqembu esiteleka senkampani yenethiwekhi, ama-flotilla ahlanganisa amakhulu abathwali bezindiza, imikhumbi yempi emikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanye ne-guided missile cruiser, ababhubhisi bemicibisholo abaqondisiwe ababili, umkhumbi-ngwenya ohlaselayo, kanye nezinhlamvu, i-oiler, nomkhumbi wempahla. I-US izishaya i-11 enjalo abathwali, izisekelo ezintantayo ezingangedolobha ezingahamba emhlabeni wonke, kanye neminye imikhumbi eminingi, eminye iqhosha ngaphezu kwezikhulu nabasebenzi abayinkulungwane, okungenzeka, kusho iNavy, hambela โnoma imaphi amatheku angaphezu kwekhulu emhlabeni wonkeโ ukusuka eHong Kong kuya eRio de Janeiro.
"Ikhono lokuqhuba imisebenzi yezokuthutha emanzini livumela amabutho asolwandle ukuthi agcine isiteshi noma kuphi," kufunda iNaval's Naval. Umqondo wokuSebenza: 2010. Ngakho lezi zisekelo ezintanta ngaphansi kwe-radar kufanele zibalwe ngempela, nazo.
I-Bang, A Whimper, kanye ne-Alamo Yekhulu Lamashumi Amabili Nanye
Ekhuluma ngaphambi kweKomidi Elingaphansi LeKomidi Lokwabiwa Kwezimali LeSenethi Lokwakhiwa Kwezempi, Omakadebona, Nezinhlaka Ezihlobene Ngasekuqaleni konyaka odlule, iPhini Elingaphansi kukaNobhala Wezokuvikela uDorothy Robyn ukhulume "nokufakwa okungapheli kwePentagon" kwe-507. Umbiko we-Pentagon Base Structure Report, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubala izindawo eziphelele ze-2010 e-US, ezindaweni zayo, naphesheya kwezilwandle.
Kuhlelo olukhulu lwezinto, izinombolo zangempela azibalulekile kangako. Ukuthi ingqikithi enembe kakhulu izisekelo ezingama-900, izisekelo eziyi-1,000 noma izikhala eziyi-1,100 emazweni angaphandle, okungephikwe ukuthi amasosha ase-US agcina, emshweni odumile kaChalmers Johnson, umbuso wezisekelo ezinkulu nezinomthunzi kangangokuthi akekho - ngisho nasePentagon. - uyazi ngempela ubukhulu bayo obugcwele kanye nobubanzi.
Esikwaziyo nje ukuthi kuvusa ulaka kwabamelene nabo njenge-al Qaeda, inomkhuba wokugaya ngisho naku abasondelene kakhulu nabalingani like amaJapane, futhi kubiza abakhokhi bentela baseMelika imali eshisiwe minyaka yonke. Ngo-2010, ngokusho kukaRobyn, izindleko zokwakha amasosha kanye nezindlu kuzo zonke izisekelo zase-US zafinyelela ku-$23.2 billion. Kwakudingeka enye imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14.6 zamaRandi ukuze kulungiswe, kulungiswe, futhi kufakwe kabusha imali. Ukunikeza amandla izikhungo zayo, ngokwezibalo zango-2009, iPentagon yasebenzisa u-$3.8 billion. Futhi lokho cishe akuqali ngisho nokubuka umhlaba oyisisekelo waseMelika ngokwezindleko zayo ezigcwele zezomnotho.
Njengayo yonke imibuso, umbuso wezisekelo zamasosha ase-US ngelinye ilanga uzobhidlika. Lezi zisekelo, nokho, azikwazi ukuwela njengama-domino amaningi ngokulandelana kokuma kokugcina kwesikrini sesiliva. Ngeke, okusho ukuthi, baphume โnokuqhumaโ kwe-Alamos yekusasa, kodwa โngomsindoโ wokungabi namali.
Ngonyaka odlule, kuduma kwaqala ngisho naphakathi kwabenzi bomthetho baseWashington mayelana naleli themba elikhulayo. โAngicabangi ukuthi kufanele sisebenzise imali ukuze sibe namasosha eJalimane eminyakeni engama-65 ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Sishoda kakhulu futhi kufanele sinciphise," kusho i-Massachusetts Democratic Congressman Barney Frank. Ngokufanayo, uSenator waseRiphabhulikhi uKay Bailey Hutchison waseTexas umemezele, "Uma i-United States ifuna ngempela ukuqinisekisa abalingani bethu futhi ivimbele izitha zethu, kufanele sikwenze ngamakhono aqinile ezempi kanye nenqubomgomo ephusile - hhayi ngokugcina amasosha emise phesheya kwezilwandle, hhayi ukuqola izimali ezivela ku-United States. imishini kanye nezikhali futhi kufakwe ekwakhiweni kwezempi okuyimpinda.โ
Ngempela, ngasekupheleni kuka-2010, ikhomishana ye-White House yokushoda kwezingxenye ezimbili - eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi Ikhomishana Kazwelonke Yokuthwala Umthwalo Wezimali Nezinguquko - yaphakamisa ukunqanyulwa kwamabutho amasosha ase-US eYurophu nase-Asia ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, ngokwesilinganiso sabo, okwakuzokonga cishe u-$8.5 billion ngo-2015.
Umbuso wezisekelo, ngenkathi usese noma usondele ekuphakameni kwawo, umiselwe ukuncipha. Amasosha kuzofanele ahlehlise ukunyathela kwawo kwamanye amazwe futhi anciphise indawo yawo yomhlaba wonke eminyakeni ezayo. Amaqiniso ezomnotho azodinga lokho. Izinqumo ezenziwa yiPentagon namuhla zingase zinqume ukuthi amakashi ayo azobuya ngaziphi izimo kusasa. Okwamanje, basengakhetha ukuthi ukubuyela ekhaya kuzobukeka njengesenzo sombuso omuhle kakhulu noma ukuhlehla okungalungile.
Noma ngabe yisiphi isinqumo, iwashi liyasho, futhi ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukuhoxa, amasosha ase-US adinga ukwazi kahle ukuthi ahoxa kuphi (futhi abantu baseMelika kufanele babe nomqondo onembile wokuthi amasosha aphesheya akuphi). Ukubalwa okuthembekile kwezisekelo zase-US phesheya - uhlu lwangempela, olugcwele, noluphelele - kungaba isinyathelo sokuqala esidingekayo sokwehlisa umsebenzi womhlaba.
U-Nick Turse uyintatheli ephenyayo, ongumhleli weTomDispatch.com, futhi njengamanje unguzakwethu e-Radcliffe Institute yase-Harvard University. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Icala Lokuhoxiswa e-Afghanistan (Verso Books). Ungamlandela ku-Twitter @NickTurse, ku Tumblr, Futhi onFacebook. Iwebhusayithi yakhe I-NickTurse.com. Ukuze ubambe ingxoxo yomsindo kaTimothy MacBain yakamuva ye-TomCast lapho u-Turse exoxa ngokuthi ungabala kanjani umbuso wezisekelo zaseMelika, Chofoza lapha noma, ukuyilanda ku-iPod yakho, lapha.
[Le ndatshana yaqala ukuvela ngo I-Tomdispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we i-American Empire Project, Umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, njenge yenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Indlela Yempi YaseMelika: Izimpi ZikaBush Zaba Ngaka-Obama Kanjani (Izincwadi zeHaymarket).]
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