Ubungxiwankulu bunesikhathi eside bukhona kangangokuthi kunzima ukuthi abantu bacabange ngezwe elingenabo. Nokho, kude nomthetho wemvelo ongaguquki. Eqinisweni, ubunxiwankulu manje โbuphelelwe yisikhathi ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi abusasebenzi ngokomqondo,โ kusho umlobi waseBrithani uSteve Paxton encwadini yakhe ezayo. Indlela I-Capitalism Ephela Ngayo (Izincwadi Zero, 2022). "Inkathi yonxiwankulu inikeze inala yezinto ezibonakalayo edingekayo emphakathini wabantu okhululekile, kodwa ubunxiwankulu abukwazi ukuletha inkululeko amandla abo okukhiqiza atholakalayo." Engxoxweni elandelayo, u-Paxton wabelana ngemicabango yakhe mayelana nama-contours, ukuphikisana kanye nokushona kwelanga kwe-capitalism Ngaphandle.
UPaxton naye ungumbhali we I-Unlearning Marx - Kungani Ukuhluleka KweSoviet Kwaba Ukunqoba kukaMarx (Izincwadi Zero, 2021). Ngaphezu kokuba nomsebenzi wezemfundo e-Oxford, uSteve Paxton uye wasebenza ezakhiweni nasezitolo zokubheja, waba ngumklami wezinhlelo ze-PHP nomklami wezikibha, uqashiwe, wazisebenza futhi engasebenzi, ikhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-white-collar futhi. akukho-collar. Njengamanje usebenza njengonjiniyela we-tri-vision ehlobo, efaka futhi egcina izikrini zokubona ezinkundleni zekhilikithi, nanjengomklami wedathabhesi ebusika.
I-CJ Polychroniou: Ubunxiwankulu bavela entshonalanga yeYurophu esikhathini esithile phakathi nekhulu le-15 leminyaka futhi seludlule ezigabeni ezimbalwa ezihlukene. Impumelelo yayo ilele eqinisweni lokuthi ihlele kabusha ukukhiqiza futhi yakhulisa amandla okukhiqiza ngezinga elingakaze libonwe. Nokho, kunezizathu ezinhle zokukholelwa ukuthi โlesi simiso manje asisabekezeleleki,โ njengoba uPapa Francis asho enkulumweni yakhe eminyakeni ethile edlule. Ngempela, encwadini yakho ezayo, Indlela I-Capitalism Ephela Ngayo, uphikisa ngokuthi ubunxiwankulu bufinyelele umkhawulo wabo. Ake siqale, okokuqala, ngokuchaza, ngokubona kwakho siqu, umlando wokuqina wobunxiwankulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi lolu hlelo luhlangabezane nenqwaba yokwehluleka esikhathini esidlule kodwa lusaqhubeka nempilo kuze kube namuhla.
Okokuqala nje, mhlawumbe akufanele sithatheke kakhulu ngombono wokuthi ubunxiwankulu bunamandla amakhulu. Nakuba intuthuko yokuqala yonxiwankulu ihlehlela emuva ngaphambi kuka-1500, kwaba kuphela kwekhulu le-17 ngaphambi kokuba onxiwankulu baphathe amandla ezombusazwe eNgilandi futhi ngaphezu kwelinye ikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba onxiwankulu baseFrance bakwazi ukufanisa leyo mpumelelo. Inqubo yokuvala - isici esiyisisekelo sokuthuthuka konxiwankulu eBrithani - yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sengxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ngakho-ke singaphikisa ngokuthi ukuguqukela konxiwankulu kwathatha isikhathi eside kunokuba ubunxiwankulu bukhona kuze kube manje. Kodwa, yebo, i-capitalism isinde ezinkingeni eziningi - ikakhulukazi ezakhelwe yona - futhi esinye sezizathu zalokho yikhono layo eliyingqayizivele lokugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise kakhulu amandla okukhiqiza. Nakuba bekulokhu kunezindleko ezimbi kakhulu zomuntu ekuthuthukisweni konxiwankulu, bekubuye kube nesizathu - ukukhuphuka kwamandla okukhiqiza kukhuphule izinga lokuphila kanye neminyaka yokuphila kwabantu abaningi emhlabeni. Izikhalo ezimelene nokungabi nabulungiswa kwe-capitalism kade zahlangatshezwana nezikhombo ekusebenzeni kahle kwazo - i-pie ingase ingahlukaniswa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ikhula ngokungapheli ngosayizi. Ukwengeza kulokhu ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yokusebenza kanzima kanye nosizi oluhilelekile ekukhiqizweni konxiwankulu iye yathunyelwa emazweni aseningizimu futhi konke lokhu kusho ukuthi kuze kube emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, abantu abaningi emithonjeni yonxiwankulu bebejabulela impilo engcono kuneyabazali babo, okuzwakala kubantu abaningi njengentuthuko. Inkinga iwukuthi inqubekelaphambili ihlale inohlangothi olulodwa - imvelo ye-capitalism ukuthi njalo imayelana nokukhula, mayelana nokukhiqiza izinto eziningi nezingcono. Ngisho nonxiwankulu bayavuma ukuthi uhlelo lwakhelwe phezu kobugovu nokuzicabangela bona. Onxiwankulu abazimisele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zethu, kodwa ukukhulisa ingcebo yabo, kodwa - ngakho-ke indaba iyahamba - ngaphansi konxiwankulu indlela elula yokuceba iwukuhlangabezana nezidingo zethu kangcono kunanoma yiziphi izimbangi. Lo mbono uhlehlela emuva ku-Adam Smith futhi isikhathi esithile kwakuyiqiniso ukuthi umphumela wokuzizuzisa konxiwankulu wawungukuthuthuka kwezindinganiso zokuphila kwabaningi - hhayi kubo bonke, nganoma iyiphi indlela, kodwa ngokwanele ukufiphaza ukuphikiswa konxiwankulu. uhlelo. Sifike ezingeni lapho izinto eziningi zingeke zixazulule izinkinga esibhekene nazo manje. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokwenza imali kongxiwankulu kanye nalokho okuthuthukela impucuko akubambeki. Mhlawumbe kufanele siphume ngenhloso yokubhekelela izidingo zabantu zangempela, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bayakwazi ukukhokhela imali yokuziphilisa, kunokuthi sizame ukufezekisa izifiso zosomabhizinisi zokuthenga amanye ama-yacht ngethemba lokuthi ababulawa yindlala bangase badliwe njenge- by by. -umkhiqizo waleyo nqubo.
Njengazo zonke izinhlelo, i-capitalism nayo idala indaba ehehayo yokuthi akusilo kanjani uhlelo nhlobo, kodwa indlela umhlaba okumele ube ngayo nakanjani futhi lokho kuyindaba enzima ukuthi abamelene nayo bayiphonsele inselelo. Ingxoxo esidinga ukuba nayo ngokushesha - ingxoxo engithemba ukuthi le ncwadi ineqhaza kuyo - imayelana nokuthi umhlaba wobungxiwankulu ungase ubukeke kanjani nokuthi kufanele sisuke lapha siye lapho...
Uyaphikisana encwadini yakho ukuthi "ukuntuleka akusesona isitha sethu" nokuthi ukungalingani kuyinkinga enkulu. Uthi ubunxiwankulu buyixazululile inkinga yokushoda? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingabe ubunxiwankulu nokungalingani akuhlangene?
Ngabe ubunxiwankulu buyixazululile inkinga yokushoda? Ikakhulukazi, yebo, ngoba izinkinga ezinkulu esibhekene nazo ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye azibangelwa amandla okukhiqiza anganele, kodwa ukungabikho kwezinqubo zokusabalalisa izithelo zalowo mthamo ngokunengqondo. Njengamanje osozigidigidi abangama-26 banengcebo efanayo neyabantu abampofu kakhulu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.8 emhlabeni - futhi cishe bonke labo abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.8 baphila ngobumpofu - abanokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kokudla, amanzi ahlanzekile, imithi eyisisekelo, indawo yokuhlala, ukuphepha kanye nemfundo. Emhlabeni wonke sikhiqiza izinto ezibonakalayo ezanele zawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni. Lokho kungase kubonakale kuyinqaba, uma kubhekwa ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-9 babulawa indlala nezimbangela ezihlobene nayo minyaka yonke, kodwa-ke silahla amathani okudla ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.3 ngonyaka futhi amaphesenti angu-28 endawo yezolimo emhlabeni asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukudla okulahlekile noma okumoshiwe. .
Ekhulwini lama-21, inkinga yobumpofu bomuntu iwukusabalalisa, hhayi ukuntula. Inkathi yonxiwankulu inikeze inala yezinto ezibonakalayo edingekayo emphakathini wesintu okhululekile, kodwa ubunxiwankulu abukwazi ukuletha inkululeko amandla abo okukhiqiza enza ukuba kwenzeke. Sekuyisikhathi sokudlulela esakhiweni sezomnotho esingaletha leyo nkululeko.
Ukuxhumana phakathi konxiwankulu nokungalingani kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukungalingani kwakuyisici somphakathi wangaphambi kobunxiwankulu, ngakho-ke akugcini nje ngonxiwankulu, kodwa ngokwengcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, ngokusobala ubunxiwankulu bulethe amazinga okungalingani ayengacatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibono yonxiwankulu idinga ukuqashelwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zokulingana - ukungalingani kwezepolitiki nezomthetho kwenkathi ye-feudal kwakuyinto eyayibambezela intuthuko yonxiwankulu futhi onxiwankulu abasafufusa bafuna kuphele lokho. Nakuba ukulingana okufunwa yifilosofi yonxiwankulu kunqunyelwe ukulingana phambi komthetho futhi (ekugcineni) ukulingana kokuhlanganyela kwezombusazwe, futhi nakuba ubunxiwankulu obukhona ngempela imvamisa yehluleka ukuletha lezi zimiso ezilinganiselwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imibono yenkathi yonxiwankulu iyagcizelela ekulinganeni okuthile โ ukuthi kunamalungelo athile atholwa abantu ngabanye ngenxa nje yokuthi bangabantu, hhayi ngenxa yesikhundla esithile emphakathini, noma isiqu esizuzwe njengefa. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi umbono wemvelo olinganayo - okungukuthi, ukuthambekela ekulinganeni - akusona isifiso sokumelana nobunxiwankulu. Umehluko phakathi kwe-capitalist ideology kanye ne-socialist ideology akukhona ukuthi omunye uthanda ukulingana kanti omunye akakuthandi, kodwa hlobo luni kanye nezinga lokulingana ngalinye elidingayo. Ngakho-ke, inqobo nje uma ukulingana ngokwako kuthathwa njengokumelene nonxiwankulu, abavikeli bonxiwankulu bazoqhubeka nokukhipha ama-caricatures omoya wokulingana njengephupho le-utopian elizophela ngokweqisa okungenangqondo.
Uma sesiqaphela ukuthi i-capitalism ngokwayo idinga (ngokukhuluma ngokwemibono) uhlobo oluthile lokulingana, ingxoxo-ke ishintsha kusukela ekuxoxweni ngezimfanelo ezinhle noma ngenye indlela yenqubo yokulinganisa futhi kufanele ibheke ukuthi yini elinganiswayo, kufanele sihambe kude kangakanani. , nokuthi yimaphi amanani aqhudelanayo angase adinge ukucatshangelwa. Abasekeli bobunxiwankulu abakwazi ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuphishekela izinhloso zokulingana kukodwa akulungile noma akudingekile njengoba, ngokwemibono, ubunxiwankulu uqobo lwayo buthembele ekulinganeni kokuthile. Esikhundleni salokho, kufanele bachaze ukuthi kungani umfutho wokulingana ufiseleka futhi ulungile ngokwezinga elibafanele, kodwa ungafiseki futhi ungafaneleki ezimeni lapho kungase kufanelane nabanye. Ngabe ukulingana phambi komthetho kunani, yikuphi ukulingana kwamathuba, noma ukulingana kwengcebo noma iholo elingenakho?
Ingabe isizinda sendabuko sepolitiki yesokudla sisawenza umqondo esikhathini samanje sonxiwankulu?
Ngicabanga ukuthi sidinga ukubuyekeza ngokuphelele umbono wethu we-eksisi engakwesokunxele futhi sethule umbono othile womlando. Isokunxele manje selibambe iqhaza ngokusobala ekunciphiseni ukweqisa konxiwankulu noma ukukufaka esikhundleni ngokuphelele, kodwa wonke umqondo wesokunxele nesokudla kwezepolitiki usukela ngemuva kweNguquko YaseFrance - isikhathi lapho abanxele babengabagqugquzeli bonxiwankulu - bephishekela. uguquko lokuguquguquka ukuketula ilungelo le-feudal. Singakwazi ukuvumelanisa imvelaphi yobungxiwankulu yomqondo wesokunxele sepolitiki nokuvela kwayo kwamanje okumelene nonxiwankulu uma sikubheka njengohlelo olukhuthaza imibono eqhubekayo yokukhanyiselwa, evumelana nezimo zomlando futhi iqhubekele phambili isuka esikweni iye kweyesimanjemanje โ isuka enkolelweni eyize. kanye nokwesaba ekucabangeni nasekuqondeni. Ukuthanda ubungxiwankulu kwakuyisikhundla esingakwesokunxele ngekhulu le-18, kuyilapho ukusebenzela ekuqothulweni kwabo kusekuphikweni lwesokunxele manje. Kulo mbono - futhi sikhumbula iphuzu langaphambili mayelana nokuphikelela konxiwankulu ekulinganeni (okulinganiselwe) - umehluko phakathi kwesobunxele senkululeko kanye nesoshalisti kwesokunxele ukuthi indlela yenkululeko empeleni ibiza ubunxiwankulu ngokwehluleka ukufeza izibopho zabo zemibono. , kuyilapho i-socialist yashiya ibona ukuthi noma ngabe lezo zibopho zifeziwe, ngabe sisekude lapho kudingeka sibe khona; futhi ukuze sifinyelele lapho kudingeka sibe khona sidinga ukwenza okungaphezu nje kokulungisa ubuzenzisi bonxiwankulu, sidinga ukwedlula ubungxiwankulu ngokuphelele.
Uma umlando ungumhlahlandlela, ubunxiwankulu buzogcina budale uhlelo olusha lwenhlalo-mnotho, nakuba, njengoba usho encwadini yakho, kunzima kubantu abaningi ukucabanga ukuphela konxiwankulu. I-capitalism ingaguqulwa kanjani? Ingabe kungenziwa ezingeni likazwelonke uma kubhekwa ukuthi lesi simiso sesomhlaba wonke, futhi imithetho yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke iklanyelwe ukusiza abacebile?
Ngokwezinga elithile, uguquko kufanele lwenzeke - okungenani izigaba zokuqala - ezingeni likazwelonke, njengoba yilokho esinakho. Izwe-lizwe iyunithi yepolitiki yezibalo zabantu bonxiwankulu. Asikho isizathu sokuthi kuhlale kunjalo. Njengoba sibonile ngaphansi konxiwankulu, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kungathatha izinhlobo eziningi - kusukela ku-UN ne-NATO kuya ku-EU kanye ne-COP. Yebo, lezi yizinhlangano zonxiwankulu ezisebenzela ukuzuzisa ohulumeni bonxiwankulu kanye nezithakazelo ezizigcinayo, kodwa asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani kungafanele sibone ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni becindezela uguquko oluguquguqukayo - okunzima ukusungula labo hulumeni ekuqaleni. indawo.
Ngabe ushintsho olushintshayo luzobukeka kanjani? Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinguquko kumele zisiqhubele endleleni yoguquko olusuka kunxiwankulu luye kwi-socialism. (Igama elithi โuguqukoโ kufanele lithathwe libhekisele kuzinga elithile kanye nohlobo loshintsho olungokomlando, hhayi endleleni olufinyelelwa ngayo, noma isilinganiso sesikhathi esihilelekile. behlasela iWinter Palace).
Izinqubomgomo ezinciphisa ukweqisa konxiwankulu, vele, zamukelekile - kodwa azilona iphuzu. Sidinga izinqubomgomo ezibukela phansi futhi ezibhidliza amandla ezomnotho agxile ezandleni zedlanzana elincane. Nakuba ngiphikisa encwadini ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke (noma, empeleni, okufiselekayo kulesi simo esikuso manje) ukuketula ubunxiwankulu ngobusuku obubodwa, ngiphinde ngigcizelele ukuthi kunemigomo ohulumeni bezenhlalakahle abangayisebenzisa engaqala ukuguqula isimo sombuso. ubunikazi busuka kupharadigm yendawo yangasese yenkathi yonxiwankulu bube yimodeli yobunikazi efanayo yekusasa lezenhlalakahle.
Okubalulekile wukwephula isici esichazayo sobunxiwankulu, okungukuthi iningi lethu - elingenabo ubunikazi banoma iyiphi indlela yokukhiqiza - kufanele lithengise amandla ethu okusebenza ngemibandela engafanele. Indlela ejwayelekile yama-Marxist kulowo msebenzi kube wukufuna ukuba kuthathwe izindlela zokukhiqiza ukuze kuqedwe lokho kuxhashazwa.
Ngike ngabhekana nale nkinga ngisuka kolunye uhlangothi futhi ngaphakamisa indlela esingakhipha ngayo ukuxhashazwa ebudlelwaneni bokuqashwa ukuze sidicilele phansi amandla ahambisana nobunikazi bezinto zokukhiqiza. Nakuba umqondo wohlelo lokuqinisekisa umsebenzi ungemusha, abasekeli balo cishe bahlale bewuveza njengokuthi umbuso uba โumqashi wesinyathelo sokugcina.โ Esikudingayo ngempela ukuthi umbuso - ngokubambisana nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye namadlelandawonye abasebenzi - unikeze isiqinisekiso somsebenzi ngenkathi abaqashi bokwenza okuhle kakhulu.
Uma imikhakha yomphakathi kanye nemifelandawonye ihlinzeka ngenketho yomsebenzi oqinisekisiwe oneholo elifanelekile kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezinhle kakhulu, khona-ke umkhakha ozimele uzodinga ukukhulisa umdlalo wawo ukuze uhehe abasebenzi, ikakhulukazi ekupheleni okungavuzwa kahle kangako kwemakethe yezabasebenzi. Ukuxhashazwa ngaphansi konxiwankulu kungenzeka ngoba isisebenzi asinakukhetha ngaphandle kokwamukela imigomo engafanele - ukunikeza enye indlela kubukela phansi isisekelo sokuxhashazwa.
Kukhona ukufana lapha endleleni iNational Health Service (NHS) eyakhiwa ngayo e-UK ngeminyaka yawo-1940. Izibhedlela azithathwanga ezinkampanini ezizimeleโฆ umbuso umane unikeze ithuba elingcono lokunakekelwa kwezempilo kunalokho obekunganikezwa umkhakha ozimele. Sekuyisikhathi manje sokuthi umkhakha womphakathi uhlinzeke kangcono - kangcono kakhulu - izinketho zokuqashwa kunamanje ezitholakala ezinkampanini ezizimele. Izinkampani ezizimele zizobe sezidinga ukuhambisana namaholo nemibandela ehlinzekwa wuhlelo olunjalo ukuze kuhehe abasebenzi.
Lokhu akuyona into engenzeka ngokuphazima kweso kodwa kuzodinga ukwethulwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi okungcono kuhambisane nohlelo olufanayo lokubukela phansi umkhakha oqashisayo ozimele ngokuhlinzekwa kwezindlu ezisezingeni, ezithengekayo. Engeza izinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlinzeko ezikhona zomphakathi kwezemfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kulezi zinketho zomphakathi zokuqashwa kanye nezindlu, futhi sesiqala ukususa izindawo ezibalulekile zezimpilo zabantu kude kakhulu nesakhiwo somnotho wonxiwankulu. Akekho ocabanga ukuthi kuzoba lula, kodwa isikhathi sobunxiwankulu siyahamba.
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