Kwakusemini ngeSonto, mhla ziyisi-7 kuNhlaba, lapho izindiza zempi eziholwa yi-US ziphinde zaqala ukuqhumisa ngamabhomu endaweni yomndeni ka-Wassim Abdo.
Babehlala eTabqa, idolobha elincane elingasogwini loMfula i-Ewufrathe enyakatho yeSiriya. Yabe ithathwe yi-Islamic State (ISIS, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Daesh), i-Tabqa nayo yayivinjezelwe amasosha asekelwa yi-US futhi ishaywa izibhamu zansuku zonke ezivela e-US Marines, kanye nezindiza zomfelandawonye eziholwa yi-US. Idolobha, elingelesibili ngobukhulu eSifundazweni saseRaqqa, beliyikhaya lenkundla yezindiza kanye neDamu laseTabqa elihahelwayo. Kuphinde kwaba yindawo yokugcina esifundeni lapho amasosha asekelwa yi-US okudingeka ayithathe ngaphambi kokuthi aqale ukuhlasela obekulindelwe ngabomvu ngokumelene nenhloko-dolobha ezibiza nge-Islamic State, iRaqqa.
Abazali bakhe, u-Muhammed no-Salam, base bevele bebalekile emzini wabo ngesikhathi ibhilidi eliseduze nomuzi wabo liqhunyiswa ngamabhomu, u-Wassim Abdo wangitshela engxoxweni yakamuva. I-ISIS yayikhona ukubopha izakhamuzi endaweni yazo ngokuzama ukubalekela idolobha. Ngakho ngalelo Sonto, lo mbhangqwana wawukhoselise esitezi sesibili sefulethi elinezitezi ezine kanye namanye amalungu omndeni ngesikhathi ukuhlasela kwezindiza okuholwa yi-US kubikwa ukuthi kugadla ingxenye engaphambili yesakhiwo. Udadewabo ka-Abdo uLama wabaleka esakhiweni nezingane zakhe ezimbili wasinda. Kodwa abazali bakhe kanye nomzala wakhe oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala babulawa, kanye inqwaba komakhelwane babo, njengoba ukhonkolo uwela phezu kwabo.
Njengesishoshovu samalungelo abantu esasidingisiwe, u-Wassim Abdo waze wezwa ngokushona kwabazali bakhe ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, ngemva kokuba uLama emfonele evela edolobheni lasemngceleni waseSyria, iKobane, lapho yena nezingane zakhe ezimbili babethuthelwe khona ukuze bathole ukwelashwa. Indodakazi yakhe yalimala ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu kanti nakuba amasosha ayesekelwa yi-US, aholwa amaKurd ngaleso sikhathi ayesethathe izintambo zokulawula iTabqa, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi indodakazi yakhe ilashwe endaweni yangakubo, ngoba amasonto amaningi okuqhuma kwamabhomu okuholwa yi-US kwakucekele phansi. zonke izibhedlela ezisedolobheni.
Impi Emelene Nezakhamuzi
Amasosha e-Islamic State manje asehluliwe eMosul ngemuva komkhankaso wezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, osekelwa yi-US owacekela phansi izingxenye ezibalulekile zedolobha lesibili ngobukhulu e-Iraq, kwashona kwaze kwaba sekupheleni. Izakhamizi ze-40,000 nokuphoqa abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka isigidi esisodwa abantu abaningi abavela emakhaya abo. Manje, i-United States igxile emandleni ayo - kanye nezindiza zempi - ezindaweni ezihlaselwe yi-ISIS empumalanga yeSyria endaweni ecasulayo ebizwa ngokuthi "Ulaka Lwe-Ewufrathe."
Ukuphathwa ngesihluku kwe-Islamic State kwezakhamizi eSyria kubikwe kahle futhi kwamenyezelwa. Futhi ngokuvumelana ne ULieutenant General Stephen Townsend, umkhuzi wempi eholwa yi-US ngokumelene ne-ISIS e-Iraq naseSyria, impi โyokukhululaโ lezi zifunda ku-ISIS โiwumkhankaso onembe kunayo yonke emlandweni wezimpi.'
Kodwa imibiko nezithombe ezivela ezintathelini zaseSyria nezishoshovu, kanye nama-akhawunti omuntu wokuqala avela kulabo abanamalungu omndeni ahlala ezindaweni eziqhunyiswa ngamabhomu e-US, inemininingwane yendaba ehluke ngokumangazayo yokuhlasela kwaseMelika - ebukeka ingaphansi njengempi yokulwa I-Islamic State nokunye okuningi okufana nempi yezakhamuzi.
Lezi zinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kanye nezintatheli zendawo zithi, kulo lonke elaseSyria ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US kanye ne-US Marines aqhumise amabhomu noma adubula okungenani. Izikole ezi-12, kuhlanganise izikole zamabanga aphansi futhi amantombazane Isikolo sebanga eliphezulu; impilo umtholampilo kanye neyokubelethisa esibhedlela; Isayensi kaRaqqa College; indawo yokuhlala omakhelwane; amabhakede; okuthunyelwe amahhovisi; ku car geza; okungenani 15 amaSulumane; isiko phakathi; igesi isiteshi; izimoto ezithwala abantu abavamile esibhedlela; a umngcwabo; amanzi amathangi; okungenani 15 amabhuloho; ku ishift ikamu lababaleki; owasendulo I-Rafiqah Wall lokho kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-8; kanye nesitolo se-inthanethi eRaqqa, lapho kwakukhona isishoshovu sezindaba saseSyria wabulawa ngenkathi ezama ukushushumbisa izindaba edolobheni elivinjezelwe.
I-United States manje ingelinye lamaqembu alwayo abulala kakhulu eSyria. NgoMeyi noJuni kuhlangene, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US wabulala izakhamizi eziningi kunombuso wase-Assad, amaRussia, noma i-ISIS, ngokusho kweSyrian Network for Human Rights, inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ebiqaphe isibalo sabashonile kanye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu eSyria. kusukela ngo-2011.
"Lokhu kuphatha ufuna ukuzuza ukunqoba okusheshayo," uDkt. Fadel Abdul Ghany, usihlalo weSyrian Network for Human Rights muva nje ungitshele, ebhekise kuTrump White House. "Esikuqaphelayo ukuthi i-US iqondise futhi ibulale ngaphandle kokucabangela izinzuzo zamasosha kanye nomonakalo wesibambiso kubantu. Lokhu, vele, kufana nobugebengu bempi.โ
Futhi akukho ndawo lapho le mpi ebhekene nezakhamuzi ishube kakhulu kunaseRaqqa ehlaselwe yi-ISIS, lapho imindeni evaleleke iphila ngaphansi kwenqwaba yeziteleka zezindiza nsuku zonke.
Ihhotela leRevolution
Itholakala lapho kuhlangana khona imifula i-Ewufrathe neBalikh enyakatho yeSyria, iRaqqa yaqala ukuhlaliswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-5,000 edlule.. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8, lase likhule laba idolobha lasebukhosini, eligcwele amasimu ezithelo, izigodlo, imisele yamanzi, amahholo okwamukela izivakashi kanye nenkundla yemidlalo yezimvubu yomjaho wamahhashi. Indawo yayo yezimboni ngaleso sikhathi yayaziwa ngokuthi โiRaqqa evuthayo,โ ngenxa yamalangabi nentuthu ewugqinsi ekhiqizwe ingilazi yayo nezithando zobumba. Leli dolobha laze lasebenza isikhashana njengenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Wase-Abbasid omkhulu osuka eNyakatho Afrika uye e-Asia Ephakathi.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nantathu, izimpi phakathi kombuso wamaMongol namaMamluk zayiqeda iRaqqa nezindawo ezizungezile zasemaphandleni. Wonke umuntu oyedwa ohlala edolobheni wayebulawa noma axoshwe. Ngokukaprofesa waseNyuvesi yase-Hamburg uStefan Heidemann, oseke wasebenza ekuvubukuleni okuningi e-Raqqa nasezindaweni ezizungezile, impi eshisa izikhotha yayidlulele kangangokuthi asikho nesisodwa isihlahla esasala simile esifundeni.
Maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili kuphela lapho ukunisela ngenkasa koMfula i-Euphrates kuvumela indawo yasemaphandleni yaseRaqqa ukuba ichume phakathi nokuchuma kukakotini emhlabeni wonke lapho idolobha laphinde lavela khona ngokugcwele. Ngawo-1970s, isibalo sabantu bakulesi sifunda saphinde saqala ukwanda ngemuva kokuthi owayenguMengameli wangaleso sikhathi u-Hafez al-Assad - uyise womholi wamanje waseSyria, u-Bashar al-Assad - eyalele ukwakhiwa kwedamu elikhulu eliphehla ugesi e-Euphrates cishe ngamamayela angama-30 phezulu nomfula iRaqqa. . Ubaba ka-Wassim Abdo, u-Muhammed, wayeyisisebenzi kuleli damu. Njengabaningi balaba basebenzi kanye nemindeni yabo, yena noSalam babehlala endaweni yesithathu ka-Tabqa, eyayigcwele amafulethi anezitezi ezine akhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 eduze nedamu kanye nesiteshi salo sikagesi.
Ngaphandle kwalezi ntuthuko zezolimo nezimboni, iRaqqa yahlala iyinhlokodolobha encane yesifundazwe. U-Abdalaziz Alhamza, ongumsunguli weqembu eliqaphayo i-Raqqa Is Being Slaughterly, elakhiwe izishoshovu zabezindaba zase-Raqqa ezihlala edolobheni kanjalo nasekudingisweni, ubhala ukuthi izindaba zendawo ngokuvamile azizange zikhulume ngisho nedolobha ezibikezelweni zalo zesimo sezulu.
Maphakathi nawo-2000, isomiso saqala ukubunisa izitshalo zemali zendawo: ukotini, amazambane, ilayisi, notamatisi. Njengakwezinye izifunda zaseSyria, abalimi bafuduka besuka emaphandleni baya edolobheni, lapho izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezinwetshiwe nezingasebenzi kahle zandisa nje ukunganeliseki okuhlala isikhathi eside ngombuso wakwa-Assad.
Ngenkathi kuqubuka ukuvukela umbuso ngo-2011 kulo lonke elaseSyria, u-Wassim Abdo nezinkulungwane zabanye eRaqqa, eTabqa, nasezindaweni eziseduze baqala ukuvukela uhulumeni waseSyria, izikhukhula imigwaqo ngokubhikisha nokwenza imikhandlu yokudidiyela yendawo. Umbuso kancane Ilahlekile ukulawula indawo esifundazweni sonke. NgoMashi 2013, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zempi, amavukelambuso aphikisana nohulumeni axosha amasosha kahulumeni edolobheni futhi amemezela iRaqqa 'inhlokodolobha yokuqala yesifundazwe eyakhululwa' kulo lonke elaseSyria. Idolobha, ngaleso sikhathi elalingelesithupha ngobukhulu eSiriya, waba "ihhotela le-revolution."
Nokho, kungakapheli nonyaka, naphezu kolaka imibhikisho kanye nokuphikiswa kwabahlali bakhona, abalwi be-ISIS base bengene ngokuphelele edolobheni nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Bamemezele iRaqqa inhloko-dolobha ye-Islamic State.
Naphezu komsebenzi, abazali bakaWassim abakaze bazame ukubalekela eTabqa ngoba wathembela ukuze bahlangane nenye yamadodana abo, u-Azad, owayethunjwe abalwi be-ISIS ngoSepthemba 2013. Lapho ethatha umhlalaphansi, u-Muhammed Abdo wavula isitolo esincane sikagesi. USalam wayengumama wekhaya. Njengamashumi ezinkulungwane zezinye izakhamizi, zazihlala ngaphansi kwe-ISIS eTabqa lapho, entwasahlobo ka-2017, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zase-US Apache kanye nezindiza zempi zaqala kuqala. avele esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu komuzi. Amasosha Asolwandle ase-US ahlome ngama-howitzers athunyelwa esifundeni. Ekupheleni kuka-March, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane American ihanjiswe ngendiza amakhulu amasosha asekelwa yi-US asuka ezikhulwini eziholwa amaKurdish ezaziwa ngokuthi yiSyrian Democratic Forces' ukuya osebeni lomfula onamadamu eduze kwedolobha. Amandla engeziwe aqhamuka empumalanga, athuthwa eMelika izikebhe ezisheshayo.
Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, indawo yase-Abdos yayingaphansi kokuhlaselwa cishe kwansuku zonke ngamabutho omfelandawonye aholwa yi-US. NgoMeyi 3, izindiza zempi zomfelandawonye kubikwa ukuthi zethulwe zafinyelela ku-30 izindiza endaweni yokuqala, eyesibili, neyesithathu yaseTabqa, izindlu ezitelekayo kanye nemakethe yezithelo futhi kubikwa ukuthi zibulale okungenani ayisithupha izakhamuzi. Ngobusuku obulandelayo, omunye umjikelezo wezindiza zomfelandawonye wahlasela indawo yokuqala neyesithathu, okubikwa ukuthi yabulala okungenani. Isikhombisa izakhamuzi, kuhlanganise nabesifazane nezingane. Kubikwa ukuthi iziteleka zezindiza ezihlukene ngalobo busuku eduze nenkaba yedolobha zibulale ezinye izakhamuzi eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-12.
Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuNhlaba, amabhomu okubikwa ukuthi awiswe yinhlangano eholwa yi-US ahlasela isakhiwo lapho u-Muhammed noSalam babekhosele khona, kwashona bona kanye nomzukulu wabo oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, iSyrian Democratic Forces yamemezela ukuthi isiqede ngokuphelele wabanjwa ukulawula iTabqa kanye nedamu. Amasosha kanye nabeluleki bawo baseMelika basheshe babhekisa amehlo abo empumalanga ekuhlaseleni okuzayo eRaqqa.
Kodwa emndenini wakwa-Abdo, inhlekelele iqhubekile. Izidumbu zikaMuhammed noSalam zingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwebhilidi elibhidlikile. Kwathatha izinsuku ezingu-15 ngaphambi kokuba umfowabo ka-Wassim u-Rashid akwazi ukuvikela imishini esindayo edingekayo ukuze akhishwe.
โAkekho owayekwazi ukusondela ezidumbu ngenxa yokonakala okwakwenzekile nephunga eliphuma kuzo ngenxa yokushiywa ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu isikhathi eside ngenxa yezulu elishisayo,โ kusho uWassim engxoxweni yakamuva.
Ngalolo suku imizimba yabo yagcina itholakele. NgoMeyi 23, abazali bakhe kanye nomshana wakhe bangcwatshwa emathuneni aseTabqa.
โE-Raqqa Ziningi Izimbangela Zokufaโ
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva komngcwabo ka-Abdos, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US waqala ukuphonsa amapheshana eRaqqa eyala izakhamizi ukuthi zibaleke edolobheni ngaphambi kokuhlasela okuzayo. Ngokwezithombe zamapheshana ashicilelwe nguRaqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently, lezi zixwayiso funda, ngokwengxenye, โLeli ithuba lakho lokugcinaโฆ Ukwehluleka ukuhamba kungase kuholele ekufeni.โ
Amasosha e-ISIS nawo avimbela izakhamizi ukuthi zibaleke edolobheni futhi atshala amabhomu agqitshwayo emaphethelweni eRaqqa. Noma kunjalo, ngo-June 5, inqwaba yezakhamuzi zalalela izixwayiso zomfelandawonye futhi zabuthana endaweni yokumisa izikebhe ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Ewufrathe, lapho zazilindele khona ukugitsheliswa ngaphandle kwedolobha. Ngaphambi kwempi, imikhaya yayiye epikinikini ngasosebeni lomfula. Intsha igxumele emanzini isuka eRaqqa's Old Bridge, wakhiwe ngo-1942 ngamasosha aseBrithani. Idlanzana lamakhefi angaphambili emfuleni avulelwe isizini.
"Umfula uyisikhumbuzo esikhulu sedolobha, futhi kubantu abaningi kunencazelo yothando kuwo," intatheli yaseSyria uMarwan Hisham, okwamanje. ukubhala ngokubambisana Bazalwane baka Gun, incwadi ekhuluma ngempilo e-Raqqa ehlaselwe yi-ISIS, ingitshele.
Kodwa ngo-June 5, njengoba imindeni ilinde ukuwela umfula ukuze ibaleke ukuhlasela okuzayo kwe-US, izindiza zempi zomfelandawonye zaqala ukuhlasela kwezindiza ezaziqondise ezikebheni, okubikwa ukuthi zabulala abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Izakhamizi ze-21. Umfelandawonye kuvuma yethula ukuhlasela kwezindiza okungu-35 okucekele phansi izikebhe ezingama-68 phakathi kukaJuni 4 noJuni 6, ngokusho kwesikhungo sezintatheli i-Airwars. ULieutenant General Stephen Townsend kamuva waqhosha ngaleli qhinga, ukutshela the New York Times: "Sidubula zonke izikebhe esizitholayo."
Ngosuku lwangemva kokuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi ezazibaleka endaweni yokutakela izikebhe, ukuhlasela osekulindelwe isikhathi eside kwase-US kwaqala ngokusemthethweni.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu yokubusa kwe-ISIS, iRaqqa yaba ngelinye lamadolobha angawodwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Abashokobezi bavimbele izakhamizi ukuthi zibe nazo i-inthanethi yasekhaya, isathelayithi izitsha, noma izindawo ze-Wi-Fi. Baboshwa futhi wabulawa izintatheli zendawo kanye nezintatheli ezivinjelwe ngaphandle. Ngosuku amasosha ayesekelwa yi-US eqala ukulwa nedolobha, i-ISIS yaphinde yafuna ukukhawulela ukubika ngezimo lapho. ukuhleleka ukuvalwa okuseduze kwawo wonke amakhefi e-inthanethi.
Ngaphandle kwale mikhawulo, inqwaba yezintatheli nezishoshovu zaseSyria zibeke engcupheni futhi zisabeka izimpilo zazo engcupheni ukuze zishushumbise imininingwane e-Raqqa evinjezelwe - futhi imizamo yazo ukuphela kwesizathu sokuthi iningi lezintatheli zaseNtshonalanga (kuhlanganise nami) libe nolwazi ngempi amazwe ethu ayilwayo njengamanje. Lapho.
Nsuku zonke, lezi zishoshovu zemithombo yezindaba zisakaza izindaba ngaphandle kwedolobha kubantu baseSyria abadingisiwe abaphethe iziteshi zezindaba nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu. Iqembu elidume kakhulu kulawa maqembu kube yiRaqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently, okuyinto Won i-International Press Freedom Award ka-2015 ngokubika kwayo ngomsebenzi we-ISIS futhi manje isishicilela njalo ngehora. izibuyekezo ekuhlaseleni okusekelwa yi-US. Zonke lezi zindaba zibe sezihlanganiswa futhi zihlolwe ngamaqembu okuqapha amazwe ngamazwe afana Ama-Airwars, abacwaningi bawo manje asebezithole sebelandelela ukuhlasela kwamadlelandawonye okuholela ekulimaleni kwezakhamuzi nsuku zonke.
Kungenxa yalo msebenzi esazi ukuthi ukuhlasela kukaRaqqa kwaqala ngokusemthethweni ngoJuni 6 ngohide lweziqhumane nokuqhunyiswa kwezikhali okubikwa ukuthi hit isikole, isiteshi sesitimela, indawo yokufika kanye nebhilidi lokungena kwelinye izwe, i-mosque, nezindawo zokuhlala eziningi, kwashona abantu abaphakathi kwabayisithupha no-13. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, amabhomu, amagobolondo ezikhali, kanye ne-phosphorus emhlophe kubikwa ukuthi kwadedelwa ngaphesheya kweRaqqa, kwashaya - phakathi kwezinye izindawo - i-Al-Hason Net Internet cafรฉ, ukubulala isishoshovu semidiya kanye nabanye okungenani abayishumi nambili. (Leyo ntatheli ibingomunye okungenani 26 Izishoshovu zabezindaba zizobulawa eSyria kulo nyaka nje kuphela.) Amanye amabhomu kubikwa ukuthi ashaye okungenani izitolo eziyisishiyagalombili kanye ne-mosque. Izithombe futhi ibonise i-phosphorus emhlophe iqhuma ezindaweni ezimbili zokuhlala.
I-phosphorus emhlophe iyakwazi ukushisa inyama yomuntu ethanjeni. Lapho evezwa umoya-mpilo, ikhemikhali ivutha ifinyelele izinga lokushisa elingu-1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Ivutha kakhulu kangangokuthi ukusha kwayo kungasha ukubusa ezinsukwini kamuva uma amabhandeshi esuswa ngokushesha.
Izikhulu zamasosha aseMelika aziphikanga ukuthi zisebenzisa i-phosphorus emhlophe edolobheni. I-Pentagon, empeleni, ishicilelwe Izithombe Yamasosha Asolwandle ase-US ajutshwe esifundeni sase-Raqqa ethutha izikhali ze-phosphorus ezimhlophe ezenziwe e-US. Abakhulumeli bayo Faka isicelo ukuthi amasosha ase-US asebenzisa lesi senzo somlilo kuphela ukumaka okuqondiwe ezitelekeni zasemoyeni noma ukudala izikrini zentuthu ngakho-ke kuhlala ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa ezinsukwini ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okubikiwe, i-Amnesty International waxwayiswa: "Ukusebenzisa komfelandawonye oholwa yi-US ukusebenzisa izikhali ezimhlophe ze-phosphorus emaphethelweni e-al-Raqqa, eSyria, akukho emthethweni futhi kungase kufane nobugebengu bempi." (U-Amnesty ngokufanayo wasola i-US ngokunamandla okwenza lokho ubugebengu bempi emkhankasweni wayo wokulwa ne-ISIS eMosul.)
Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwe-phosphorus emhlophe okubikiwe ngoJuni 8 no-9, umgwaqo omkhulu wezohwebo nezenhlalo kaRaqqa - uFebhuwari 23rd Street - kubikwa ukuthi waba ngaphansi. ezintathu izinsuku eziqondile zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu. Intatheli yaseSyria uMarwan Hisham, owakhulela kulelo dolobha, ukhumbula indlela lo mgwaqo owawukade ugcwele amathilomu, izindawo zokuzijabulisa nezitolo. Unqenqema lwalo olusentshonalanga lungena eRashid Park, enye yezindawo zomphakathi eziyinhloko zedolobha. Unqenqema lwalo olusempumalanga lufinyelela odongeni lwasendulo lwe-Abbasid.
Phakathi kukaJuni 9 noJuni 11, kwabulawa abantu abaningi abangaba ngu-10 ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu kaFebhuwari 23rd nasezimpambanweni zayo ezinkulu, ngokusho kombiko. imibiko ihlanganiswe yi-Airwars. (Lezi zinhlobo zeziteleka zasemoyeni, okuhloswe ngazo ukunqanda ukuhamba kwama-ISIS fighters, nazo zaqashwa eMosul, izingxenye zakhona eseziyincithakalo.) Ngalezo zinsuku, kubikwa ukuthi abantu abadala abane kanye nezingane ezine wabulawa ezitelekeni zezindiza esifundeni sezimboni saseRaqqa, esinye 21 Izakhamuzi zabulawa entshonalanga yedolobha, futhi okungenani izakhamizi eziyi-11 ngaphezulu, kuhlanganisa nezingane, ngesikhathi kubikwa ukuthi kuhlasele izindiza. wabhubhisa amakhaya asemgwaqweni u-al-Nour, oseduze nekhona le-al-Rayan Bakery, aqhunyiswa ngamabhomu esikhathini esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili kamuva.
Ngalolo suku, ngoJuni 21, isakhamuzi saseRaqqa okuthiwa u-Abu Ahmad sasibuya ukuyokha amanzi emthonjeni oseduze lapho, kamuva. utshele Reuters, waqala ukuzwa abantu bekhala njengoba izindlu zidilika. Uthe balinganiselwa ku-30 โโabantu abashonile ngesikhathi kulungiswa amafulethi aseduze nebhikawozi. โAsikwazanga ngisho ukwenza lutho,โ enezela. โIziqhumane zamarokhethi, izindiza zempi. Sibashiye befa ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu.โ Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili, izindiza zempi yomfelandawonye zazicekele phansi omunye umthombo wesinkwa, i-al-Nadeer ibhikawozi ku-al-Mansour Street, omunye wakwaRaqqa endala izindlela.
NgoJulayi, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US waqhumisa ngamabhomu udonga lwakudala lwase-Abbasid, kanye namasosha ayesekelwa yi-US. wephulwe Idolobha Elidala likaRaqqa. Abeluleki base-US waqala ukusebenza ngaphakathi eRaqqa, ebiza ezinye iziteleka zezindiza lapho.
Ayanda amagama, izithombe, nezindaba zabantu ababulawa umfelandawonye zishushumbiswe izintatheli zendawo. Ngokwale mibiko, ngoJulayi 2, uJamila Ali al-Abdullah, izingane zakhe ezintathu, kanye nomakhelwane bakhe abangaba ngu-10 wabulawa endaweni yakhe. NgoJulayi 3rd, okungenani imindeni emithathu yayikhona wabulawa, kuhlanganise no-Yasser al-Abdullah kanye neyakhe izingane ezine, A'ssaf, Zain, Jude, futhi Rimas. NgoJulayi 5, i asebekhulile indoda okuthiwa uYasin wafa esitelekeni sezindiza ku-al-Mansour Street. NgoJulayi 6, u-Anwar Hassan al-Hariri waba wabulawa kanye nendodana yakhe uMohammed, indodakazi yakhe uShatha, nojahidada wakhe Jana. Amalungu amahlanu omndeni wakwa-al-Sayyed babhubha ngoJulayi 7. Odadewabo uHazar no-Elhan Abdul Aader Shashan wafa emzini wabo ngoJulayi 12, kuyilapho amalungu ayisikhombisa eBaanat umndeni babulawa ngoJulayi 13, kanjalo noMarwan al-Salama futhi okungenani lokhu amalungu omndeni wakhe ngoJulayi 17.
Abanye abangamakhulu kubikwa ukuthi balimele, okuhlanganisa no-Isma'il Ali al-Thlaji, ingane eyalimala Ilahlekile amehlo akhe nesandla sakhe sokunene. Futhi lawa amanye amagama abikiwe alabo ababulawa umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US.
"E-Raqqa, kunezimbangela eziningi zokufa," izintatheli zaseRaqqa Zihlatshwa Buthule. wabhala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi "ukuhlasela kwezindiza okungakhethi kwezindiza zempi zomfelandawonye wamazwe ngamazwe, ukudubula kwezikhali nsuku zonke okwenziwa yiSyrian Democratic Forces, kanye nezimayini ze-ISIS ezihlakazekile endaweni ezungezile."
Kulabo abasindile, izimo ngaphakathi kwedolobha ziyaqhubeka nokuba zimbi. Kubikwa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kombimbi kucekele phansi amapayipi amabili amakhulu abethwele amanzi edolobheni ngesikhathi kushisa i-100-degree July, kwaphoqa abantu ukuthi baye osebeni lwe-Euphrates, lapho okungenani. 27 kubikwa ukuthi babulawe ngamabhomu aholwa yi-US ngesikhathi begcwalisa izimbiza zamanzi.
Umfelandawonye Ngegama Kuphela
I-United States yethule cishe i-95% yazo zonke iziteleka zezindiza zomfelandawonye eSyria ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, okusho ukuthi umkhankaso, empeleni, ucishe ube yindaba yaseMelika kuphela. โAmaFulentshi namaBrithani aqala iziteleka ezingaba yingxenye yeshumi nambili ngesonto manje,โ uChris Woods, umqondisi we-Airwars, wangichazela. "AbaseBelgium mhlawumbe oyedwa noma ababili ngesonto." Uma kuqhathaniswa, esifundazweni sase-Raqqa ngenyanga edlule i-US yethula cishe izindiza ezingamashumi amabili noma izibhamu zonke. usuku.
NgoJuni kuphela, umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US kanye ne-US Marines yadubula noma yehla cishe 4,400 izikhali eRaqqa nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Ngokusho kukaMark Hiznay, umqondisi ohlangene wophiko lwezikhali lweHuman Rights Watch, lezi zikhali zihlanganisa amabhomu amancane aqondiswe ngokunemba angamaphawundi angama-250, kanye namabhomu eMK-80, anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-500 no-XNUMX. Ama-2,000 amakhilogremu futhi afakelwe amakhithi aqondiswa ngokunemba. Amabhomu ajikijelwa amabhomu e-B-52 nezinye izindiza zempi, iningi labo lisuka e-al-Udeid Air Base eQatar, e-Incirlik Air Base eTurkey, noma e-USS. UGeorge HW Bush, inkampani yezindiza imisiwe ngasogwini lwaseSyria empumalanga yeMedithera.
Amakhulu Amasosha Asolwandle ase-US, okungenzeka ukuthi usuka ophikweni lwe-24th Marine Expeditionary Unit, nazo zimi ngaphandle kwase-Raqqa futhi zidubula ngezibhamu ezinkulu zingena edolobheni zisuka ku-M777 Howitzers. Ekupheleni kukaJuni, i-Twitter esemthethweni yeMarines yaqhosha ngokuthi ibiqhumisa izibhamu ngokweseka amasosha asekelwa yi-US. 24 amahora usuku.
Umphumela walolu hlobo lwezimpi, kusho uChris Woods we-Airwars, ukwanda okumangalisayo kwezisulu zezakhamuzi. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yileli qembu, selokhu uMengameli uTrump ethathe izintambo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, umkhankaso oholwa yi-US kubikwa ukuthi usubulale cishe abantu abaningi eSyria nase-Iraq njengoba kwakunjalo. wabulawa eminyakeni emibili nengxenye edlule yokuphatha kuka-Obama.
Futhi kubantu abasindile, izimo zempi azipheli lapho ukuqhuma kwamabhomu sekuphelile, njengoba kukhombisa ukuphila namuhla edolobheni laseTabqa.
Kusukela maphakathi noJulayi, ngokusho kukaWassim Abdo, iTabqa namanje ayinawo amanzi nogesi, yize imindeni eshiywe dengwane isiqalile ukubuyela ezindlini zayo. Isinkwa siyashoda, namanje asikho ukusebenza izikole noma izibhedlela. Idamu iTabqa, elake lakhiqiza ugesi ofinyelela ku-20% waseSyria, lisekhona engasebenzi. (Iziteleka zezindiza zomfelandawonye eziholwa yi-US kubikwa ukuthi zalimaza isakhiwo ngokuphindaphindiwe ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi, lapho zenzeka ashisiwe igumbi lokulawula eliyinhloko, okwenza iZizwe Ezihlangene ukuba uxwayisa usongo lwezikhukhula ezinkulu ezansi nomfula.) Amasosha asekelwa yi-US eTabqa, ngokusho kuka-Abdo, ayivalile i-inthanethi futhi izikhulu zaseMelika ziyavuma ukuthi izingane endaweni zingenwa izifo ezithwalwa izimpukane ezidla izidumbu ezisagqitshwe emfucumfucwini. .
Khonamanjalo, ngaphansi kwamamayela angu-30 ukuya empumalanga, impi yokulawula iRaqqa iyaqhubeka njengoba amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abasavaleleke ngaphakathi kwedolobha elivinjezelwe. ULieutenant General Stephen Townsend uveze ukuthi umfelandawonye oholwa yi-US kungenzeka maduze ukwandisa izinga lokuhlasela kwezindiza lapho futhi.
Ngokombono ka-Wassim Abdo, lowo mkhankaso womfelandawonye eSyria usebulale abazali bakhe nomshana wakhe futhi wacekela phansi idolobha lakubo. Akukho kulokhu, ngokuqondakalayo, okubukeka njengempi ngokumelene ne-ISIS.
โUmbono wami ngomfelandawonye wamazwe ngamazwe,โ ungitshele muva nje, โukuthi kuwumsebenzi womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukukhomba izakhamuzi nengqalasizinda nokucekela phansi izwe.โ Futhi lolu hlobo lwezimpi, wengeza, "aluyona ingxenye yokuqeda i-Daesh."
U-Laura Gottesdiener uyintatheli ezimele futhi ungumkhiqizi wezindaba Intando yeningi Manje! Umbhalo wakhe uvele ku umama Jones, Al Jazeera, The Nation, Playboy, Itshe eligingqikayo, futhi njalo ku TomDispatch. Sibonga ngokukhethekile kulesi siqeshana siya ku-Alhasan Ghazzawi.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi I-Shadow Government: Ukuqapha, Impi Yezimfihlo, ne-Global Security State ezweni elilodwa elinamandla (Izincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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