Senyuka ngokuqapha ezitebhisini, umnyama bhuqe wendlu egibele ibhoboze isiyingi sokukhanya somngane wami kuphela. Phezulu lapho kuhlala khona, i-flashlight idansa ekhoneni njengoba u-Quafin, onikeze igama lakhe lokuqala kuphela, ekhomba isithando somlilo. Uyaganga; le ndlu - ngokungafani nezinye izakhiwo eziningi eziphethwe yibhange ebhulokhini - ayinakuhlaleka ngokuphelele.
Yayikhishiwe, yavalwa futhi yafakwa ebusika ngoJuni 2010, ngokwesaziso esodongeni esifakwe yi-BAC Field Services Corporation, ingxenye yeBhange LaseMelika. Ixwayise: "ukungena kwabantu abangagunyaziwe kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele." Kepha iBank of America isikhohliwe ngokucacile ngendlu kanye nesidingo sayo sokuhlinzeka โukugcinwa nokuvikelekaโ obekuzoqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ingaphinde ihlalwe maduzane. Umnyango ongaphansi uvulekile, amapayipi epayipi akhishwe ezindongeni, futhi ukhaphethi ungcoliswe amanzi. Umndeni wokugcina owahlala lapha wathenga umuzi ngo-$175,000 ngo-2002; eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, ibhange lafuna i-$286,100 emalini ebekelwe isikhathi esedlule futhi layithatha futhi.
KungoMeyi 2012 futhi sise-Woodlawn, indawo enkulu yase-Afrika yaseMelika eSouth Side yase-Chicago. Iqembu i-Quafin liyingxenye yabazibiza nge-HIT Squad, okufushane nge-Housing Identification and Target. Umgomo wabo uwukwenza kumephu amakhaya awonakele, aphethwe amabhange anentela yezakhiwo eseyedlulelwe yisikhathi kanye nomakhelwane abathukuthele ngokwanele ngokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo ukuze bacabangele ukusekela uhlelo lokuthatha kabusha labo abaphinde bathathwe.
โNoma yini engingayenza,โ kusho omunye wesifazane etshela iqembu ngemuva kokuchazelwa ngohlelo lwalo lokulungisa kabusha izindlu zamabhange nokuthuthela emindenini engenazo izindlu. Ukhomba ngaphesheya komgwaqo endaweni entekenteke, egibele phezulu ehlotshiswe nge-a isibhengezo esigugile โ โUkunakekelwa Kwezingane Zasekhaya Kagogo: Bhalisa Manje!โ โ kanye nenombolo enqanyuliwe. Kukhona amakhaya angama-20 aphethwe ngamabhange njengayo endaweni engamabhulokhi amahlanu. Amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi okungenani amahlanu kuwo kwase kudlule iminyaka ekhokhelwa intela yawo yendawo.
Lapho kwakunezindonga zangaphandle, ezinye izindlu zemidlalo zishiswe izimbobo zomlilo obaswe abantu abazama ukufudumala. Ngo-2011, izicishamlilo ezimbili zaseChicago zafa zizama ukucisha umlilo onjalo esakhiweni esingenamuntu. Manje, izindlu ngaphesheya kweSouth Side zikhona imakwe ngama-X abomvu, okubonisa izindawo umnyango wezomlilo okholelwa ukuthi azilungile. Kwezinye izifundazwe - Wisconsin, Minnesota, Futhi I-New York, uma sibala izibonelo zakamuva - izindlu ezidliwe seziqhume ngemuva kokuthi osonkontileka bamabhange bekhohlwe ukucisha igesi.
Imizi eminingi ehlala abantu endaweni esiyivakashelayo ibonisa izimpawu ezincane: โUngadubuli,โ ifundeka ngombhalo obhalwe ebusweni bengane, โNgifuna ukukhula.โ Ezindlini eziphethwe yibhange, lezi zimpawu sezithathelwe indawo onogada bamafasitela ensimbi. (โSisebenza nazo zonke izinhlobo zamasevisi, abamukeli, ukuphathwa kwezakhiwo, nabaphathi bempahla yasebhange, okukwenza ukwazi ukuvikela ngokushesha futhi kalula isakhiwo sakho ukuze uqhubeke,โ uyaqhosha I-Door and Window Guard Systems, inkampani ehamba phambili โembonini yezokuphepha yokwakhaโ ekhulayo.)
Izindlu eziyingozi yilezo ezishiywe zingavikelekile, zigcwele izibi namabhodlela eCobra vodka angenalutho. Sisondela kuleyo ekhala izinhlanzi ze-tuna futhi sizame ukusunduza umnyango ongaphansi, ovalwe ngocingo olulula kuphela. Umakhelwane wakwamakhelwane, obuyela ekhaya, uyabuza: โBewazi yini ukuthi babulale othile kulelogceke elingemuva nje ekuseni?โ
Okulingana Nenani Labantu BaseMichigan Kuvinjelwe
Kusukela ngo-2007, le nkinga yokudliwa kwempahla isisuse okungenani abantu abayizigidi eziyi-10 emizini engaphezu kwezigidi ezine ezweni lonke. Imindeni ikhishiwe kuma-colonial kanye nama-bungalows, ama-A-frames nama-brownstones emindeni emibili, ama-trailer nama-ranch, amabhilidi nama-cookie-cutter avele avela ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Abaxoshwayo bangabantu abasha nabadala, abacebile nabampofu, futhi bazo zonke izinhlanga, izinhlanga nezinkolo. Bahlanganisa cishe bonke abantu baseMichigan.
Kodwa-ke, izindawo zase-Afrika zaseMelika zazibhekiswe kakhulu kunezinye ngohlobo lwemali mboleko eholele ekuxoshweni kwabantu abaningi ngemuva kokuwohloka komnotho ka-2007-2008. Ekuphakameni kwenkunzimalanga yokuboleka imali, cishe i-50% yazo zonke izikweletu ezinikezwe imindeni yase-Afrika yaseMelika zazibhekwa njenge- "subprime." I New York Times kuchazwe lezi zinkontileka "njengebhomu lesikhathi sezezimali."
Onyakeni odlule nengxenye, ngihambe ezindaweni eziningi zalezi zindawo, ngibika ngokunyakaza okuphansi kokumelana nokuvalwa nokususwa kwabantu okulokhu kuqubuka ngemuva kokuqhuma. Le mizamo yomphakathi ifakazele ukuthi inobuhlakani, iyakhuthaza, futhi ivamise ukusebenza ngempumelelo - kodwa emadolobheni amaningi namadolobhana amaningi, indawo eyakha ingemuva lentshukumo enjalo yethemba ingeyokucekela phansi okucishe kunqobe. Okuningi kugcwaliswe โNgebhange Elishibhile Eliphethwe!โ trailer line onguthelawayeka. Amadolobha aqasha osonkontileka ababizwa ngokuthi โBlackwater Bailiffsโ ukuze bahambisane nezinga lokuxoshwa elididayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inkinga yokudliwa kwempahla ibilokhu ishintsha imiphakathi eminingi yase-Afrika yaseMelika ibe yizindawo ezingqubuzanayo, ehlukaniswe phakathi kwemakethe esihogo egxile ekwenzeni impilo ngokwayo kanye nemiphakathi ehlela ukuvikela izindawo ezihlala kuyo. Lapho ngingena ezindaweni ezinjalo, kulapho ngabona khona ukuthi ukungqubuzana kwamanani okwenzekayo akukhona nje okomqondo noma isingathekiso.
"Ukufuduka kwangaphakathi kubangela ukungqubuzana," kuchaza u-JR Fleming, usihlalo weChicago Anti-Eviction Campaign. "Futhi alikho elinye izwe emhlabeni elingaphoqa abantu abaningi kangaka ukufuduka ngaphakathi futhi lenze sengathi kungokunye."
Ukukhishwa e-Gunpoint
Kwakuyihora lesithathu ekuseni lapho okungenani ishumi nambili lamaphoyisa adonse endlini enesitezi esisodwa, evalwe ngokuluhlaza endaweni yase-Afrika yaseMelika yase-Atlanta lapho uChristine Frazer nomndeni wakhe babehlala khona. Inani eliqondile losherifu namasekela abafikile liyaphikiswa; umsakazo wendawo ubike ukuthi bangu-25, kanti uFrazer ukhumbule ukuthi wabona phakathi kuka-40 no-50.
Umkhandi wezikhiye ubhoboze izingidi zendlu kwangena inqwaba yamaphoyisa ephethe amathoshi nezibhamu.
โUbani osendlini?โ bamemeza. Ngaphandle kukaFrazer, umfelokazi ozinikele ezwini leNdoda Ephezulu, kwakunezinye izakhamuzi ezintathu: unina oneminyaka engu-85 ubudala, indodakazi yakhe esikhulile kanye nomzukulu wakhe oneminyaka emine ubudala. Izinto zaqala ukwenzeka ngokushesha. Ukulawulwa kwezilwane kwaqoqa izilwane ezifuywayo. Amaphoyisa atshele abesifazane ukuthi bagqoke. Angakwazi ukugeza? Kubuza uFrazer. Cabanga nje kuvutha umlilo endlini yakho, kuphendula iphoyisa.
โBafika ekhaya sengathi ngidayisa izidakamizwa,โ kusho yena watshela izintatheli kamuva. Emahoreni ayisikhombisa alandelayo, amaphoyisa akhiphe konke okwakusendlini yakhe futhi avale umgwaqo ukuze avimbele abangani bakhe ukuba bamsize akhiphe izinto zakhe.
โAngazi ukuthi buphi obunye ubucwebe bami, engangibuthenga ngineminyaka engu-30 ubudala,โ kusho uFrazer. โNgineminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nantathu. Bavele bajikijela yonke indawo yonke indawo, i-helter-skelter otshanini obungaphambili ebumnyameni. "
Ukuhlasela kwasusa umsindo kulo lonke elase-Atlanta ngenkathi kwenzeka entwasahlobo ka-2012, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi uFrazer wayenesiphakamiso esalinde inkantolo yombuso okwakufanele akumise ukukhishwa, futhi ngenxa yokuthi wayebambe iqhaza elisebenzayo le-Occupy Homes Atlanta. . Kodwa lolu hlobo lokusabela kwezempi ngokuvamile luwumphumela lapho imiphakathi - ikakhulukazi leyo yemibala - ihlela ukumelana nokuxoshwa.
Ngenkathi uNicole Shelton ezama ukuphindela emzini wakhe owawuthathwe endaweni engaphansi kothango eNorth Carolina, umnyango wamaphoyisa eRaleigh. Ithunyelwe emaphoyiseni angaphezu kweshumi nambili kanye nethimba le-SWAT labantu abayisishiyagalombili. Amaphoyisa abehlome ngezibhamu ezincane ze-M5. Kwaduma ibhanoyi elinophephela emhlane. E-Boston, umhleli oyedwa neqembu lomphakathi i-City Life/Vida Urbana ukhumbula ukuthi amaphoyisa enza udlame ngesikhathi kuvalwe ukuxoshwa endaweni yaseHaiti kangangokuthi ugogo womndeni. waba nesifo senhliziyo khona lapho ku-driveway.
Futhi ngezinye izikhathi akudingi nhlobo ukumelana. Ohlangothini oluseNingizimu ye-Chicago, kuchaza u-Toussaint Losier, umhleli womphakathi oqeda i-Ph.D yakhe. eNyuvesi yaseChicago, "Bangena emnyango, futhi kusendaweni yesibhamu lapho ukhishwa khona."
Abadingisiwe eMelika
Kube nokudalulwa okusabalele - nokunye ukumelana okuhleliwe - emiphakathini iningi labamhlophe, futhi. U-Kevin Kirkman, ukapteni wophiko lomphakathi ehhovisi likasherifu wase-Lee County, wachaza, โNgithola amaphepha amaningi [okukhipha] lapha, akukholakali.โ
Ngaphezu kwe-75% kubahlali baseNorth Carolina's Lee County ngabamhlophe. Kepha uKirkman usayibona imiphumela ebabazekayo yokudalulwa kwenqwaba lapha. โUkhuluma ngodaka lapho kuthinteka khona izinto eziningi. Ukhuluma ngezintela, mayelana nokudayiswa kwezitolo uma abantu behamba, mayelana nezinsiza zokudla, ngophethiloli. Niyabona ukuthi ngikhuluma ngani? Lapho ulahlekelwa umndeni emphakathini? Abanye abantu bayawushiya umphakathi. Ngibabonile abantu besuka esifundeni saseNorth Carolina.โ
Wengeze wathi, โNgizokhuluma iqiniso kuwe, umuzwa wami ukuthi ngeke ngikwenze lokhu kuxoshwa.โ
Noma kunjalo, ubunzima iMelika emhlophe ebhekane nabo ngesikhathi senhlekelele yokuthengwa kwempahla abuqhathanisi nalokho okwenziwa yiWall Street namabhange, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, ezindaweni zase-Afrika zaseMelika. Njengenqwaba yamadokhumenti aputshuziwe, izimo zangaphakathi, kanye nezicelo zoMnyango Wezobulungiswa bonisa, lezo zindawo ezingomakhelwane zaziqondiswe ngendlela ehlelekile nangokungekho emthethweni ngenxa yezikweletu ezimbi kakhulu ezimbi kakhulu. Njengomunye owayengumthengisi we-mortgage wase-Wells Fargo wachaza encwadini efungelwe, โInkampani ibeka 'amabhonasi' kubaboleki abambalwa. Ngalokhu ngiqonde ukuthi izikhulu ezibolekisa ngemali zithole izinxephezelo zemali zokumaketha imali ebolekiwe yama-subprime emiphakathini eyidlanzana.โ
Lokhu kuphoqelwa kwezimali ezibolekiwe ezidla abantu kwakuwubuqili kakhulu ngoba yona le miphakathi yayilambele izikweletu zezindlu amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yokwenqaba kwe-Federal Housing Authority ukuqinisekisa izikweletu emiphakathini enemibala. Njengoba uMike Fannon, ozakwabo bokuthuthukisa iCharles H. Wright Museum of African American History eDetroit, echaza, โAmabhange afanayo anqabela imali eyinhloko manje afaka imali eningi enobuthi futhi acekela phansi umnotho wendawo.โ
Umphumela, ngokusho kwe-2012 National Fair Housing Alliance umbiko, kube โukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwengcebo kule miphakathi emlandweni wanamuhla.โ Phakathi kuka-2009 no-2012 abantu base-Afrika baseMelika balahlekelwa ingcebo engaphansi kuka-$200 billion, okwenza igebe phakathi komcebo wabamhlophe nabamnyama libe likhulu. isilinganiso esingu-20: 1.
Kukhona futhi umkhondo omude wokungabandlululi ngokobuhlanga odlalwa lapha, umlando owenza inkinga yokuvalwa kwezwe kube esinye isahluko emzamweni oyingqopha-mlando nongapheli wokuthola ikhaya. Kusukela ekugqilazweni kuya ekulimeni ukwabelana, ukushintshela ezivumelwaneni ezinemingcele, i-United States kaningi ibe yizwe elingenamusa kubantu bebala. Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule, uMartin Luther King wananela iWEB Dubois lapho ememezela ukuthi umMelika waseMelika โusazithola esekudingisweni ezweni lakhe.โ Namuhla, kunzima ukungaboni lelo qiniso elipendwe kuyo yonke idatha yokubalwa kwabantu yango-2010, lapho amamephu akala ukugcwala kwezindlu ezingenamuntu kanye namamephu akala ukugcwala kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika, nakuba akufani ncamashi, asondele ngokungathandeki emdlalweni.
Njengoba Ben Austen wabhala ku New York Times Magazine, "I-US Postal Service, elandelela lezi zinombolo, ibike ukuthi izakhiwo ezingu-62,000 eChicago bezingenamuntu ekupheleni konyaka odlule, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zihlangene sengathi zakha i-sinkhole ezindaweni ezimbalwa zabamnyama eNingizimu naseNtshonalanga. Izinhlangothi.โ Kwenzeka okufanayo emadolobheni ezweni lonke. Futhi uma indlu ingenalutho ezindaweni ezinjalo, ngokuvamile, akekho obuyela emuva.
Ubugebengu Buqala Phezulu
"Bekunendle egumbini elingaphansi, umchamo, ukhaphethi ogoqiwe," kusho uThomas Turner, isishoshovu sezindlu eChicago echaza ingaphakathi lendlu ebidliwe, eyake yaba khona, ngokusho komakhelwane, yindoda eneminyaka engu-80 ubudala. Ngaphansi kobunikazi bebhange elizinze e-Pittsburgh PNC, u-Turner wachaza, โLashiywa iminyaka eyisithupha, ngakho ama-squatter kanye nabakhumula babhoboze izimbobo ezindongeni. Yayingekho indlu yangasese, nobhavu, wonke amakhabethe asekhishini ayedabukile. Ikamelo lokulala lalibukeka sengathi kukhona othathe isando wavele waqala ukushwibaโฆ Ngisabona amalungu ezigelekeqe kuvulandi ongaphambili noma eziginqa kancane emotweni.โ
Esinye isakhamuzi saseChicago, u-Erica Johnson, sichaze ikhaya elingenamuntu ngendlela efanayo. โBekunezimpahla zokugqoka, izincwadi, izingubo zokugqoka eziphukile, izikhwama zezidakamizwa ezimhlophe, amakhondomu asesebenzile,โ kusho yena. โKwakuyindlu encane yezidakamizwa, futhi cishe babekhulisela amantombazane abo lapha.โ
Eminye imizi ebidliwe iba yizindawo zokuqwayiza, njengendlu ephethwe yiDeutsche Bank eSouth Los Angeles lapho amantombazane ahlala khona. amagama namanani zazikrwelwe ngomaka oluhlaza ezindongeni ezingaphezulu. Abanye baba amalebhu e-meth noma izindawo zokucasha zamaqembu ezigelekeqe.
Lezi zindlu ezingenamuntu eziphethwe yibhange zisiza ekusakazeni ubugebengu nobumpofu emiphakathini esivele icindezelekile - iqiniso elabonakala kimi lapho ngiphelezela u-Dorian Morris, umhloli wezakhiwo oqinisekisiwe, kolunye lwenhlolovo yakhe yezindlu ezingenabantu enyakatho yeMinneapolis. Izimpawu cishe kuwo wonke amakhaya zikhangisa ngobunzima benkinga yezindlu kule ndawo: izitika ze-neon eziluhlaza ezithi โakukho calaโ ezindlini ezibiyelwe phezulu kanye nezingqwembe ezibomvu โzimi ndawonye, โโmisa ukuvalwaโ ezindaweni ezisekela i-Occupy Homes Minneapolis. Ezindaweni ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili, okuwukuphela kwenkomba yokuthi kunomkhaya owawuhlala lapho kwakuyinduku yensimbi ebomvu ebomvu ephawula indawo okwakumi kuyo indlu ediliziwe.
Njengakwezinye izindawo ezingomakhelwane base-Afrika baseMelika ezweni lonke, izakhamizi zalapha zazihlele ukumisa ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaxoshwa ngamabhange ekulahleni inani lomphakathi. Ukwesekwa komakhelwane, ngokwesibonelo, kwasiza umama ogama lakhe lingu-Monique White ukuba ashaye ukukhishwa kwakhe endaweni ishicilelwe kakhulu izinyanga eziyisithupha ngilwa ne-US Bank kusasele amasonto ambalwa ngifike. Noma kunjalo, ukuxoshwa okungapheli kwakudla ngokuzinza komakhelwane.
"Leyo yindlu eyaziwayo yokuqhekeka," kusho uMorris, ekhomba isakhiwo sezitini esingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100 ukusuka epaki lomakhelwane. Izindlu ezingaphezu kwesigamu ezazibonakala zazinamekwe ngamapulangwe. Kungakapheli nemizuzu emihlanu, besesidlulile ezindlini ezimbili ebekade behlala kuzo azihlonze njengezindlu ezidayisa izidakamizwa nezinye ezimbalwa athe bese zigaselwe ngamaphoyisa - wonke amakhaya adliwe lapho imindeni ibihlala khona.
Njengoba sishayela, sasixoxa ngochungechunge lwezenzakalo olungekho emthethweni olwaguqula le mizi yaba imihume yezidakamizwa. Amacala aqala phezulu. Amabhange athengisa ngezindlu ezibolekiwe ezinobuthi njenge-crack, ekhokhela abasebenzi imali eyinzuzo yokubacindezela ezindaweni zase-Afrika zaseMelika. Imali mboleko yaqhuma, ngakho-ke okwakhiwe izigidi zama-afidavithi okudliwa kwempahla ukuze kusheshiswe ukukhishwa okuphoqelelwe nguhulumeni.
Lapho izindlu sezingenamuntu, osonkontileka bamabhange bayayivala futhi bayinakekele ngendlela engafanele, okuvumela abangena ezindlini ukuba bakhumule izintambo zazo zethusi, amapayipi amanzi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nesithando somlilo. Ithusi lilodwa lithengiswa noma yikuphi ukusuka kumasenti angu-50 kuya kudola ngephawundi. Ekugcineni, abantu abathengisa izidakamizwa baqala ukusebenzisa izindlu ebusuku njengezikhungo zokusabalalisa. Ubugebengu obusezingeni lomgwaqo budonsela phansi amanani ezakhiwo ezingomakhelwane, okudala ukudliwa nokuxoshwa okwengeziwe. Futhi ngakho umjikelezo uyaqhubeka.
Amabhange anesibopho esingokomthetho sokunakekela futhi adayise izakhiwo zawo ezidliwe, kodwa ngokuvamile ayayibalekela leyo mithwalo yemfanelo - ikakhulukazi emiphakathini enemibala. Ophenyweni lwamakhaya angaphezu kwe-1,000 ezweni lonke, i-National Fair Housing Alliance okutholiwe ukuthi amakhaya aphethwe amabhange emiphakathini yemibala maningi amathuba okuthi kunemizi esendaweni yabamhlophe abe nemidwebo nopende oxebukayo ngaphandle, udoti namaqabunga afile asakazwe eceleni komgwaqo, izingidi ezingavikelekile eminyango, futhi azikho izimpawu โzokuthengisaโ emadlelweni abo angaphambili.
Izindlu ezivalekile ezindaweni ezinjalo nazo zazinethuba elingu-80% lokuba nefasitela eliphukile noma elinamapulangwe, kanye namathuba angama-30% okuba nodoti otshanini obungaphambili. Ngemuva kwecala, u-Wells Fargo ikhokhwe u-$42 wezigidi ukukhokhela izindleko zesondlo esicwasa ngokwebala; kunobufakazi obuncane obubonisa ukuthi umkhuba usushintshile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Amadolobhakazi anyuse izinhlawulo ezikhokhiswa amabhange angazinakekeli izindlu zawo, kodwa alikho nelilodwa ibhange elike lathweswa icala ngokudayisa izidakamizwa, ukubulala, nokudlwengula okwenzeka ezindaweni zawo ezinganakekelwa noma ezinganakekelwa kahle. Okuwukuphela โkobugebenguโ ababonakala bekhathazekile ngabo yilapho izishoshovu zomphakathi zizama ukulungisa amakhaya anjalo futhi zithuthele imindeni - zenza umsebenzi obekumele wenziwe yibhange kwasekuqaleni. Khona-ke amabhange abiza amaphoyisa ukuze abophe โabephula umthetho.โ
Izindawo Zokunikela
Izindinganiso ezimbaxambili ekunakekelweni kwezakhiwo ziholela enkambisweni โekhathaza kakhuluโ ekuthengisweni kwezindlu: lezi zindlu ezinganakiwe ezingamenyiwe, ezitholakala ngokungafani emiphakathini enombala, ngokuvamile zithathwa abatshalizimali esikhundleni semindeni. Ngokweqile, umtshali-zimali okhethwayo yi-Blackstone Group, enye yezinkampani ezizimele ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke futhi manje esengumnikazi omkhulu wesizwe wezindlu zomndeni owodwa. Kusukela ngo-April 2012, Blackstone has yasebenzisa imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-4.5 zamaRandi ukuthenga okungenani izindlu ezingu-30,000 ezigxile emadolobheni ashaywe kanzima ukudliwa, okuhlanganisa i-Atlanta, i-Jacksonville, i-Orlando, i-Chicago, i-Charlotte, i-Phoenix, nezindawo zasemadolobheni e-California yonkana. Ngokuvumelana ne abathengisi bezindlu zendawo, inkampani ivame ukuthenga ngokheshi.
Umbono wukuthi kunemali enkulu okufanele yenziwe ezindaweni eziqashisayo kulezi zinsuku, njengoba kunezigidi zabantu abafudukayo, ababengabaninikhaya abanamaphuzu ezikweletu aphihliziwe abafuna izindawo zokuhlala. Kufana nomdlalo okhokhelwayo ukuze udlale wezihlalo zomculo - ngaphandle kokuthi i-Wall Street ingumnikazi wesitiriyo, izipikha, izihlalo, nophahla, futhi ngandlela thize lapho umculo unqamuka uhlala uphumile.
Izindlu ezingenamuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezingezamabhange noma i-Blackstone, zidala ukuzungeza kwentengo, indlu ngayinye engenamuntu idonsela phansi amanani ezakhiwo zomakhelwane, okubuye kwehlise imali engenayo yentela yendawo yedolobha kanye namandla kahulumeni wendawo ukuze ahlinzeke ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile. Izikole ezivaliwe ePhiladelphia naseChicago. Izibhedlela ezivaliwe eCleveland. Izinhlelo eziphezulu ezincishisiwe eBaltimore. Zonke lezi zinsizakalo ezibalulekile, eziqedwa kaningi kakhulu emiphakathini yemibala, ziwumonakalo oyisibambiso senhlekelele yokuvalwa.
A Umbiko we-2011 yiHhovisi Likahulumeni Wase-US, elithunyelwe eKomidini Elingaphansi LeNdlu Lezindaba Zokulawula, licaphune cishe izibonelo eziyishumi nambili zokuthi ukwehla okunjalo kwezimali zentela okubangelwa yizikhala zezikhala kuholele ekutheni amadolobha anciphise uxhaso lwemisebenzi yomphakathi, imitapo yolwazi, amapaki, izinhlelo zokungcebeleka, nezikole. izifunda. Elinye idolobha laze lanqamula uhlelo okuhloswe ngalo ukubhekana nezindawo ezidliwe ezingenamuntu, ngenxa yokushoda kwemali yentela.
Umphumela wokugcina we-dystopian wale spiral yilokho intatheli uNaomi Klein ebizwa ngokudumile imfundiso yokushaqeka: inkinga iqhutshekwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ekugcineni ivumela ukungenelela okumangazayo kwangaphandle (funda: ukugcinwa kwangasese). Iwuhlobo lomphumela esiwubona njengamanje eMichigan, lapho, ngokusho kwe-a isinqumo senkantolo ngesonto eledlule, "Ukufaka isicelo sokuqothuka kwakamuva kwe-Detroit kugcizelela kuphela imiphumela ebanzi yokubolekwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nokudlulwa okuwumphumela nakanjani." Kungenzeka ukuthi lelo dolobha lisesimweni sokuqothuka komasipala okukhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni wase-US, kodwa ngokungafani nalapho amabhange amakhulu nezimpahla ezinkulu zezimali ziwohloka, uMongameli Obama wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi kulokhu ngeke kube khona ibheyili yenhlangano yezigidigidi zamarandi.
โNgokufuduka kwabantu abaningi, kugcina kuyisimo lapho abantu befana nokuthi, 'Hhayi-ke, kuzofanele siwadubule lawo makhaya,'โ kusho umhleli waseChicago u-Toussaint Losier. "Ziba yizindawo zokudela kunezindawo lapho abantu beletha khona izixazululo ezicatshangelwayo."
Isihlangu Nenkemba
Amaqembu amancane abahleli bomphakathi athwala umsebenzi wakwaHerculean wokuvikela izindawo ezinjalo ezishiywe uhulumeni wobumbano.
โBheka, uma ufuna ukuthatha ikhaya lethu, kuyisenzo sempi,โ kuchaza uLosier, ngakho impendulo yeqembu lakhe, engokomfanekiso, โinkemba nesihlangu.โ Kuyisu alifunde eqenjini laseBoston elimelene nokuvalwa kwezindawo i-City Life/Vida Urbana. Isihlangu simelela isivikelo esingokomthetho esinesizotha ngokwedlulele esinikezwa abantu ngaphansi kohlelo lwezobulungiswa olunikeza amabhange amalungelo amaningi kunabo โ futhi luvumela izivumelwano ezingenacala kwabanamandla ababanjwe bephula umthetho ngokusobala. (Endabeni yobugebengu bokudliwa kwempahla, bheka isibonelo $ 335 million I-Bank of America yokubandlululwa ngo-2011, i $ 26 billion Ukusayinwa kwe-robo ngo-2012, kanye ne- $ 8.5 billion ukukhokhelwa ngokuthengwa okungalungile ngo-2013.)
Inkemba imelela izenzo - kusukela ezicelweni kuye ekuvinjweni kokuxoshwa - okuhloswe ngayo ukumisa ukuxoshwa kanye nokulungisa izindawo ezingomakhelwane. Futhi yebo, kukhona usayizi wempilo, inkemba nesihlangu esakhiwe esisethwe ehhovisi le-City Life e-Boston. Abazofika okokuqala emihlanganweni yamasonto onke yaleli qembu kumele baphakamise inkemba emakhanda abo futhi bagomele ngokuthi bazimisele ukulwela amakhaya abo. โSizolwa nawe-ke!โ lonke iqembu liyathokoza.
Ezweni lonke, imiphakathi yemibalabala isebenzisa lawa maqhinga amabili, kanti okwesithathu okungase kubizwe ngokuthi โibhulashi lokupendaโ: โโamaqhinga okudala ahloselwe ukwakha into entsha phakathi komonakalo. E-Detroit nase-Philadelphia, omakhelwane batshala izingadi zomphakathi emakhulwini ezindawo ezingenamuntu. E-Boston, iqoqo lezishoshovu zomphakathi lahlanza ibhulokhi lazo futhi lalahla udoti - ezazibuthelwe otshanini obungaphambili bomuzi ophethwe yiBhange LaseMelika - emnyango we-brownstone kamongameli webhange lesifunda.
E-Minnesota naseCalifornia, inhlangano yezepolitiki emazingeni aphansi yacindezela izishayamthetho zezwe ukuthi zamukele izikweletu zokuqala zamalungelo abanikazi bezindlu. A Barclays umbiko kamuva wakhalaza ukuthi "abasebenzi baqaphe kakhulu lapho benza ukuthengiswa kokuvalwa" ngenxa yomthetho. E-Chicago, amaqembu alwela inkululeko avuselela futhi athatha izindawo ezingenamuntu, kuyilapho amaqembu amelene nodlame engenela ezingxabanweni ezibangelwa ubumpofu nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi.
Zombili izindlu zaseChicago ezadliwayo uThomas Turner no-Erica Johnson abazichaza njengezigcwele indle, amakhondomu asesebenzile, nezidakamizwa manje sezihlanzekile, sezipendiwe, futhi sezigcwele. UTurner waze wafaka isitense sezinyoni ezincane ezinsomi ezindongeni zaleyo asebenza kuyo. Kepha izinga eliqhubekayo lenhlekelele - elikhohliwe abezindaba abanentshisekelo enkulu kubo ukukhuphuka kwamanani asekhaya kunezaziso zokuxoshwa - kudinga okungaphezu kokulungiswa komphakathi kanye nokulawulwa kwezimali okushisayo. Kudinga ukuthi sibuze, futhi sicabange kabusha, uhlelo lobunikazi bezakhiwo oluvimbele izingxenye ezinkulu zabantu ekwenzeni izinqumo zangempela ngemiphakathi abahlala kuyo. Futhi uma kwenzeka ucabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyinkinga ye-Black America kuphela, cabanga futhi. Njengoba i New York Times waxwayiswa ngo-April, โIzazi ze-alchem โโzase-Wall Street sezikhona futhiโฆ zivuselela izinhlobo ezifanayo zokutshalwa kwezimali abaningi ababecabanga ukuthi azisekho unomphela.โ
Umbuzo uthi, kulokhu, sizowubona yini umuthi wabo ukuthi uyini: ushevu obusabisa ngokuphendula ngamunye wethu, njengoba u-WEB Dubois abhala, abe โumlahlwa nomfokazi endlini yami.โ
U-Laura Gottesdiener uyintatheli, isishoshovu sobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, nombhali we Iphupho Lidaluliwe: I-Black America kanye Nokulwela Indawo Ongabiza Ngayo Ikhaya, eshicilelwe kule nyanga ngabakwaZuccotti Park Press. Ungumhleli ohlangene we-Waging Nonviolence, futhi usebhalele Itshe eligingqikayo, Ms. umagazini, i I-Arizona Republic, AlterNet, nokunye okushicilelwe. Esokuqala sakhe TomDispatch ucezu. Ubehlala futhi esebenza ePeople's Kitchen ngesikhathi kuseZuccotti Park.
Lesi sihloko sitholakala kuqala TomDispatch.com, ibhulogi yewebhu ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we i-American Empire Project, Umbhali we Ukuphela KweMasiko Okunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Indlela Yempi YaseMelika: Izimpi ZikaBush Zaba Ngaka-Obama Kanjani (Izincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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