Izithombe nokubika ngu u-edward garcia
Kukhona okubolile esifundazweni saseMichigan.
Elinye idolobha alinakanga ukwazisa izakhamuzi zalo ukuthi amanzi alo agcwele amakhemikhali anomdlavuza. Enye yahlakaza isifunda sayo sesikole sikahulumeni futhi esikhundleni saso yafaka uhlelo lwesikole esiqashiwe, yabe isibona inkampani yokuphatha inzuzo eyiqashile ibaleka endaweni yesigameko ngemuva kokuthola ukuthi ngeke ikwazi ukwenza inzuzo. Amadolobha amaningi nezifunda zezikole esifundazweni manje seziqhutshwa ngochwepheshe abangabodwa, abaqokwe nguhulumeni, njengoba kuvunyelwe ngaphansi komthetho wemenenja yezezimali eziphuthumayo oqhutshwa nguRick Snyder, umbusi waseMichigan okhuthaza ubukhazikhazi. Lo mthetho awugcini nje ngokuphuca izakhamuzi amalungelo azo okuvota endawo, kodwa unikeza oqokwe u-Snyder amandla okwenza noma yini, okuhlanganisa nokuhlakaza idolobha ngokwalo - konke (noma ngabe kuyinhlekelele kangakanani) egameni "lomthwalo wemfanelo wezezimali."
Uma ucabanga, "Ubani onendaba?" njengoba okwenzeka eMichigan kuhlala eMichigan, cabanga futhi. Isitayela sombuso esinolaka sebhalansi-the-izincwadi sokubusa sesivele sandile ngale kwemingcele yaso. NgoJanuwari, uMbusi waseNew Jersey uChris Christie waqoka ummeli wokuqothuka kanye nowayengumphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo eDetroit uKevyn Orr ukuthi abe โngumeluleki wezomthethoโ e-Atlantic City. I Detroit Free Press kuchazwe umnyakazo "njengokuthatha umbuso okufana nokungenelela kukahulumeni ka-Gov. Rick Snyder e-Motor City."
Futhi kule ntwasahlobo, phakathi kwe-hullabaloo yamaRiphabhlikhi angenela umjaho kamongameli wango-2016, uMbusi uSnyder wethule olwakhe uhambo lwezwe lonke ukuze ukuthengisa "Indaba yaseMichigan ezweni lonke." Uhambo lwakhe luxhaswe inhlangano engenzi nzuzo (eyondla, ngokwemvelo, ngeminikelo engadalulwanga) ebizwa ngokuthi โUkwenza Uhulumeni Aphendule: Indaba YaseMichigan.โ
Kubantu abaningi baseMichigander, lokhu kuzwakale kuyihlaya njengoba uJeb Bush ethula i-PAC enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi โUkwenza I-Iraq Ikhululeke: Indaba Yomndeni WaseBush.โ Ngaphandle kokuthi uSnyder ubengahlelile ukungenela umjaho wamagundane kamongameli. Esikhundleni salokho, ubezama ukugqamisa uhlobo lwepolitiki yaseMichigan ene-austerity kanye nomthetho wayo wokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, owaphuca umthetho. ngaphezu kwengxenye yezakhamizi zase-Afrika zaseMelika zamalungelo azo okuvota endawo ngo-2013 nango-2014.
Njengoba umbusi ezulazula ezweni lonke, umthwebuli wezithombe ozinze ku-Ann Arbor u-Eduardo Garcรญa kanye nami sanquma ukuqala kulokho esasikucabanga njengohambo lwethu lweMagical Michigan lwamasonto amabili. Futhi ngenkathi singashayelanga ibhasi labavakashi eligqokelwe ngokukhethekile - sichithe ingxenye enkulu yohambo ku-Prius ka-2005 kagogo - uhambo lwethu nokho beluyi-surreal ngokumangazayo. Kusukela ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLake Michigan kuya emaphethelweni asempumalanga yenhlonhlo, sinqamule izwe sivakashela amadolobha angaphezu kwesigamu seshumi nambili ukuze sibone ukuthi lukhona yini olunye uhlangothi endabeni yombusi nokuthi ngabe iMichigan yayikhona ngempela yini, njengoba kwasho esinye isakhamuzi saseDetroit, "ukuhlolwa okukhulu kokwembula intando yeningi yase-US."
Misa Okukodwa: Izimpi Zamanzi ku-Flint
Njengoba sifika nje, imashi ichitheka eceleni komgwaqo ophambi kwesakhiwo somkhandlu wedolobha.
โYeka ukudlisa izingane zethu ushevu!โ kucula intombazanyana njengoba isixuku sidilika ezansi ne-South Saginaw Street, indawo edonsa kanzima yedolobha. SiseFlint, eMichigan, indawo eyaba sematheni ngonyaka odlule ngamanzi ayo ansundu, anamakhemikhali, okungenzeka ukuthi anobuthi. Owesifazane onezinwele ezimhlophe onobuhlakani uzulisa ijeke lemalitha eligcwele uketshezi olunemibala yokuchama empompini wakhe wasekhaya. โAbanandaba nokuthi bayasibulala!โ uyakhala.
Sihlangana no-Claire McClinton, umhleli owesabekayo uma ugogo we-Flint Democracy Defense League, njengoba sisondela emfuleni i-Flint. Sekuyisikhathi eside indawo yokulahla izimboni zeFord Motor Company engasemfuleni futhi, kusukela ngonyaka owodwa odlule namuhla, ukuphela komthombo wamanzi okuphuza edolobheni. Ngomhla zingama-25 kuMbasa wezi-2014, ngokuyalelwa ngumphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo wedolobha, uFlint wayeka ukuthenga izimpahla zakhe eMnyangweni Wamanzi Nokuthuthwa Kwendle waseDetroit waqala ukudonsa amanzi emfuleni, okusho ukonga ngokwesabelomali. $ 12 million unyaka. Okubi: abantu baqala ukugula.
Kusukela lapho, kuye kwahlolwa itholakale E. coli kanye namagciwane endle emanzini, kanjalo amazinga aphezulu of trihalomethanes, i-cocktail yamakhemikhali e-carcinogenic eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-THMs. Kwaphela izinyanga idolobha lifihla ukuba khona kwama-THM, okuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka kungaholela ekwandeni kwamazinga omdlavuza, ukwehluleka kwezinso, nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Noma kunjalo, kwaba sobala ezakhamuzini zendawo ukuthi kukhona okwakukhona. Abanye babo bebeqhuma ezinhlamvini ezingaqondakali noma benesifo sohudo esinzima, kanti abanye ubuke njengoba izinkophe nezinwele zabo ziqala ukuqothuka.
Njengoba siwela ibhuloho elincane lezinyawo, uMcClinton ulandisa indlela umkhandlu wedolobha muva nje uvotelwe "ukwenza zonke izinto ezidingekayo" ukuze ubuyisele amanzi kaDetroit. Umphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo, nokho, wasichitha ngokushesha isinqumo sabo, wasibiza ngokuthi โasiqondakali.โ
"Lena imodeli ehluke ngokuphelele yokulawula," uphawula ngokungananazi futhi uchaza ukuthi manje usebenzisana nezinye izakhamizi ukuze faka umyalo ukuphoqa idolobha ukuthi libuyele ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi aseDetroit. Inkinga eyodwa, nokho: kufanele ifakwe e-Ingham County, ikhaya le-Lansing, inhloko-dolobha yezwe, esikhundleni se-Flint's Genesee County, ngoba isinqumo somphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo oqokwe uhulumeni siphonselwa inselelo. โNgaphansi kombuso wombuso, yilapho uya khona ukuyolungisa izikhalo,โ usho kanje. "Okunye nje ukubukela phansi igunya lethu lendawo."
Okwamanje, izakhamuzi eziningi zasedolobheni zisakhungathekile futhi zididekile. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kwemashi, idolobha lathumela izaziso ezimbili ngosuku olufanayo, zipakishwe emvilophini efanayo. Enye, eyanyatheliswa ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, yasho ngokungagunci: โMuva nje isimiso sethu samanzi sephule indinganiso yamanzi okuphuza.โ Eyesibili, enemibala ecwebezelayo, yayinalesi sigijimi esijabulisayo: โSiyajabula ukubika ukuthi amanzi eDolobha LaseFlint aphephile futhi ahlangabezana neziqondiso ze-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency... Ungaqiniseka ukuthi amanzi onikezwa wona namuhla ahlangabezana nazo zonke izindinganiso zokuphepha.โ Njengoba omunye umamukeli wezaziso aphawula, โNgingaphetha nje ukuthi iphuzu bekuwukusidida sonke.โ
UMcClinton umasha ngokuthula imizuzu embalwa njengoba isixuku siphindeka kabili ngaphesheya kwebhuloho futhi siqala ukukhuphuka i-Saginaw Street. Kungazelelwe, indoda igxumela esifanekisweni esingangempilo somgijimi e-Riverfront Plaza futhi iqala ukumembathisa esinye sezikibha zeqembu.
โSโthandwa, angifuni ukuthi ungene enkingeni!โ umkakhe uyamemeza.
Uzabalaza ukudonsa umkhono phezu kwengalo eyodwa yensimbi ngesikhathi edonsa weeooo-weeooo-weeoo kwenhlabamkhosi yamaphoyisa, okubangela ukudideka kuze kube yilapho indodana yale ndoda ibona ukuthi ishaye ngephutha isici se-siren ku-megaphone ewuphethe.
Ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa eshubile, isixuku siya phambili, sishiya isithombe, imilenze yeluliwe phakathi nendawo, izingalo ziphakama ngokunqoba, futhi esifubeni sakhe kunesikibha sikakotini esisha esinesiqubulo esithi: โAmanzi Owalwelayo?โ
Misa Okubili: Amadolobha Amathathu Womdlavuza
Ngelanga elilandelayo ntambama, sangena emgwaqeni we-Interstate 75 endaweni eyimboni yezinqwaba zentuthu, ama-flare off, namasondo angamasondo angu-18, sisendleleni eya kwesinye isimo esibucayi nesokuziphendulela. Lesi sidalwe indawo enkulu yokuhluza isihlabathi setiyela kanye nenqwaba yabanye abangcolisi bezimboni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeDetroit kanye nomakhelwane i-River Rouge kanye ne-Ecorse, amadolobha asogwini loMfula iDetroit.
Kakade nekhanda elibuhlungu kancane ngenxa yokukhipha inkungu, sihlangana nomthwebuli wezithombe nomholi womphakathi u-Emma Lockridge kanye nomakhelwane wakhe u-Anthony Parker phambi kwemizi yabo, abahlala khona kanye egcekeni laleyo ndawo yokuhluza isihlabathi setiyela.
Ngo-2006, amazinga obuthi endaweni yawo, aziwa nje ngekhodi yawo ye-zip ngokuthi "48217," Izikhathi ze-45 ziphakeme kunesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Futhi lokho kwakungaphambi kokuthi uDetroit anikeze ama- $ 175 wezigidi ukuphumula kwentela kwi-Marathon Petroleum Corporation ebiza amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ukuze isize ukuthi yandise indawo yayo yokuhluza ukuze icubungule ukukhuphuka kwesihlabathi setiyela esinesulfure esivela e-Alberta, eCanada.
โSiyiziphu yokunikela,โ kuchaza u-Lockridge njengoba ezinza esihlalweni somshayeli wemoto yethu. "Sinayo yonke imboni kanye nesizinda sentela, kodwa akukho esikutholayo."
Sithathe uhambo lokuvakashela endaweni yangakubo, lapho izikole zidiliziwe namapaki ngenxa yobuthi benhlabathi, kuyilapho izakhamuzi eziningi zibulawa umdlavuza kangangokuthi kunzima ukuthi omakhelwane bazo balandele umkhondo. โBesijwayele ukudlala kumaswing lapha,โ kusho u-Lockridge, ekhomba ujingi ophuzi ogqwalile obekwe endaweni ebiyelwe lapho inhlabathi ihlole khona amazinga aphezulu omthofu, i-arsenic, namanye amakhemikhali anobuthi. "Ukugxumela ngqo ekuholeni."
Njengakwezinye izifunda zaseMichigan, abantu bebebalekela i-48217 ngobuningi. Lapha, nokho, ukwehla kwabantu akuveli ekususweni kwezimboni, kodwa ngenxa yobuthi, ngenxa yesethi yamafekthri ekhula njalo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi indawo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, izimayini zikasawoti, amafekthri etiyela, izitshalo zikasimende, indawo yokubeka umcako namatshe, kanye nedlanzana lezigayo zensimbi konke okuhlanganiswe esifundeni samadolobha amathathu.
Njengoba uLockridge noParker bechaza, bafuna ukuthi iMarathon ithenge amakhaya abo. Baphinde banxusa umbuso ukuthi unciphise amazinga e-emission futhi bafake amacala ezimbonini ezinobuthi ikakhulukazi. Ukuphendula, konke abakubonile amafekthri amaningi anikezwe amakhefu amaningi, kanti izakhamizi ze-48217 azitholi. Ngentwasahlobo edlule, ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wekhwalithi Yezemvelo waseMichigan uvumele imboni ye-AK Steel, eseduze nomakhelwane, ukuthi ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwayo okunobuthi kakhulu izikhathi 725. Imvume, ngokusho kwe Detroit Free Press, weza ngemuva kokuthi โuGov. Isikhungo sika-Rick Snyder esithuthukisa ibhizinisi sisebenze izinyanga singabonwaโ sinxenxa uMnyango Wekhwalithi Yendawo.
โBheka lesi sihlahla esincane esihle lapha! Kubabaza u-Lockridge, ehlisa ijubane imoto phambi kwesitshalo esinamagatsha amagatsha aso, phakathi nale ndawo eyizimboni, agobe ngaphansi kwesisindo sezimbali ezimhlophe.
โLeso sihlahla ngeke sikhule,โ kuphendula uParker. โIfile kakade.โ
โKuyazama,โ kugcizelela u-Lockridge. โAwu, kubuhlungu. Isihlahla sikaCharlie Brown. "
Ubuwula bokuphila endaweni enjalo bugqanyiswa lapho sifika ibanga eliyisigamu sekhilomitha lomgwaqo ophakathi kwesigayo esikhulu sensimbi kanye nesikhungo sokuphehla amandla ngamalahle esiye sabizwa ngokuthi โUkuhamba Kwempilo.โ
โNika Impilo Yakho Amandla!โ kunxusa uphawu olunamathiselwe othangweni lwe-chain-link oluzungeze isikhungo sikagesi. Kuyindawo engalindelekile yokuhamba ngezinyawo, uma kubhekwa izikhulu zezempilo zikahulumeni cabanga lesi siqeshana kanye nepaki eliseduze โinsika yomthwalo wesifuba sombuso.โ
Ngemva kohleko oludabukisayo, silibangisa eZug Island, indawo egada iHomeland Security egcwele abantu ababukeka njengabahlanzi abakhulu abansundu kodwa empeleni abahlanzekile. iziqhumane zomlilo. Lesi siqhingi saqanjwa ngosozigidi uSamuel Zug, owakha indlu ewubukhazikhazi lapho kodwa wathola ukuthi yayicwila exhaphozini. Manje isiyikhaya le-U.S. Steel, umkhiqizi omkhulu wensimbi esizweni.
Lapho sibuya, sima okokugcina e-Oakwood Heights, indawo ecishe ibe namuntu futhi ecekelwe phansi ingxenye etholakala ngaphesheya kwesizinda seMarathon. โLena yindawo yabamhlophe eyathengwa,โ kusho uLockridge. Isimo siyethusa: imigwaqo emincane yokuhlala ekleliswe amasimu anotshani kanye nendlu engenalutho ngezikhathi ezithile. IMarathon leyo izakhamuzi ezikhokhelwayo ukuphuma ezindlini zabo kule ngxenye yedolobha okugcwele abamhlophe, ngenkathi benqaba ukwenza okufanayo ku-African American 48217, ehlala eduze nendawo yokuhluza, u-Lockridge no-Parker noma omakhelwane babo abashayisani ngengozi.
Sihlola izinsalela zendawo yangaphambili: izinyanda zamaphephandaba amadala okwakufanele umuntu alethwe, ibhere eligxishiwe elashiywa kuvulandi wokhuni, kanye nenkundla yokudlala enjengonxantathu engenangane, ukwakhiwa kwayo, okufundeka kanje, โkwenziwa nokwenzeka ngokuphana. iminikelo evela kuMarathon.โ
Njengoba lesi sitobha esingesihle ohambweni lwethu lwaseMichigan siphela, uParker uthi buthule, "Kufanele ngikhiphe umndeni wami lapha."
U-Lockridge uyavuma. โNgifisa sengathi ngabe sinendawo yokuphephela ebesingaya kuyo ngenkathi silwa,โ usho kanje. "Uyabona ukuthi sizungezwe."
Isinyathelo Sesithathu: INyakatho Emhlophe Enkulu
Akuzona zonke izinkinga zaseMichigan ezibangelwa ukuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, kodwa la mandla amasha ashanelayo asenhliziyweni yezingxabano eziningi zendawo. Kamuva ngalobo busuku sihlangana nesisebenzi sedolobha laseDetroit eselathatha umhlalaphansi, intatheli, kanye nomhleli uRuss Belant ozenze uchwepheshe ngale ndaba.
Ngo-2011, uyachaza, uMbusi uSnyder wasayina umthetho wemenenja yezimo eziphuthumayo owaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho Womphakathi 4. Umthelela walo mthetho kanye nowandulele, uMthetho Womphakathi 72, wawumangalisa. Edolobheni lasePontiac, isibonelo, inani labasebenzi bakahulumeni wehla kusukela ku-600 kuya ku-50. E-Detroit, umphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo wesifunda sesikole wenze umkhankaso weminyaka eyisithupha wokusika nokushiswa, okwathi ekugcineni, wavalwa. Izikole ezi-95. E-Benton Harbor, umphathi wawuhlakaza ngempumelelo uhulumeni wedolobha, ememezela: โIqiniso liwukuthi, umphathi wedolobha akasekho. Ngingumphathi wedolobha. Ngishintsha umqondisi wezezimali, ngakho ngiwumqondisi wezezimali kanye nomphathi wedolobha. Ngiyimeya kanye nekhomishana. Futhi angibadingi.โ
Ngakho-ke ngo-2012, uBellant wakhansela zonke izibopho zakhe eDetroit, wapakisha imoto yakhe egcwele ukudla okulula kukashokoledi, amajusi ethini, namapheshana futhi walibangisa enyakatho ukuyokweseka umkhankaso wezwe lonke wokuchitha umthetho ngenhlolovo yokuvota okhethweni lukazwelonke lwalolo suku. Izinyanga ezimbili, enqamula ezindaweni eziphakeme zeNhlonhlo Ephansi yaseMichigan, okuyingxenye yesifunda abantu abathi ibukeka njengesandla, kanye neNhlonhlo Ekude engasemngceleni weWisconsin neCanada.
Uthi: โAmahora ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku, ngangimane ngingqongqoze eminyango.
NgoNovemba, imizamo yaba nezithelo futhi abavoti basichitha lesi senzo, kodwa umgubho waba ngowesikhashana. Ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili kamuva, phakathi neseshini yedada yesishayamthetho sezwe, uMbusi uSnyder waphusha futhi wasayina uMthetho Womphakathi 436, inguqulo ebanzi yomthetho owawukhona. ubufakazi benhlolovo. Kusukela lapho, abaphathi bezezimali baye baqhubeka vala shaqa izicishamlilo, isisetshenziswa iminyango yamaphoyisa, dayisa amamitha okupaka kanye namapaki omphakathi. E-Flint, umphathi waze wathengisa ngepulasitiki i-Santa Claus eyake yahlobisa ihholo ledolobha, yabeka eyokuqala intengo yokubhida ku-$ 5.
Futhi nali iqiniso elilodwa lempilo eMichigan: ukuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kuvame ukubekwa emadolobheni amaningi amnyama. Kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2014, amaphesenti angu-52 ezakhamuzi zase-Afrika zaseMelika esifundazweni zazihlala ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2% kuphela wabahlali abamhlophe. Kodwa nokho ivoti lokuchithwa eliphikisana nenguqulo yangaphambilini yesenzo kwaba ukuwohloka kwezibalo zabantu: 75 kwezingu-83 izifunda bavotele ukungawuhloniphi lo mthetho, okuhlanganisa zonke izifunda zaseMichigan ezisenyakatho, ezimhlophe ngokwedlulele, zasemakhaya. "Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu bavele bafaka ngaphakathi ukuthi i-P.A. Oku-4 bekungeyona intando yeningi,โ kusho uBellant.
Ngakusasa ekuseni, siya enyakatho edolobheni lase-Alpena, a 97% omhlophe idolobha elingasogwini lwechibi lapho uBellant angqongqoza eminyango futhi ukukhumbula kwaba ukunqoba. Lapho siya enyakatho, kulapho isimo sezwe sishintsha khona. Sidlulisa izimpawu ezinxusa abahlali ukuthi "Take Back America: Liberty Yes, Tyranny Cha." Amagalaji kaphethiloli afaka imifanekiso yobumba yama-hillbillies ephuza ukukhanya kwenyanga kubhavu wokugeza.
Sekuzohlwa uma sifika. Sichitha ingxenye yokuvakasha kwethu e-Dry Dock, indawo yokucima ukoma eyenganyelwe umthengisi wotshwala onezwi eli-raspy lapho zonke izigaba zezombangazwe nezibalo zezwe - futhi, ngezindlela eziningi, izwe - ziboniswa ngokugcwele. Omashi ababili baphikisana ngenyunyana yabo; omncane uthanda izivikelo ezinikezayo, kanti uzakwabo washiya indawo ngoba engafuni ukukhokha imali efunekayo. Lokho kuthutha kwenzeka ngemva kwalokho USnyder usayinile ngo-2012, umthetho โwamalungelo okusebenzaโ ophikisanayo, ovumela abasebenzi ukuthi bahoxe emalini okumele bayikhokhe yinyunyana futhi kudale ukuthi ukwehla okukhulu ebulungwini bezinyunyana kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngenhla kwamakhanda abo, isikrini sikamabonakude siveza izithombe ezesabekayo ngamabomu zokuvukela umbuso eBaltimore ukuphendula ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa kukaFreddie Gray, indoda yase-Afrika yaseMelika engahlomile. โAma-Blood, amaCrips, namaGuerrilla aphumele ophikweni Lonogada Besizwe,โ kusho umbazi ekhuluma ngababhikishi abangahlomile, ekhuluma ngokudelela. โAkukhona ukuthi ngiyawathanda amaphoyisa ahlukumezayo, futhi,โ uyanezela.
Kuso sonke isikhathi sokuvakasha kwethu, abantu basitshela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi i-Alpena โakuyona iDetroit noma iFlintโ nokuthi abakwesabi nakancane ukuthi umbuso uzothatha ukulawula idolobha labo eligcwele ubuthongo, elimhlophe, nezivakashi. Lapho sicindezela umbuzo nomnikazi wesitolo samabhayisikili, ubutha buphakama ezwini lakhe njengoba echaza: โIzinto zivele zihambe ngendlela okufanele laphaโ - okusho ukuthi, vele, ukuthi phansi eDetroit naseFlint, izakhamuzi. ungapheli qhuba izinto ngendlela efanele.
Noma kunjalo, imibono eyiphutha, isifunda ivotele ukuchithwa kwePublic Act 4 ngama-63% alabo abavele bakhetha ukudiliza lo mthetho.
Ebonisa umuzwa kaBellant wokuthi abantu bendawo babamba umthetho wokungabi nentando yeningi ngandlela-thile, ngisho noma wawungeke ubathinte mathupha, esinye isakhamuzi sanikeza le ncazelo: โLapho ucabanga ngokuphila ngaphansi kwentando yeningi, lokhu kufana nomthetho wezempi wezezimali... bathi lamadolobha adinga usizo, kodwa akuzwakali njengento engasiza.โ
Misa Okwesine: Ibutho Lemisebenzi Ebalekile
Ngosuku olulandelayo, njengamasosha angu-2,000 175 we-XNUMXth Infantry Regiment of the National Guard. iphele amandla ngaphesheya kwe-Baltimore, siya ohlangothini olusentshonalanga yeDetroit lapho, emahoreni angama-24 kuphela ngaphambili, iphoyisa lidubule labulala indoda eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala ekamelweni layo lokuphumula.
Isixuku sesivele sibuthene eduze kwendlu yakhe ekuqaleni kokushisa kwehlobo, sidlulisa amazwi enduduzo, izimpawu zokuvayiza, futhi sifuna isikhundla njengoba ithimba lezindaba limisa amakhamera nemibhobho ukuze kube nesithangami sabezindaba esizayo. Izinguqulo zalokhu okwenzekile zasabalala ngokushesha: UTerrance Kellom wadutshulwa wabulawa ngesikhathi amaphoyisa egcweleza emzini wakhe ezoletha incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa. Iziphathimandla zithi wabamba isando, okuholele ekutheni adubule; uyise, uKevin, uphikisa ukuthi uTerrance wayengahlomile futhi eguqe phambi kwakhe ngesikhathi edutshulwa izikhathi eziningana, kuhlanganise nakanye. ngemuva.
U-Kellom ungomunye walaba 489 abantu wabulawa ngo-2015 e-United States ngamaphoyisa. Kukhona, nokho, ukujika okuphazamisayo odabeni lukaKellom. Empeleni, akabulawanga amaphoyisa kodwa yi-ejenti yombuso esebenza neqembu elincane elaziwayo le-multi-jurisdictional interagency elididiyelwe yi-U.S. Marshals.
Amabutho afanayo asatshalaliswa ezweni lonke futhi wonke abelana ngomlando ofanayo ongcolile: amaMarshals abelokhu ezingela abantu kusukela ngo-1850 Fugitive Slave Act. waphoqa i-ejensi ukubamba izigqila ezibalekela enyakatho ukuze zikhululeke. Okunye ukulandisa kwephephandaba langekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, lapho kugujwa ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ekuzingeleni okunjalo, kwabhala: โInja yaseCuba yayivame ukudiliza inyamazane yayo futhi idabule umbaleki abe yizicucu ngaphambi kokuba amaphoyisa aqhamuke.โ
Kulezi zinsuku, ithimba leDetroit likhule lisebenza ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuncishiswa kwesabelomali kwehlise umnyango wamaphoyisa endawo. Yakhelwe ngamaphoyisa ophiko lwe-Immigration and Customs, amaphoyisa asuka engxenyeni yeshumi nambili yeminyango yasendaweni, ngisho nabasebenzi behhovisi le-Social Security Administration, iDetroit Fugitive Apprehension Team ibambe ngaphezu kwalokho. 15,000 abantu. Izinga lokuboshwa linyukile kusukela ngo-2012, ngawo lowo nyaka isabelomali samaphoyisa endawo sanqanyulwa ngama-20%. Ngisho nangale kwethimba elisebenzayo, isibalo sama-federal agents agada idolobha sinyukile futhi. I-Border Patrol, isibonelo, ikhulise ubukhona bayo esifundeni ngo kashumi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule futhi emasontweni amabili nje edlule umemezele ukwethulwa kwe- entsha $14 million Isiteshi saseDetroit.
U-Kevin Kellom usondela lapho kuvinjwe khona imibhobho futhi uqala ukukhuluma ngokuthula kangangoba abasakazi bezindaba ababuthene banqwamana emzamweni wokubamba akushoyo. โBayibulele indodana yami,โ ehleba. "Ngifuna ubulungiswa futhi ngizobuthola ubulungiswa."
Nokho namuhla, emasontweni ayisithupha ngemva kokushona kukaTerrance, awekho amacala abekwe i-Immigration and Customs Enforcement ejenti edubule isibhamu esibulalayo. Ezinye izikhulu zezomthetho ezibulale izakhamizi zaseMichigan eminyakeni yamuva ziye zasinda ngendlela efanayo. Iphoyisa laseDetroit uJoseph Weekley laqoshwa ngevidiyo ukubulala U-Aiyana Jones oneminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala ephethe isibhamu esincane ngesikhathi iqembu le-SWAT ligasela emzini wakhe ngo-2010. Usalokhu eyilungu lomnyango. Iphoyisa lika-Ann Arbor uDavid Reid nalo ngibuyele emsebenzini ngemuva kokudubula abulale umculi oneminyaka engu-40 nomama u-Aura Rosser ngoNovemba 2014. Umnyango wamaphoyisa wase-Ann Arbor wakhipha isinqumo sokuthi "ukubulala okungenasizathu" ngoba uRosser wayebambe isibhamu esincane. ummese wasekhishini ngesikhathi sokuhlangana - isinqumo sokuthi amalungu omndeni kaRosser kanye nezakhamizi zasedolobheni baphikisana nomkhankaso oqhubekayo othi makuphenywe ngokuzimele ngokufa kwakhe.
Futhi izigameko ezibulalayo ezinjalo ziyaqhubeka. Selokhu kwashona uKellom, abomthetho badubule babulala okungenani izakhamizi ezintathu zaseMichigan - eyodwa ngaphandle kwedolobha. idolobha laseKalamazoo, omunye eduze Lansing, futhi okwesithathu phakathi Battle Creek.
Misa Isihlanu: Isifunda Sesikole Esingenanzuzo Konke
Isitobhi sethu sokugcina yi-Muskegon Heights, idolobha elincane elisosebeni lweLake Michigan, ikhaya mhlawumbe nesiphithiphithi semfundo esimangalisa kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva. Nansi inguqulo ye-SparkNotes. Ngo-2012, amalungu ebhodi lesikole sikahulumeni i-Muskegon Heights anikezwa izinketho ezimbili: ukuhlakaza isifunda ngokuphelele noma ukuthobela umthetho womphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo. Lapho efika, umphathi wamemezela ukuthi wayehlakaza isifunda sesikole sikahulumeni futhi wenza uhlelo olusha oluzoqhutshwa inkampani yokuphatha izikole ezinze inzuzo ezinze eNew York, iMosaica Education. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, leyo nkampani yaphula isivumelwano sayo seminyaka emihlanu futhi yabaleka ngoba, ngokuvumelana ne umphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo, "inzuzo ivele ibingekho."
Futhi nansi umbhalo waphansi ongemuhle kule saga: ngo-2012, kulungiselelwa isifunda sesikole esisha, esiqanjwe ngendlela efihlekile ngokuthi i-Muskegon Heights Public School Academy System, umphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo wadiliza umsebenzi ngamunye wesikole.
โSasazi ukuthi luyeza,โ kuchaza omunye wothisha basesikoleni samabanga aphansi asebenesikhathi eside besikole samabanga aphansi. Ucele ukuthi angadalulwa, ngizombiza ngoSusan. โSithole izincwadi ngeposi.โ
Khona-ke, ngabo-1:00 ebusuku ngaphambi kokuba kuvulwe isifunda sesikole esisha, wathola ivoyisimeyili ebuza ukuthi angafundisa yini ngakusasa ekuseni. Wavuma, efika eMartin Luther King Elementary School okwakuzoba unyaka omubi kunayo yonke emsebenzini wakhe weminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
Lapho sivakashela leso sikole, isakhiwo sesitini esiyisitezi esisodwa ohlangothini olusempumalanga yedolobha, ingilazi yomnyango ongaphambili yayiphihliziwe futhi amahholo engenalutho, ngaphandle kwabantu ababili ababekhipha ama-air conditioning. Kodwa ekwindla ka-2012, lapho uSusan ebizwa, uMartin Luther King wayesagcwele abafundi - kanye nezinxushunxushu. Amashejuli abemapeketwane. Amakhompyutha abafundi aphukile. Bekushoda cishe yonke into, ngisho namaroli ama-toilet paper. Uhlelo lwezemfundo oluyisipesheli lwesifunda seluvele lwaba eqhubeka nokuthukuthela. Izisebenzi zokufundisa โezintsha,โ ezingezona inyunyana โ mayelana 10% labo ekuqaleni ababengenazo izitifiketi zokufundisa ezisebenzayo - babebancane kakhulu, bengenalwazi, futhi bemhlophe. (Cishe u-75% wezakhamizi zakuleli dolobha zingama-African American.)
โYonke into yayimayelana nemali, ngangizizwa, futhi wonke umuntu wayezizwa kanjalo,โ kusho uSusan.
Njengoba iholo lakhe lehle laba ngaphansi kuka-$30,000, wathola umsebenzi wesibili ohlelweni oluseduze lwangemva kwesikole. Impilo yakhe yayintengantenga. Ngokuyalwa abaphathi abasha ukuthi bangalokothi bahlale phansi phakathi nekilasi, isimo sangemuva saba sibi kuze kube yilapho kudingeka ukuhlinzwa. Ukucindezeleka kwaqala ukuphazamisa inkumbulo yakhe yesikhashana. Ekugcineni, entwasahlobo, uSusan wafuna ilivu yokwelashwa futhi akabange esabuya.
Wayeyingxenye yofuduko olukhulu. Abameli bathi ngaphezu kwengxenye yothisha baxoshwa, bayeka, noma bathatha ikhefu lokugula ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka wesikole ka-2012-2013. UMosaica uqobo ubengasalele emuva, ephule inkontileka yakhe ekupheleni konyaka wesikole wezi-2014. Umphathi wezimo eziphuthumayo uthe uyakuqonda ukuhlolwa kwezimali kwenkampani, eqhathanisa uhlelo lwesikole โno imoto ephukile.โ Ngaleso ntwasahlobo, uMbusi uSnyder wavakashela futhi ebizwa ngesigodi "umsebenzi oqhubekayo."
Kuwo wonke umbuso, inkambiso yemfundo ibibheke phezulu ukwenza kube ngasese futhi ukwanda kokulawula ezifundeni zendawo yihhovisi likambusi, ngemiphumela, ukusho okuncane, emincane kakhulu. Kule ntwasahlobo, umbiko ovela ku-The Education Trust, inhlangano ezimele engenzi nzuzo kwezemfundo kuzwelonke, uxwayise ngokuthi uhlelo lukahulumeni wayesehambile โkusuka kokubi kuye kokubi kakhulu.โ
"Manje sisendleleni yokwenza kancane kunezifundazwe ezingenzi kahle kakhulu," umbhali walo mbiko, u-Amber Arellano, utshele izindaba zendawo.
Kamuva ngaleyo ntambama, savakashela i-James Jackson Museum yedolobha lase-African American History, lapho sahlala khona noDkt. James Jackson, udokotela womndeni kanye nommeli wesikhathi eside wemfundo yomphakathi elawulwa ngumphakathi edolobheni.
Uchaza ukuthi umzabalazo wedolobha osehluleka manje wokulawula indawo kanye nemfundo esezingeni uyingxenye yomlando omude kakhulu. Iningi lemindeni yaleli dolobha lafika lapha engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili lisuka eJim Crow South, lapho izikole zomphakathi zabafundi abamnyama zingagcinanga nje ngokuxhaswa ngemali eshisiwe, kodwa futhi zavinjelwa ukucwaninga nokuphatha ngaphandle, njengoba isazi-mlando uCarter Goodwin Woodson echaza ku- ukuqala kwakhe ngo-1933 cwaningo, I-Mis-Education yamaNegro. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhulwini lama-20, iSimemezelo Sokuzimela kanye noMthethosisekelo wase-U.S. kwavinjelwa ezincwadini zesikole samabanga aphansi ngenxa yokulangazelela kakhulu. โLapho ulawula ukucabanga kwendoda akudingeki ukhathazeke ngezenzo zayo,โ kubhala uWoodson ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, uDkt. Jackson wanikeza imicabango efanayo mayelana nokuthatha i-Muskegon Heights njengoba esiholela emnyuziyamu, isikibha sakhe esiphuzi ngokugqamile sisikhumbuza ukuthi โHlonipha Umlando Omnyama Nsuku Zonke 24/7 โ 365.โ
"Kufanele silawule imfundo yethu," kusho uJackson, ngesikhathi sidlulisa iziqeshana zephephandaba le-sepia zamamashi alwela amalungelo abantu kanye nebhilidi lika-1825 lokudayiswa kukaPeggy nendodana yakhe uJonathan, elathengwa ngo-$371 nguJames Aiken waseWarren County, eGeorgia. "Kuze kube yilapho silawula uhlelo lwethu lwesikole, asikwazi ukufundiswa kahle."
Njengoba sihamba, sima isikhashana ukuze sithathe uphawu lwe-elekthronikhi olulenga efasiteleni lemnyuziyamu, phakathi kwezimemezelo mayelana nemihlangano yeqembu lezincwadi ezizayo kanye namahora okusungulwa, kukhanyise lokhu kugodla ngezinhlamvu ezibomvu:
Imfundo ye-
IMuskegon Heights
NgokwaBantu
Hhayi umbusi
Ngosuku olulandelayo, ekugcineni safika eDetroit, izincwadi zethu zokubhalela kanye namarekhodi alalelwayo e-iPhone kanye namakhadi ememori ekhamera agcwele umphetho, amakhanda ezungeza kukho konke esasikubonile, ibhasi lethu eligugile iPrius-turned-tour-bus lidinga kakhulu ukushintshwa kukawoyela. .
Ngenkathi sisaqhuqha kuMagical Michigan Tour, indawo yezwe, ngandlela thize, ikhule ngokwedlulele. UBernie Sanders, uSenator weSocialist ozimele waseVermont, umemezele ukuthi uphonsela inselelo u-Hillary Clinton ngethikithi leDemocratic Alliance. Isazi sezinzwa saseDetroit uDkt. Ben Carson - odume ngokumemezela ukuthi i-Obamacare "iyinto embi kakhulu eyenzeke kulesi sizwe kusukela ebugqilini" - wangena esekisini laseRiphabhulikhi. Futhi phakathi kwalezi zinxushunxushu, isitayela sikaMbusi uSnyder saqhubeka sidonsa ukunaka, okuhlanganisa nabahleli be Ukubuka kweBloomberg, ngubani kuphelile okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe โngokuvuselelwa kwedolobha,โ ephetha: โUhlobo lwakhe lwezombangazwe lufanelwe ukubonwa kabanzi.โ
Ngakho bopha amabhande akho esihlalo futhi uqaphele. Kwelinye ikusasa โelivuselelweโ leBloombergian, nawe, ungabalekela isifunda sakho sesikole njengabafundi nothisha baseMuskegon Heights, noma uphuze amanzi angcolile ngaphansi kwegunya lomphathi oqokwe uhulumeni njengezakhamizi zaseFlint, noma uqinisekiswe intuthu enobuthi. ukuphefumula njengomakhelwane be-48217, noma udutshulwe njengo-Terrance Kellom ngama-federal agents egumbini lakho lokuhlala. Okufanele ukwenze ukuvumela umkhumbi-ngwenya ophuzi u-Rick Snyder ungene endaweni yakini.
ULaura Gottesdiener uyintatheli ezimele kanye nombhali we Iphupho Lidaluliwe: I-Black America kanye Nokulwela Indawo Ongabiza Ngayo Ikhaya. Umbhalo wakhe uvele ku umama Jones, Al Jazeera, Guernica, Playboy, Itshe eligingqikayo, futhi njalo ku TomDispatch.
U-Eduardo Garcรญa ungumthwebuli wezithombe osuselwa ku-Ann Arbor nomcwaningi ogxile kubantu bomdabu baseMexico, ukufuduka kwaseMexico naseCentral America, ukunyamalala, kanye nokunyakaza komphakathi eLatin America..
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