Eminyakeni engu-25 edlule, abantu abaningi basePalestine namanye ama-Arabhu, e-United States nasemhlabeni wama-Arab, baye bamangala ngamandla e-US pro-Israel lobby kangangokuthi noma yisiphi isifundo, incwadi, noma i-athikili yentatheli edalula ukusebenza kwangaphakathi. , ithonya elikhulu, namandla ezezimali nawezombangazwe ale ndawo yokwamukela izivakashi kuye kwajatshulelwa ukuthi abantu baseMelika bagcine bebona โiqinisoโ kanye โnephuthaโ lezindlela zabo.
Ingxabano eyisisekelo ibe lula futhi iye yatshelwa kaningi ngabasekeli bombuso waseWashington emazweni ase-Arab, izihlakaniphi ezisekela i-US nenkululeko yama-Arab, izihlakaniphi zase-US ezilandelanayo nezikhululekile kanye nosopolitiki bangaphambili, ngisho nezishoshovu zama-Arab kanye nezaseMelika ezisekela amalungelo asePalestine. , okungukuthi, ukungabibikho kweqembu elisekela u-Israyeli, iMelika yayingeke isaba nesandla ekucindezelweni kwama-Arabhu namaPalestine futhi okungcono kakhulu kuyoba umngane nomngane omkhulu wama-Arabhu namaPalestina.
Yini eyenza le mpikiswano ithandeke futhi iphumelele kuma-Arabhu? Ngempela, kungani izimangalo zayo zihlale ziphawulwa ngabangane base-Washington abangama-Arab ezithamelini zama-Arab kanye nezaseMelika njengempikiswano ehehayo? Ngiphikisa ngokuthi okukhangayo kwale mpikiswano ukuthi ikhulula uhulumeni wase-United States kuwo wonke umthwalo nomuzwa wecala omfanele ngezinqubomgomo zawo emazweni ama-Arab futhi inikeza ithemba elingamanga kuma-Arabhu namaPalestine amaningi afisa sengathi iMelika ingaba ngasohlangothini lwabo. esikhundleni sokuba ngasohlangothini lwezitha zabo.
Ake ngiqale ngesisekelo sempikiswano, okuwukuthi umphumela wayo wokususa ukusola kwezinqubomgomo zase-US kusuka e-United States kuya ku-Israel kanye ne-US lobby. Ngokwalo mqondo, akuyona i-United States okufanele ibhekane ngqo nazo zonke izinqubomgomo zayo zombuso emazweni ase-Arab kanye naseMpumalanga Ephakathi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kunalokho ngu-Israel kanye ne-lobby yayo abayiphushele ukuthi yethule. izinqubomgomo ezilimaza izintshisekelo zayo zezwe futhi ezizuzisa kuphela u-Israyeli. Ukusungula nokweseka ubushiqela bama-Arab kanye nobunye ubushiqela baseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ukuhlomisa nokuqeqesha amasosha abo, ukumisa izinsiza zabo zamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi kanye nokubaqeqeshela izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuhlukumeza kanye nokuphikisana nokuvukela umbuso okufanele kusetshenziswe izakhamuzi zabo kufanele kusolwe, ngokusho komqondo walokhu. izifundo, ku-Israel kanye ne-lobby yayo yase-US.
Ukuvimbela konke ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-UN ngamalungelo asePalestina, ukuhlomisa nokuxhasa u-Israyeli ngezimali empini yakhe ngokumelene nezakhamuzi, ukuvikela u-Israyeli olakeni lomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kufanele futhi kubekwe icala hhayi e-United States, izifundo ziphikelela, kodwa ku-Israyeli kanye nezwe lakhe. indawo yokungena. Ukwengeza, futhi ngokuhambisana nalokhu kucabanga, ukulawula umnotho wama-Arab kanye nezezimali, ukuphatha ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nokubeka izinqubomgomo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo yi-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba eziphundla abantu base-Arab kufanele futhi kusolwe kwa-Israyeli, hhayi I-united states. Okokugcina, indlala bese ihlasela i-Iraq, isabisa ngokuhlasela iSyria, igasela bese ivumela iLibya ne-Iran, ivimbezele amaPalestine nabaholi bawo kufanele futhi kusolwe ithimba lakwa-Israel hhayi kuhulumeni wase-US. Impela, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ondlovukayiphikiswa abaningi base-Arab base-US bakuvumela ukuthi kuvuze ngokusemthethweni nangokungafanele ukuthi abangani babo base-US abakhulume nabo babatshele kaningi ukuthi bona kanye "naseMelika" basekela kangakanani izwe lama-Arab kanye namaPalestine ukube bekungelona ithonya i-pro-Israel lobby (ngezinye izikhathi ekhonjwa osomaqhinga baseMelika ngamagama โwobuhlangaโ acace kakhudlwana).
Nakuba izifundo eziningi ze-pro-Israel lobby zizwakala futhi zigcwele imininingwane emangalisayo ebhalwe kahle mayelana namandla asabekayo ayalwa amaqembu afana ne-American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) kanye nabalingani bayo, inkinga ngeningi labo. yilokho okuhlala kungashiwongo. Ngokwesibonelo, kunini futhi ngamuphi umongo uhulumeni wase-United States wake wayisekela inkululeko yezwe Emhlabeni Wesithathu? Irekhodi le-United States lingelinye lokuba yisitha esingabekezeleleki sawo wonke amaqembu enkululeko yezwe Yesithathu, okuhlanganisa nawaseYurophu, kusukela eGreece kuya eLatin America kuya e-Afrika nase-Asia, ngaphandle kwasemacaleni adumile empi yama-fundamentalist ase-Afghan ngokumelene ne-USSR kanye ukusekela ubandlululo amaphekula amakhulu adlelana neNingizimu Afrika e-Angola naseMozambique (i-UNITA ne-RENAMO) ngokumelene nohulumeni bamazwe abo abamelene nobukoloni. Kungani-ke i-US ingasekela inkululeko kazwelonke emhlabeni wama-Arabhu ingekho indawo yokwamukela izivakashi ye-pro-Israel yinto lezi zifundo ezingalokothi ziyichaze.
I-United States ibe nenqubomgomo engaguquki kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II yokulwa nayo yonke imibuso eMhlabeni Wesithathu ephikelela ekulawuleni izinsiza kazwelonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umhlaba, uwoyela, noma ezinye izimbiwa ezibalulekile. Lokhu kusuka e-Iran ngo-1953 kuya eGuatemala ngo-1954 kuye kulo lonke elaseLatin America kuze kufike eVenezuela yanamuhla. I-Afrika iye yaba yimbi kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule, njengoba kunjalo namazwe amaningi ase-Asia. Kungani i-United States ingasekela imibuso yobuzwe emhlabeni wama-Arabhu ezokwenza imithombo yemvelo ibe ngaphansi kombuso futhi imise ukuphangwa kwayo yinhloko-dolobha yaseMelika ingekho indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yakwa-Israel nayo iseyimpicabadala engachazwanga yilezi zifundo. Okokugcina, uhulumeni wase-United States uphikise futhi waketula noma wazama ukuketula noma yimuphi umbuso ofuna inkululeko yangempela nebambekayo eMhlabeni Wesithathu futhi udunyazwa ikakhulukazi leyo mibuso ephishekela izinqubomgomo ezinjalo ngokhetho lwentando yeningi.
Ukuketulwa kwemibuso kusukela e-Arbenz kuya eGoulart kuya eMossadegh nase-Allende kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokuketula uChavez kuyizibonelo ezigqamile, kanjalo nokuketulwa kwemibuso yobuzwe efana nokaSukarno noNkrumah. Ukwesaba okwenzeke kubantu abaphonse inselelo imibuso yobungane efakwe e-US kusukela e-El Salvador naseNicaragua kuya e-Zaire kuya e-Chile nase-Indonesia kubangele ukubulawa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane, uma kungenjalo izigidi ngamaphoyisa engcindezelo namasosha aqeqeshelwe le misebenzi ebalulekile yi-US. Lokhu kungaphandle kokuhlasela kwe-US okuqondile emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kanye naseMelika Ephakathi okwabulala izigidi ezingenakubalwa amashumi eminyaka.
Kungani i-US kanye nezinhlaka zayo zengcindezelo ziyeka ukuhlasela amazwe ama-Arab, noma ziyeke ukusekela amabutho acindezelayo emibuso yobushiqela yama-Arab futhi kungani i-US ingayeka ukumisa ohulumeni abayithunzi ngaphakathi kwezindlu zamanxusa ezindlini zama-Arab ukuphatha izindaba zala mazwe (kwezinye izimo uhulumeni wethunzi wase-US uqhuba izwe lama-Arab okukhulunywa ngalo kuze kufike emininingwaneni emincane nohulumeni wama-Arab okukhulunywa ngaye ancishiswe ekukhipheni imiyalo) uma indawo yokwamukela i-pro-Israel ingekho ayikaze isetshenziswe yilezi zifundo ingasaphathwa eyokuchazwa.
Izimpikiswano ezivezwa yilezi zifundo beziyokholisa kakhulu ukube ithimba lakwa-Israel beliphoqa uhulumeni wase-United States ukuthi enze izinqubomgomo zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ezingahambisani nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke kwenye indawo. Lokhu, nokho, kukude nalokho okwenzekayo. Nakuba izinqubomgomo zase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi zingavame ukuba uhlobo olunehaba lwezinqubomgomo zayo zengcindezelo nezokulwa nentando yeningi kwenye indawo emhlabeni, azihambisani nazo. Umuntu angasho kalula ukuthi amandla e-pro-Israel lobby yiwo abangela leli haba, kodwa ngisho nalo mbango awuheheki ngokuphelele. Umuntu angaphikisa (futhi ngike ngaphikisa kwenye indawo) ukuthi empeleni kuwumgogodla we-Israyeli esu lase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi okwenza, ngokwengxenye, amandla e-pro-Israel lobby hhayi ngenye indlela.
Impela, ucwaningo oluningi lwakamuva lugqamisa indima yamalungu e-pro-Likud okuphatha kukaBush (noma ngisho nabaphathi bakaClinton) njengobufakazi bamandla amakhulu enkundla yokwamukela izivakashi, lapho, kungaphikiswana kalula ngokuthi yilabo sopolitiki baseMelika ababenabo. iphushe i-Likud kanye neLabour ekungaguqukini okwengeziwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990 futhi ibaphushela ekunqobeni okwengeziwe njengoba sebesohlwini lukahulumeni wase-US. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi abaholi bethimba labasekeli baka-Israyeli abahlale beqhosha ngethonya labo elibalulekile kunqubomgomo yase-US kuCongress kanye nase-White House. Lokho bebekwenza njalo kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970.
Kodwa indawo yokwamukela izivakashi inamandla e-United States ngoba izimangalo zayo ezinkulu zimayelana nokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zase-US futhi ukweseka kwayo i-Israel kuhambisana nokweseka kwayo isu lonke lase-US eMpumalanga Ephakathi. I-pro-Israel lobby idlala indima efanayo naleyo eyadlalwa indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yase-China ngeminyaka yawo-1950 futhi indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yaseCuba isadlala nanamuhla. Iqiniso lokuthi inamandla kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo yokwamukela izivakashi yakwamanye amazwe e-Capitol Hill ifakazela ukubaluleka kwe-Israel kuqhinga lase-US hhayi emandleni athile amangalisayo indawo yokwamukela izivakashi ewayala ngaphandle kwawo futhi ngaphandle โkokuthakaselayo kwezweโ lase-US. I-pro-Israel lobby ayikwazanga ukuthengisa umyalezo wayo futhi ibingeke ibe nomthelela uma i-Israel iyizwe lamakhomanisi noma elimelene nama impiriyali noma uma i-Israel iphikisana nenqubomgomo ye-US kwenye indawo emhlabeni.
Abanye bangaphikisa ngokuthi nakuba i-Israel izama ukuhlanganisa izithakazelo zayo nalezo zase-US, ukuthi i-lobby yayo idukisa abenzi bezinqubomgomo baseMelika futhi isusa isikhundla sabo ekuhloleni okuhlosiwe kwalokho okuyinzuzo ngempela yeMelika kanye neyakwa-Israyeli. Ingxabano ihamba kanje: Ukwesekwa kwe-US ku-Israel kubangela ukuthi amaqembu aphikisana no-Israel azonde i-US futhi ayibhekise ekuhlaseleni. Kuphinde kubiza ukusabalala kwezindaba zase-US ezinobungani emhlabeni wama-Arab, kuthinte amandla ayo okutshala imali emazweni ama-Arab, futhi ilahlekelwe abalingani bayo ababalulekile esifundeni, noma okungenani yenze laba bambisene buthaka. Kodwa akukho kulokhu okuyiqiniso. I-United States ikwazile ukuba ngumsekeli omkhulu ka-Israyeli kanye nomxhasi wezimali, umvikeli wayo oqine kakhulu kanye nomnikezeli wezikhali ngenkathi igcina ubudlelwano obunamasu nabaningi uma kungebona bonke ubushiqela bama-Arab, okuhlanganisa nePalestine Authority ngaphansi kokubili kuka-Yasser Arafat kanye no-Mahmoud Abbas.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zase-US kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwaseMelika kunobukhona obukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wama-Arab, ikakhulukazi kodwa hhayi kuphela emkhakheni kawoyela. Futhi, ngisho nangaphandle kwemizamo edabukisayo nengasebenzi kahle e-US propaganda ngokucasha kwesiteshi sikamabonakude i-Al-Hurra, noma iRadio Sawa kanye nalezo ezingasekho. Hi , ingasaphathwa eyezintatheli namaphephandaba akhokhelwa yi-US e-Iraq nakwezinye izindawo, ibutho lonke lamaphephandaba ama-Arabhu kanye neziteshi zethelevishini zikahulumeni, ingasaphathwa eyenqwaba yeziteshi zethelevishini zesathelayithi ezigubha i-US nesiko layo, zisakaza izinhlelo zaseMelika, futhi zizama ukuthengisa. umbono wase-US ngempumelelo ngangokunokwenzeka ukhawulelwe kuphela imikhawulo izinqubomgomo zangempela zase-US esifundeni ezibeka emqondweni ojwayelekile. Ngisho ne-Al-Jazeera ecasulayo iye yagoba emuva ukuze yamukele umbono wase-US kodwa ihlale ingaphansi kwezinqubomgomo zangempela zase-US esifundeni. I-Al-Jazeera, ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kanye nezinsongo zokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ezivela e-United States, ngokwesibonelo iyekile ukubiza amabutho ase-US e-Iraq ngokuthi "amabutho okuhlasela" futhi manje isiwabiza ngokuthi "amabutho omfelandawonye". Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela nini i-US ifune ukuwina umncintiswano wokuduma phakathi kwabantu bomhlaba? Ama-Arabhu awasenayo inzondo noma ayithande i-United States njengoba kwenza abantu baseLatin America, abantu base-Afrika, abase-Asia, noma ikakhulukazi abaseYurophu.
Ekugcineni sifika empikiswaneni yezezimali, okungukuthi i-US inika u-Israyeli inani lemali elibi kakhulu - izindleko ezimba eqolo ezingenakulingana nalokho i-US ekutholayo njengembuyiselo. Eqinisweni, i-United States ichitha okuningi ezizindeni zayo zempi emazweni ama-Arab, ingasaphathwa eyaseYurophu noma e-Asia, kunalokho ekwenza kwa-Israyeli. I-Israel isebenze kahle kakhulu ekunikezeni izinsiza kunkosi yayo yase-US ngentengo enhle, noma ngabe idlulisela izikhali ezingekho emthethweni embusweni wobushiqela waseMelika emaphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1970s kanye nawo-1980, isiza imibuso ye-pariah efana neTaiwan kanye neNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo ngesikhathi esifanayo, isekela i-pro- I-US, kuhlanganise namaFascist, amaqembu angaphakathi kwezwe lama-Arab azobukela phansi imibuso yobuzwe yama-Arab, kusukela e-Lebanon kuya e-Iraq kuya eSudan, eza ezosiza imibuso yama-Arab esekela i-US ngesikhathi esatshiswa njengoba kwenzeka eJordani ngo-1970, futhi ehlasela imibuso yobuzwe yama-Arab ngokuqondile. njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1967 ne-Egypt neSyria nango-1981 ne-Iraq lapho ibhubhisa i-nuclear yalelo zwe.
Ngenkathi i-US ikwazile ukuketula uSukarno kanye noNkrumah ekuvukeleni igazi, uNasser wahlala egxilile kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Israel emqeda amandla ngeMpi ka-1967. Kungenxa yale nkonzo enkulu ukuthi i-United States yandise ukwesekwa kwayo ku-Israel kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Israyeli waqeda i-PLO ngo-1982, hhayi isevisi encane emibusweni eminingi yama-Arab kanye nomxhasi wabo wase-US owayengakwazi ukulawula inhlangano ngokugcwele kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Azikho izizinda zamasosha aseMelika okuchithwa izigidigidi ezengeziwe ezingafuna irekhodi elimangalisayo. Abagxeki bathi ngesikhathi i-US sekumele ingenelele eGulf, yayingeke ithembele ku-Israel ukuthi yenze lo msebenzi ngenxa yozwela lokuyifaka kumfelandawonye ongaphoxa ama-Arab, yingakho isidingo sokungenelela okuqondile kwe-US kanye nokungasizi ngalutho. ka-Israyeli njengozakwethu wamasu. Yize lokhu kungaba yiqiniso, i-US nayo ayikwazanga ukuthembela kunoma yiziphi izisekelo zayo zempi ukuthi iqalise ukuhlasela iyodwa futhi kwadingeka ukuthi ithumele ibutho layo. Izisekelo zaseMelika eGulf zanikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile nokudingekayo kodwa kanjalo no-Israyeli.
I-AIPAC inamandla ngempela njengoba icindezela izinqubomgomo ezihambisana nezintshisakalo zase-US futhi ezihambisana nombono obusayo wombuso wase-US. Amandla eqembu le-pro-Israel lobby, kungaba kuKhongolose noma kumakhampasi phakathi kwabaphathi bamanyuvesi, noma abenzi benqubomgomo awasekelwe kuphela emakhonweni abo enhlangano noma ukufana kwemibono. Ngesilinganiso esincane, izimo zengqondo ezimelene namaSemite kuCongress (naphakathi kwabaphathi benyuvesi) zidlala indima ekukholelweni izimangalo eziyihaba zesikhungo sokwamukela izivakashi (kanye nezitha zayo) mayelana namandla aso angempela, okuholela ekudonseni kwabo umugqa. Kodwa noma ngabe lokhu bekuyiqiniso, umuntu angaphikisa, akunandaba ukuthi indawo yokwamukela izivakashi inamandla angempela noma acatshangelwayo. Inqobo nje uma uKhongolose kanye nabenzi bezinqubomgomo (nabaphathi bamanyuvesi) bekholelwa ukuthi kunjalo, izohlala isebenza futhi inamandla. Impela ngiyalivuma leli phuzu.
Yini-ke ebingahluka kunqubomgomo yase-US eMiddle East engekho u-Israyeli kanye nethimba lakhe elinamandla? Impendulo ngamafuphi ithi: imininingwane nokuqina kodwa hhayi isiqondiso, okuqukethwe, noma umthelela walezo zinqubomgomo. Ingabe i-pro-Israel lobby inamandla kakhulu e-United States? Njengomuntu osekuphele iminyaka emithathu ebhekene nokucindezela okukhulu kwamandla abo ngenxa yethonya labo elimangalisayo enyuvesi yami kanye nemizamo yabo yokungixosha, ngiphendula ngoyebo oqinile. Ingabe ikakhulukazi banesibopho sezinqubomgomo zase-US maqondana namaPalestine kanye nomhlaba wama-Arab? Lutho neze.
I-United States iphikiswa emazweni ama-Arab njengakwezinye izindawo ngoba iphishekele futhi isaqhubeka nokulandela izinqubomgomo eziphambene nezintshisakalo zabantu abaningi kulawa mazwe futhi ezizuzisa kuphela izintshisekelo zayo kanye nemibuso eyingcosana esifundeni esisebenzayo. lezo zithakazelo, kuhlanganise no-Israyeli. Ingekho le migomo, futhi hhayi indawo yokwamukela izivakashi ye-pro-Israel ebasekelayo, i-United States kufanele ilindele ushintsho ekumeni kwayo phakathi kwama-Arab. Kafushane nje, i-United States kuzofanele iqhubeke nezinqubomgomo zayo esifundeni esezibhidlizile, futhi iqhubeke nokudala umonakalo eningini lama-Arabhu futhi ingalindeli ukuthi abantu base-Arab bazoyithanda futhi.
Joseph Massad unguprofesa ohlangene wepolitiki yesimanje yama-Arab kanye nomlando wobuhlakani e-Columbia University. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva Ukuphikelela kombuzo wasePalestine yanyatheliswa ngabakwa-Routledge. Lesi sihloko savela ekuqaleni Al-Ahram.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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