[Le ndaba iyingxenye yochungechunge lwe-ZNet Classics. Kathathu ngeviki sizophinda sithumele indatshana esicabanga ukuthi ibalulekile ngokungapheli. Le yashicilelwa okokuqala ngoJuni, 2006.]
{ Leli phepha lalungiselelwa uJuni 1 - 7 2006 kuqala Z Izikhathi Zombono kanye Namasu, ebanjelwe eWoods Hole, Massachusetts. Lezi zikhathi ziqoqa izishoshovu ezivela emhlabeni wonke ukuze zabelane ngemibono nolwazi mayelana nombono womphakathi kanye namasu. }
Hlobo luni lwezikhungo zezombusazwe kanye nezinqubo ezingafanela umphakathi omuhle? Ake ngikhiphe izikhungo eziphezulu nezamajaji, bese nginciphisa umbuzo engizowubuza, Yiziphi izinhlobo zezikhungo zokwenza izinqumo nezinqubo ezingafanela umphakathi omuhle?
Kule minyaka edlule, abakwaNxele baye banikeza izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene kulo mbuzo, zonke ngokubona kwami โโzinamaphutha angathi sรญna ngandlela thize, nakuba ngayinye inokuqonda okubalulekile okufanele ikunikeze.
I-Leninism
Impendulo eyodwa edumile ngakwesobunxele kube yiLeninism. Nakuba abalimi baseRussia abangenalwazi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 babevame ukuthi โUkube u-Czar wayaziโฆ,โ u-Lenin wathi esikhundleni salokho โUkube bengiwuMbusi.โ Lapho uLenin ememezela ukuthi โukuzithoba ngokungangabazeki encwadini yefa eyodwaโ kuyadingeka embonini yesimanje enkulu, wayebonisa umbono nezithakazelo zesigaba somxhumanisi, hhayi isigaba sabasebenzi. AmaBolshevik asungula isimiso sezombangazwe esaguqukela ezenzweni ezesabekayo zeStalinism, kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho sasingahambisani nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi.
Abalandeli bakaLenin baphendula labo ababegxeka ukuntula kwabo intando yeningi ngokuthi umphakathi kufanele ufeze izimfuno zesigaba sabasebenzi, hhayi lokho okucatshangwayo, hhayi lokho isigaba sabasebenzi ngokuqaphela kwaso okungamanga esikholelwa ukuthi siyizithakazelo zaso. Ngakho-ke abahamba phambili - abanolwazi lweqiniso lokuguquguquka - ngokuvamile kufanele babeke intando yabo kubantu abangenalwazi. Lo mbono wokwazi okungamanga usetshenziselwe ukuthethelela obunye bobushiqela bomlando omubi kakhulu, kodwa umqondo awuwona umcabango ngokuphelele. Iphutha likaLeninist lalingekho ekucabangeni ukuthi kuningi ukungazi laphaya; noma ekucabangeni ukuthi izimo zokuphila eziwohlokayo ngokuvamile ziphazamisa abantu ukuqonda izithakazelo zabo zangempela. Iphutha labo laliwukucabanga ukuthi babengenazo izithakazelo zabo noma ukungazi, nokuthi babezazi izithakazelo zabanye, ngesiqiniseko esanele sokugunyaza ukucindezela labo ababengavumelani.
Ngakho-ke nakuba kufanele senqabe isikhundla sobushiqela bukaLeninist, sifuna uhlelo lwezombangazwe olungagcini nje ngokuthatha isimo sengqondo sabantu njengesimisiwe, kodwa njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo, othuthukayo njengoba abantu besebenza emphakathini onobuntu.
Intando yeningi Emele
Uhlelo lwesibili lwezepolitiki luyintando yeningi emele, uhlelo lapho abantu bevotela abanye abantu - abameleli - abazobusa ngamagama abo. Intando yeningi yabameleli inamaphutha amaningana amakhulu.
Okokuqala, ithatha ipolitiki njengesisekelo esiqinile - okungukuthi, njengendlela yokufinyelela esiphethweni, esikhundleni senani ngokwalo. Kodwa ukubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe kubaluleke kakhulu: kunikeza abantu ulwazi lokulawula izimpilo zabo. Lapho umsebenzi wokucabanga ukuthi singaziphatha kanjani ngokuhlanganyela izimpilo zethu udluliselwa kwabanye, sincipha ulwazi mayelana nomphakathi wethu, sinquma isiphetho sethu, futhi buyancipha izibopho zethu zobumbano nezakhamuzi zakithi.
Inkinga yesibili ngentando yeningi emele ukuthi abameleli ngenxa yezizathu eziningi empeleni abameleli labo ababameleyo. Abameleli basho into eyodwa ukuthi bakhethwe bese beshintsha izikhundla zabo uma sebephethe. Abanakho ukuxhumana kwangempela namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ababamele. Izimo zabo ezihlukene zempilo zibaholela ekuthuthukiseni izithakazelo ezehlukene kulezo zalabo ababavotelayo.
Manje kuyiqiniso ukuthi singagunyaza abameleli ukuthi bagcine izethembiso zabo zomkhankaso. Kodwa kwenzekani lapho izimo zishintsha? Ingabe sifuna ukuba abameleli kudingeke ukuba benze izinqubomgomo ukuthuthukiswa okusha okuzenze zangafaneleki noma zaba yingozi? Kungenjalo, singagunyaza bonke abameleli ukuba balandele izifiso eziguqukayo zabahlanganyeli babo njengoba zibonakala okhethweni lwemibono yomphakathi. Kodwa uma senza lokhu, abameleli banikezwa ngokungabalulekile ngokobuchwepheshe. Asikho isidingo sokuthi abameleli bafunde noma baphikisane ngezindaba ngoba akunandaba ukuthi bacabangani. Okubalulekile wukuthi bavote ngokwezifiso zabo ezibaluliwe. Kafushane, abameleli abagunyaziwe bangavele bathathelwe indawo ikhompuyutha ehlanganisa imibono yabantu bese bevota ngendlela efanele. Kodwa lokhu akuyona into edlula uhlelo lwentando yeningi eqondile (yenhlolovo). Ngakho-ke uma abameleli begunyazwa, ababalulekile, futhi uma bengagunyazwanga khona-ke ngokuvamile ngeke bamele ngempela abavoti babo.
Nokho, abagqugquzeli bentando yeningi emele abantu bayazenza izimpikiswano ezisemthethweni. Bathi kuzothatha isikhathi esiningi ukuthi wonke umuntu anqume yonke into. Ngicabanga ukuthi leli phuzu livame ukwenziwa ihaba โ ukubekezelela kwabantu imihlangano, isibonelo, akunakwahlulelwa ngendlela abasabela ngayo emihlanganweni engasho lutho namuhla lapho bengenawo amandla angempela โ nokho, kuyiqiniso ukuthi akubona bonke abanakho, noma abayoke babe nakho okufanayo. ukushisekela ipolitiki njengoba kwenza izishoshovu zezombusazwe. Asifuni uhlelo lwezepolitiki oludinga ukuthi wonke umuntu ahloniphe ukuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki njengoba kwenza ipolitiki ngokugcwele namuhla. Kodwa noma sizofuna izinga elincane lokubamba iqhaza kunalelo elithandwa abashisekeli bepolitiki, lokhu akusona impikiswano ephikisana nokubekwa kwesikhungo ukubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe kunalokho okwenziwa izakhamuzi eziningi zentando yeningi yonxiwankulu.
Ukuphikisana kwesibili egameni lentando yeningi emele ukuthi izishayamthetho ezimele ziyizindikimba ezidingidayo ezidingidayo futhi zixoxisane ngezinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziveza kahle ingqikithi yodaba, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zisonke zingeke zikwazi ukuhlela kahle lokho. Kufanele bavotele umbuzo wokuvota phezulu noma phansi; abakwazi ukusho kabusha noma ukuchibiyela, nakuba sazi ukuthi amagama anembayo ombuzo wevoti ngokuvamile angahlanekezela imiphumela. Leli yiphuzu elivumelekile, okumele kubhekwe ngalo noma iyiphi enye indlela esikhundleni sentando yeningi.
Idemokhrasi yeReferendum
Idemokhrasi eqondile ingenye yentando yeningi emele abantu. Ngaphansi kwentando yeningi eqondile abantu bazithathela izinqumo bona kunokuba bakhethe abanye ukuba babenzele zona. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningana zentando yeningi eqondile. Enye yalezi yidemokhrasi yereferendamu lapho zonke izindaba zifakwa emphakathini wonkana. Esikhathini esedlule indlela enjalo yayingenakwenzeka: yayingekho indlela yokuvumela izigidi zabantu ukuba zivote cishe nsuku zonke. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe besimanje benza lokhu kwenzeke. Abantu bangasebenzisa i-inthanethi kuqala ukuze bafinyelele ulwazi oluningi lwasemuva ngendlela ababefuna ngayo bese bevotela izinketho zabo abazithandayo.
Kodwa ngisho noma kungenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe, ungafuna ngempela yini ukuchitha sonke lesi sikhathi ngokujulile ufunda ngezindaba eziningi ezixoxwa yizishayamthetho zikazwelonke njengamanje unyaka ngamunye. Labo abashayamthetho bakwenza lokhu isikhathi esigcwele noma kancane. Ingabe ufuna ukutshala leso sikhathi sesikhathi (ngenkathi wenza omunye umsebenzi futhi)? Izishayamthetho zivame ukuba nabasebenzi ukwenza umsebenzi ulawuleke. Ngabe isakhamuzi ngasinye singaba nabasebenzi? Ngokusobala izindlela ezithile ziyadingeka ukuhlukanisa izindaba ezibalulekile kuzo zonke izindaba ezijwayelekile izishayamthetho ezibhekana nazo njengamanje.
Ngale kwalesi sikhathi senkinga, intando yeningi yereferendamu ihlushwa amaphutha aphawulwe ngaphambilini. Uma abantu benza izinqumo ezingaphumi ekubambeni iqhaza ohlotsheni oluthile lwenqubo yokuxoxisana, imibono yabo engaphandle kwe-cuff cishe ingase ibe nokungabekezeleli futhi ingabi nolwazi. Nakuba ukuxoxisana kukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bafune izinto ezifanayo futhi bathole izindlela zokuthatha ngokungathi sรญna imibono yabanye, ukuvota kunhlolovo kukhuthaza abantu ukuthi baveze imibono yabo yangaphambili mayelana nezikhundla ezihlukanisiwe. Kudemokhrasi yereferendamu, uma uhlulwa ivoti awuzizwa ungcono ngokubamba iqhaza; uzizwa unyathelwe phansi, ukuthi akekho owakucabangela ngokungathi sรญna ukukhathazeka kwakho. Uma uwina ivoti uzizwa ulungile, asikho isidingo sokucabangela ukukhathazeka kwalabo obahlulile.
Imiphakathi Ezizimele
Uhlobo lwesibili lwentando yeningi eqondile yilapho zonke izinqumo zenziwa khona ngqo abantu abahlala emiphakathini emincane ezimele ngokugcwele. Lapha singaba nezinzuzo zokubamba iqhaza kanye nezinzuzo zokuxoxa. Kodwa nokho kukhona ukushiyeka okukhulu.
Okokuqala, akuzona zonke izinkinga ezingase zibe nezixazululo ezincane. Umkhuhlane wezinyoni ufuna isixazululo somhlaba wonke. Izinkinga zemvelo zidinga impendulo enkulu. Imiphakathi emincane ayikwazi ukukhokhela imishini yayo ye-MRI. (Yebo, ngiyayithanda i-Echinacea nayo, kodwa ubani ongangabaza ukuthi iminyaka yokuphila iye yathuthukiswa ngokufinyelela emithini yesimanje, yobuchwepheshe obuphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphakathi eyayithembele kuphela emakhambi nasezimpandeni.) Kuyiqiniso ukuthi obunye ubuchwepheshe bezinga elikhulu benza okuhle kakhulu. ukulimaza - njengezitshalo zamandla enuzi - nokuthi ubuchwepheshe obuningi busetshenziswa kabi ngendlela enyantisayo emphakathini wamanje ukuze kufezwe izithakazelo zabathile. Kodwa lesi akusona isizathu sokuba senqabe ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe. Ubuchwepheshe - okunye okufeziwe kwezinhlobo zethu ezinkulu - bunamandla okunciphisa isidina somuntu futhi businika ithuba lokwenza umsebenzi wokudala owengeziwe futhi siphile izimpilo ezigcwele.
Abameli bemiphakathi ezimele bavame ukuphendula ngokuthi ukukhetha kwabo ngezinga elincane akuvimbeli imiphakathi ekusebenzisaneni, noma ngabe ukubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo noma ukwabelana ngomshini we-MRI. Kodwa sinquma kanjani ukuthi sizokwabelana kanjani ngezinsiza zokwelapha eziyindlala phakathi kwemiphakathi uma kungenjalo ngenqubo ethile yokuthatha izinqumo ebandakanya imiphakathi eminingi? Futhi uma sinezinqubo ezinjalo, ngakho-ke asisenayo imiphakathi ezimele.
Inkinga yesibili ngemiphakathi emincane ezimele ihilela umbuzo wokuthi kuncane kangakanani. I-Kirkpatrick Sale, isibonelo, incoma imiphakathi enabantu abangaba ngu-10,000 umuntu ngamunye. Lokhu, kubonakala kimi, kuzoba kuncane kakhulu ukufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile zenhlalo futhi kuyisicefe kakhulu ukunikeza ukuhlukahluka okwanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, makhulu kakhulu ukuba avumele intando yeningi yobuso nobuso. Umhlangano wabantu abadala bomphakathi abayizi-5,000 ubungeke ube yinto yokubamba iqhaza kakhulu. Bambalwa abazokwazi ukukhuluma, ukwabelana ngemibono yabo nezinto ezibakhathazayo, noma ukubamba iqhaza. Ngokungangabazeki, ngemva kweminye yale mihlangano emikhulu ehlukanisayo, inani lababekhona lalizokwehla kakhulu, ligcine lifinyelele usayizi olawulekayo, kodwa lokhu kungase kuphumele emazingeni okuhlanganyela aphansi nakakhulu kunalawo atholakala e-United States njengamanje.
Izidleke Imikhandlu
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwentando yeningi eqondile ukwenqaba kokubili ukuzimela kanye nezibonelo zereferendamu futhi esikhundleni salokho kube nemikhandlu emincane, exhumene nomunye. Umqondo walesi simiso semikhandlu esidleke uhlukene kathathu.
Okokuqala, wonke umuntu uthola ukubamba iqhaza emkhandlwini omncane ngokwanele ukuba uthathwe izinqumo ubuso nobuso kanye nokudingidwa kwangempela.
Okwesibili, ziningi izinqumo ezizothathwa kule mikhandlu. Okusho ukuthi ziningi izinqumo okufanele zithathwe kulo mkhandlu osezingeni eliphansi ngoba isinqumo sithinta kuphela noma sithwele kanzima amalungu alowo mkhandlu.
Okwesithathu, ngenxa yokuthi ziningi izinqumo ezithinta kakhulu abantu abasemkhandlwini owodwa, kuzomele imikhandlu ethintekayo ihlanganise izinqumo zayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imikhandlu kuzomele ithumele izithunywa emkhandlwini osezingeni eliphezulu. (Futhi, uma isinqumo sithinta ngaphezu kowodwa wale mikhandlu yezinga eliphezulu, yona izothumela izithunywa emkhandlwini wezinga lesithathu. Futhi njalo.)
Le mikhandlu yezinga eliphezulu yayizosebenza kanjani? Asifuni ukuthi kube nezithunywa ezigunyazwe yimikhandlu ezithumelayo, ngoba uma kunjalo imikhandlu esezingeni eliphezulu ngeke ibe yizinhlaka ezidingidayo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ngeke kube khona iphuzu lokuthi noma ubani akhulume noma azame ukuncenga abanye, noma achaze ngentshiseko okumkhathazayo okukhethekile, ngoba zonke izithunywa zizoba nenkululeko - kufanele bavote ngendlela umkhandlu wabo obathumayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akekho ovela emkhandlwini A ozwa umbono wabantu bomkhandlu B, futhi akukho nethuba lokufika esikhundleni esingcono kuno-A noma u-B kuphela ohlongozwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izithunywa zingagunyaziwe futhi zenza lokho ezikufunayo, sinenkinga yokuthi izithunywa zifana nabameleli abangabamele ababonakalisa intando yeningi.
Okwenza umqondo owengeziwe ukuthumela isithunywa, ngenxa yokuthi besiyingxenye yomkhandlu futhi sabamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwezingxoxo namalungu awo, siqonde imizwa yabo nezinto ezibakhathazayo, futhi sigunyazwe ukuba sikhulume egameni laso nezinye izithunywa. Kodwa yini ezovimbela lesi sithunywa esingagunyaziwe ukuba sibe ummeleli ongameleli? Okokuqala, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezithunywa kanye nemikhandlu abayithumelayo kuyinto ephilayo, akufani nhlobo nokuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu e-US Congress kanye nezifunda zabo ezinamalungu angu-600,000. Izithunywa ziyingxenye - futhi zibuyela njalo - kumkhandlu wazo othumelayo. Okwesibili, izithunywa zizoshintshaniswa; akekho oyovunyelwa ukuthi asebenze ngokuqhubekayo njengesithunywa somkhandlu. Okwesithathu, izithunywa zizobuyiselwa emuva ngokushesha. Uma kwenzeka umkhandlu ukholelwa ukuthi isithunywa sawo asisakuvezi ngokwanele ukukhathazeka kanye nemizwa yawo (futhi yonke imihlangano yomkhandlu wezinga eliphezulu iqoshwa ngevidiyo futhi igadwe kalula), khona-ke ungase ushintshe lowo othunywe ngokushesha ufake omunye umuntu. Okwesine, imikhandlu esezingeni eliphezulu izovota kuphela ezindabeni ezingenakuphikisana. Noma nini lapho ivoti seliseduze (noma lapho imikhandlu ephansi eyanele iphikelela), isinqumo sibuyiselwa emikhandlwini ephansi ukuze kuthathwe isinqumo.
Kungase kubuzwe, kungani ungaphindiseli zonke izinkinga emikhandlwini esezingeni eliphansi ukuze kuvotelwe? Kodwa-ke yilapho kungena khona ukukhathazeka kwethu ngokugwema ukubamba iqhaza ngokweqile ngenxa yezidingo zesikhathi eseqile. Ngokubuyisela emuva izindaba eziwumdonsiswano noma lezo ezicelwe imikhandlu esezingeni eliphansi, sihlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okwenziwa yizithunywa emikhandlwini esezingeni eliphezulu. . Kodwa ukubuyisela yonke into kuyomane kuwukumosha isikhathi.
Ukuvota
Ngisebenzise igama elithi โukuvotaโ izikhathi eziningana, kodwa lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ingabe inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo idinga ukuvumelana, umthetho weningi, noma amanye amaphesenti.
Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngokuvumelana - lapho ingxoxo iqhubeka kuze kube yilapho wonke umuntu evuma - kunokuningi okukuncomayo. Ivumela futhi ikhuthaze ukuhloniphana, ukuxoxisana, nokubekezelelana. Idlanzana elinozwelo akufanele lishaywe indiva. Ukuvumelana kusebenza kahle kakhulu emaqenjini amancane anombono ofanayo. Kodwa ukuthembela kuphela ekuvumelaneni akunangqondo emphakathini omkhulu, noma emaqenjini amancane angazange ahlangane ndawonye ngesisekelo semibono efanayo. Ukwenqaba ukuvumelana kuwukweqa izinkathazo ezivame ukujula zabambalwa. Kodwa ukugcizelela ekuvumelaneni kuwukweqa izinkathazo ezivame ukujula zabaningi.
Thatha indaba yokukhishwa kwezisu, indaba engeke ishabalale ngisho nangemva kokusungulwa komphakathi omusha osekelwe ezimisweni zobuntu, okuhlanganisa nokulwela amalungelo abantu besifazane. Kwenziwa isiphakamiso sokuvula umtholampilo omusha wokuhushula izisu. Idlanzana elincane liyasiphikisa lesi siphakamiso ngesisekelo sokuthi libheka ngobuqotho ukukhipha isisu njengokubulala. Nokho, abanye banemibono eqotho efanayo yokuthi ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwezisu kuwukwephula amalungelo abesifazane ayisisekelo. Bayakhuluma, bayaphikisana, bayahlonipha ubuqotho bokuziphatha komunye nomunye, bathola izindawo ezithile zesivumelwano esifanayo (isho ngesidingo sokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza kwabesifazane abakhetha ukukhulelwa kuze kube yisikhathi), kodwa ekupheleni kosuku ayikwazi ukufinyelela ukuvumelana. Kuleso simo, ivoti, elinqunywa umthetho weningi, ilona kuphela inketho elungile. Ukuvumela abambalwa abaphikisayo ukuthi bavimbe isenzo kuwukuphika igunya eliphakeme kakhulu lokunquma iziphetho zabo. Akukho umlingo mayelana namaphesenti angu-50 kanye neyodwa, kodwa idinga isisindo sokuziphatha esingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 kukhishwe eyodwa.
Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo emikhandlwini kufanele kuqhubeke ngokuvumelana uma kungenzeka, iningi lilawule uma kungenjalo. Lokhu kusho, empeleni ukuguquguquka kwamaqembu amancane kuthambekele kakhulu ekuvumelaneni. Abantu abazithola beyingcosana ezindabeni ezithile kungenzeka bazimisele ukuhambisana neningi ngoba bazi ukuthi bazoba ngabaningi kwezinye izinto. Emaqenjini amakhulu, angaziwa lo muzwa wokubuyisana cishe awunakuba namandla kangako, kodwa lapho kukhona ukuxhumana ubuso nobuso, ingcindezi yomphakathi izovame ukukhuthaza abantu ukuthi bagweme amavoti futhi bahambisane nomqondo womhlangano. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lokhu ngeke kube njalo, futhi-ke kunengqondo - ngemva kokuxoxisana okufanele - ukuvota. Ivoti alizuzisi nje iningi, elithola intandokazi yenqubomgomo, kodwa nakwabayidlanzana, elingabhalisa ngokusemthethweni umbono walo ophikisayo. Idlanzana aliphoqwa endaweni lapho kufanele livimbe iningi noma likhombise amanga isivumelwano salo ngombono weningi.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ambalwa
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ngiphakamise ukulandela umthetho weningi emacaleni aphikisanayo, amalungelo abantu abambalwa azovikelwa kanjani ohlelweni olunjalo? Imiphakathi eminingi inemithetho-sisekelo ebeka imingcele enegunya leningi: iningi alikwazi ukutshela abantu ukuthi iyiphi inkolo okufanele bayenze, abangakusho, abangakucabanga; iningi alikwazi ukwenqabela abantu ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokuvota, nokunye. Umphakathi omuhle uzoba nohlobo oluthile lomthethosisekelo olucacisa lezi zinhlobo zemikhawulo. Kodwa umthethosisekelo ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni ngeke ucace ngokwanele ukuze uchaze futhi uxazulule zonke izimo ezingase ziphakame. Uma umkhandlu uvota ukuthi inkulumo enenzondo ayikho emthethweni, ingabe lokhu kuwukwephula inkulumo ekhululekile? Uma umkhandlu uvotela ukuthi abazali abakwazi ukuhambisa izingane zabo ezikoleni zenkolo ezishumayela ngobulili, ingabe lokhu kuwukwephulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo? Lezi zinhlobo zezindaba zizodinga ukunqunywa icala ngalinye. Kodwa ngubani? Uma izinqumo zenziwa imikhandlu, kusho ukuthi iningi libhekene necala lokuzihlinzeka ngesheke ngokwalo - okungeke kuqinise idolo kwabancane. Emiphakathini eminingi, lezi zinqumo zithathwa amajaji, kodwa umbuzo uwukuthi, Amajaji akhethwa kanjani?
Uma kukhethwa amajaji, kungenzeka ukuthi abe ngaphansi kwezifiso ezinkulu ezifanayo nezomkhandlu owenze isinqumo esasiphikiswa. Amajaji e-United States akhankasela ukhetho ethembisa ukuthi azoba lukhuni ngobugebengu, aqine ekuziphatheni okubi, nokunye, awabona neze abavikeli abathembekile bamalungelo abantu abambalwa ngokumelene neningi elingabekezeleli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amajaji eqokwa ukuba agwetshwe odilikajele (njengendlela yokuwasusa ezifisweni zeningi), kusho ukuthi awumgwamanda ongenademokhrasi, ovamise ukunamathela hhayi kwedlanzana elicindezelwe kodwa nedlanzana elinelungelo.
Le nkinga yokuthi kungabhekwa kanjani ukusetshenziswa budedengu kwamandla yiningi kube yimbi kakhulu kuthiyori yedemokhrasi. Uma iningi licindezela idlanzana, akuyona intando yeningi leyo. Nokho uma idlanzana lingavimba abantu abaningi, nakho lokho akunantando yeningi.
Indlela engiyiphakamisayo iyafana nemodeli yamajaji. Khetha iqembu elincane noma nini kubantu ukuze bakhe lokho engikubiza ngokuthi izinkantolo zomkhandlu. Lezi zinkantolo zizobuyekeza izinqumo ezithathwe yimikhandlu ukubona ukuthi ziyawaphazamisa yini amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nokuvikelwa komthethosisekelo. Umkhandlu ngamunye wezinga elingaphezulu kweleveli yokuqala uzonikezwa inkantolo, inkantolo inikezwe umkhandlu wezinga eliphezulu kube yiNkantolo yoMkhandlu oPhethe. Njengamajaji anamuhla, lezi zinkantolo zizoba yizinhlangano zezingxoxo, nakuba ngokungafani namajaji zizoba nesikhathi eside kunecala elilodwa - mhlawumbe amahlandla amabili eminyaka emibili. Njengengxenye yesibalo sabantu, lezi kuzoba izinhlangano zentando yeningi: izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezisebenza ukuhlola imikhandlu yentando yeningi.
Kungani lezi zinkantolo zomkhandlu ezikhethwe ngokungahleliwe zingeke nje zibonise ubandlululo olubi lweningi? Alukho uhlelo olungaqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyohlale bukhona, kodwa kunobufakazi obuhle bokuthi lapho abantu bebhunga ndawonye, โโkuvela imibono ehlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ebekezelelana. Lokhu kungaba njalo ikakhulukazi emphakathini ongenawo ukuntuleka okukhulu kwezomnotho.
Ukufingqa isikhundla sami: Ngiyayenqaba iLeninism, intando yeningi emele, intando yeningi yereferendamu, kanye nemiphakathi emincane ezimele. Kunalokho ngiyasinxusa ukuthi seseke uhlelo lwemikhandlu eyakhele. Ezingeni ngalinye, imikhandlu ayiqhubeki ngokuvumelana, noma ngomthetho oqinile weningi, kodwa ngenqubo yezingxoxo efuna ukuvumelana lapho kungenzeka khona, futhi iningi lilawule lapho kunesidingo. Isiphakamiso sami sihlanganisa uhlelo lwenkantolo olukhawulela iningi, ngaleyo ndlela luvikele amalungelo abantu abambalwa, kodwa lezi zinkantolo azikhethwa futhi aziqokwa, kodwa zikhethwa ngokungahleliwe emphakathini ukuze zakhe indikimba yezingxoxo efaniswe ohlelweni lwamajaji.
Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi iziphakamiso zami zingasebenzisa ukucolisiswa okuningi futhi mhlawumbe nezibuyekezo ezinzima. Kodwa ekulinganiseni kokuqala ngicabanga ukuthi babonisa ukuthi singaba kanjani nesimiso sezombangazwe esihlanganisa izindinganiso esingathanda ukuzibona emphakathini omuhle.
[Leli phepha lifingqa ngokungenamahloni imibono esungulwe ezihlokweni zami ezimbili ezedlule: โI-ParPolity: Umbono Wezepolitiki Womphakathi Omuhle,โ Revised: Nov. 2005, http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=9178, kanye nesithi โUmbono Wezombangazwe: Ukwenza Izinqumo Emphakathini Omuhle,โ i-Z Magazine, Oct. 2004, http://zmagsite.zmag.org/Oct2004/shalompr1004.html.]
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Nikela