U-GREG WILPERT: I-Real News Network, futhi ngingu-Greg Wilpert e-Baltimore.
Elinye lamaphuzu asemqoka okukhuluma ngabaphathi bakaTrump kanye neqembu eliphikisayo laseVenezuela ukuthi iVenezuela ibhekene nenkinga yobuntu ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili ngoba umnotho wayo ubhidlikile. Ngokusho kwabo isizathu sezinkinga zezomnotho kanye nokufuduka kwabantu besuka eVenezuela kusemizamweni yokwakha iSocialism eVenezuela.
UDONALD TRUMP: Kodwa into ebuhlungu kakhulu. Asibheke lutho ngaphandle kokunakekela inqwaba yabantu ababulawa indlala nabafa emigwaqweni. Okwenzeka lapho kuyihlazo. Leli kwakungelinye lamazwe acebe kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ngokuphazima kweso nje, ligcwele ubugovu, likhungethwe ubumpofu. Akukho kudla, akukho manzi, akukho air conditioning, akukho lutho.
U-GREG WILPERT: Ukushiya eceleni umbuzo wokuthi ngabe lesi simo sikufanele yini ukubizwa ngenhlekelele yobuntu, into eyake yaphikisana no-Alfred de Zayas owayenguMkhulumeli Okhethekile we-UN, okungephikiswe wukuthi kunenhlekelele yezomnotho eVenezuela. Kahle kahle kanjani le nkinga yezomnotho, inhlekelele ne-hyperinflation kanye nokushoda kwayo, yaba khona kanjani? Iphutha likabani? Futhi ingabe isocialism kufanele isolwe? Futhi ingabe iVenezuela ingaphuma kule nkinga yezomnotho?
Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole ukusebenza komnotho waseVenezuela ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaMaduro, kunengqondo ukubheka kafushane isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba uMaduro athathe izintambo. Kusukela ekhulwini lama-20, iVenezuela ibilokhu iyizwe elikhulu elithumela uwoyela kwamanye amazwe. Eqinisweni, ngo-1920 iVenezuela yaba ngumhwebi omkhulu kawoyela emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela eMpumalanga Ephakathi akuzange kudlule okwaseVenezuela kwaze kwaba ngawo-1960. Njenganamuhla, ngaleso sikhathi uwoyela othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wawungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-90 emali engenayo yaseVenezuela. Ngenxa yalokho, zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokukhiqiza kwezomnotho, njengezolimo, zehla zaba ingxenye encane kakhulu yomsebenzi wezomnotho wezwe. Uma nje amanani entengo kawoyela enyuka, abakwenza ngokungaguquki kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, umnotho waseVenezuela wakhula ngokuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwamanani kawoyela. Umnotho wakhula lapho amanani kawoyela ephindeka kane ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kukawoyela kwe-OPEC ka-1978.
Nokho, kancane kancane, amanani kawoyela aqala ukungena esigabeni sokungazinzi ngisho nokwehla, ehla ngaphansi kwe-$10 ngomphongolo ngo-1998, unyaka uChavez akhethwa ngawo njengomongameli waseVenezuela. Kanye nalokhu kuntengantenga kwentengo kawoyela, umnotho waseVenezuela nawo wehla usuka kwesinye isimo uya kwelandelayo. Lokhu kwanikeza isizinda sokhetho luka-Hugo Chavez ngo-1998. Abantu baseVenezuela babecikwe ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho kanye nokwehla okuqhubekayo. I-GDP yangempela ngomuntu ngamunye yehle ngamaphesenti angama-27 eminyakeni engama-20 phakathi kuka-1979 no-1999. Isinyathelo sokuqala sikaChavez kwezomnotho kwaba ukunyusa amanani kawoyela. Wavakashela amazwe angamalungu e-OPEC futhi wabiza ingqungquthela yesibili ngqa yabaholi bezwe be-OPEC eCaracas ngasekupheleni kuka-15 ukuze akholise amalungu e-OPEC ukuthi abambelele esilinganisweni sokukhiqiza uwoyela futhi akhuphule amanani kawoyela. Kancane kancane amanani kawoyela akhuphuka, nokwenyuka okwengeziwe ngenxa yempi yase-Iraq ngo-65. Amanani kawoyela aqhubeka nokukhuphuka kancane phakathi nalesi sikhathi, afinyelela phezulu ku-$2000 umphongolo ngamunye ngaphambi kokuwa kweLehman Brothers kanye nenkinga yezimali emhlabeni wonke ngo-2003. Ngokufanayo, iVenezuela's umnotho wakhula futhi i-GDP yomuntu ngamunye yenyuka kancane kancane, ikhula ngamaphesenti angama-140, futhi ubumpofu behla ngesigamu ukusuka kumaphesenti angama-2008 kuya kumaphesenti angama-35 emindeni phakathi kuka-54 no-27.
Isikhathi esisha sokuntengantenga siqala kulandela inkinga yezimali emhlabeni wonke lapho uChavez enquma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ngenxa yokuthi imali kawoyela yayiphansi. Njengoba amanani alulama umnotho wasimama futhi. Ukugxekwa okuvamile kokuphathwa komnotho kaChavez ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi imali kawoyela ayizange isetshenziselwe ukuhlukanisa umnotho. Lokhu, nokho, akulona iqiniso impela. UChavez uzame ukuhlukanisa umnotho ngokutshala izigidigidi zamaRandi emalini kawoyela kwezolimo nasezindaweni ezintsha zokukhiqiza izimboni, kusukela komakhalekhukhwini kuya ezimotweni kuya emabhayisikili kuya emikhiqizweni kaphethroli. Futhi, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezinhlelweni zemfundo bekuhloswe ukusiza ukuhlukanisa umnotho.
Nokho, ekugcineni le mizamo yokuhlanganisa izinto ezihlukahlukene yehluleka. Bahluleka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili ezihlobene eduze. Okokuqala, kusukela ngo-2003, uhulumeni wasebenzisa isilinganiso esinqunyiwe sokushintshisana ukuze alawule ukuhamba kwemali kanye nokwehla kwenani lemali yayo, futhi njengendlela yokuxhasa izimpahla ezibalulekile ngokuvumela abangenisa izinto kwamanye amazwe izinto ezifana nokudla nemithi ukuba bathole amadola ashibhile. . Uhlelo lwesilinganiso sokushintshisana esigxilile lusebenze kahle inqobo nje uma kukhona amadola anele eza emnothweni. Kodwa-ke, lapho intengo kawoyela iqala ukwehla, okokuqala ngo-2008 futhi futhi ngo-2014, uhulumeni wehlisa uxhaso lwakhe lokuthenga amadola ngenani elisemthethweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ehliselwe kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kwehle futhi amanani azo enyuka, nokwenyuka kwamandla emali. Uhulumeni wazama ukugcina amanani aphansi ngokubambelela esilinganisweni sokuhwebelana esingaguquki, nangokufaka imithetho eqinile yokulawula amanani. Kodwa umsebenzi wezimakethe ezimnyama weqa lezi zinqubomgomo, okwaholela ekwenyukeni kwentengo okwengeziwe, ukuhlanekezelwa kwentengo okwengeziwe, kanye namathuba amaningi enkohlakalo.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kukaMongameli Chavez ngenxa yomdlavuza ngoMashi 2013, ingcindezi yemali ngendlela yezinga lokushintshaniswa kwezimakethe ezimnyama yaphinde yashaya. Igebe phakathi kwezinga lokuhwebelana elisemthethweni kanye nezinga lokuhwebelana ngezimakethe ezimnyama laqala ukukhuphuka lafinyelela emazingeni angakaze abonwe, okwabhebhethekisa ukwehla kwamandla emali, inkohlakalo, kanye nokushoda. Lapho amanani kawoyela ehla ngonyaka wokuqala ka-Maduro ehhovisi, enciphisa ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe, lo mjikelezo ononya waphinde washuba. UMaduro uzame ukulungisa izinqubomgomo zakhe zezomnotho ngezikhathi ezithile ngokulungisa izinga lokushintshaniswa elisemthethweni kancane, kodwa igebe phakathi kwezinga lokushintshaniswa elisemthethweni kanye nezinga lemakethe emnyama laqhubeka likhula, ukuze idola elithengwe ngesilinganiso esisemthethweni ekugcineni libize i-1/100 yalokho kubiza emakethe emnyama. Kwathi ngonyaka ka-2015 uMongameli u-Obama wamemezela ukuthi iVenezuela “iwusongo olungajwayelekile nolumangalisayo ekuvikelekeni kwezwe laseMelika,” okwamvumela ukuthi abeke unswinyo olubhekiswe kuzikhulu zikahulumeni ezisolwa yi-US ngokubandakanyeka ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa noma enkohlakalweni. Lezi zijeziso, nakuba beziqondiswe kubantu ngabanye, zaqala inqwaba yemikhawulo yezezimali ekwenziweni kwezimali kwe-Venezuela nama-akhawunti asebhange, okuholele ekuvalweni kwama-akhawunti, okwenza ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuthengiselana kwezezimali kube nzima kuhulumeni.
Ngo-Agasti 2017, uMongameli Trump waqinisa kakhulu unswinyo ngokuvimbela izikhungo zase-US kanye nabantu ngabanye ekuhwebeni ngezikweletu zaseVenezuela. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-Venezuela ingakwazi ukuhlela kabusha isikweletu sayo, futhi kwaphinde kwabekela ohulumeni imingcele ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Akubanga nje ukuqondana ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela eVenezuela kwaqala ukwehla ngasikhathi sinye lapho kwaqala ukusebenza unswinyo lokuphatha uTrump. Imboni kawoyela yaseVenezuela incike ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile ezishintshayo kanye nokuphuma kukawoyela ovela e-US, engeke isakwazi ukuyingenisa. Ngenxa yalokho ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela waseVenezuela kwehla kusuka emiphongolweni eyizigidi ezingu-2 ngosuku kuya ezigidini ezingu-1.2 phakathi kuka-Agasti 2017 no-August 2018. Ukwehla okusheshayo kwemali engenayo kawoyela kusuka ku-$ 93.6 billion ku-2012 kuya ku-$ 30.9 billion ku-2018 kubangele ukwehla okusheshayo kwezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe nakho kwehle kusukela ku-$66 billion ngo-2012 kuya ku-$11 billion ngo-2018. Lokhu kwehla kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokushushumbiswa kwemikhiqizo yayo exhaswe kakhulu iye emazweni angomakhelwane i-Brazil ne-Colombia, ngokungenakugwenywa kwakusho ukuthi kunokushoda kokudla nemithi.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-2017 ukushoda kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kwaba kubi kakhulu kangangokuthi i-hyperinflation yaqala. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwakulokhu kukhuphuka ngenxa yomjikelezo ononya wegebe elihlala likhula phakathi kwezinga lokushintshisana elisemthethweni kanye nezinga lokushintshisana kwezimakethe ezimnyama. Njengoba imikhiqizo eyengeziwe yayingeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle komxhaso, kanjalo abantu baseVenezuela baphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise imali yabo ngokushesha nje lapho beyithola, ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ayilahlekelwa yinzuzo ngesikhathi benayo. Ezinye izazi zezomnotho zilinganisela ukuthi imali engenayo eyalahleka iVenezuela ngenxa yokuncipha kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela ilinganiselwa okungenani ibe ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unswinyo luvimbe iVenezuela ekubuyiseleni ama-dividend angama- $ 6 billion ngonyaka enkampanini yayo kawoyela ese-US CITGO. Uhulumeni waseVenezuela manje ulinganisela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwemali engenayo kuhulumeni eminyakeni emine edlule ngenxa yenswinyo kufinyelela okungenani ku-$ 1 billion. Imali engenayo elahlekile ngenxa yenswinyo, ukwehla kwentengo kawoyela, kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kudale isivunguvungu esiphelele somnotho esibe nomthelela ekuwohlokeni okumangalisayo komnotho waseVenezuela. Ngo-30, i-GDP yomuntu ngamunye yehle ngo-2017/2 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga layo ngo-3.
Umbuzo omkhulu okhona kuleli phuzu ngowokuthi ngabe uChavez noMaduro bebengawuphatha ngendlela ehlukile umnotho ukuze ungabi sesimeni esibi osekuso manje. Kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo, kodwa mhlawumbe kunezingqinamba ezintathu ezihlobene nomnotho omkhulu uChavez ahluleka ukuzilungisa ngesikhathi engumongameli. Okokuqala, njengoba abaningi bephikisana, uChavez wehlulekile ukukhipha iVenezuela emafutheni. Nokho, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lokhu akukhona ukuntula ukuzama. UChavez utshale izigidigidi emizamweni ehlukahlukene yokwandisa okuphuma kuwoyela, ukukhiqiza, nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Kodwa-ke, lokho osomnotho abakubiza ngokuthi 'isifo sase-Dutch' kwaqhubeka, lapho imali yasekhaya yathathwa ngokweqile, futhi lezi zikhungo ezintsha azikwazanga ukuncintisana nempahla ephuma ngaphandle eshibhile kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele umnotho.
Okwesibili, uChavez akazange akucabangele ukuntengantenga kwentengo kawoyela. Empeleni, ekuqaleni kokuphatha kwakhe uChavez wabheka ukuntengantenga kuyinkinga futhi wasekela ukwakhiwa kwesikhwama somnotho esizimele esibizwa nge-Macroeconomic Investment and Stabililization Fund. Wawuklanyelwe ukubekela eceleni izimali lapho intengo kawoyela iphezulu, futhi wavumela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise lapho intengo iphansi, ngaleyo ndlela kusihlwa ukuphuma kokugeleza kwemali engenayo kawoyela. Kodwa-ke, kulandela ukuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela ngo-2003, lapho imali engenayo yayiyivelakancane kakhulu futhi intengo kawoyela iqala ukukhuphuka ngokushesha, osomnotho bemboni kawoyela baqala ukuqagela ngowoyela ophakeme kanye nokungagwemeki kokwehla kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela. Izilinganiso zazizungeza ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi intengo kawoyela yayizofika ku-$200 umphongolo ngamunye. UChavez wasihlakaza lesi sikhwama, ekholelwa ukuthi asisadingeki.
Okwesithathu, futhi kulandela ukuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela ngo-2003, uChavez wethula izinga lokushintshanisa elilawulwa ngokuqinile elilawulwa ngokuqinile. Akungabazeki ukuthi lokhu kwakudingeka ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemali yaseVenezuela, iBolivar, ngemva komzamo wokuketula umbuso ngo-2002 kanye nokuvalwa kwemboni kawoyela ngo-2003. Uma nje imali engenayo kawoyela igeleza futhi ilokhu ikhula, yayikhula. bekulula uma kuqhathaniswa nokugcina leli zinga lokushintshisana eligxilile. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2013 lapho u-Chavez efa, igebe phakathi kwesilinganiso esisemthethweni kanye nezinga lemakethe emnyama lase likhule kakhulu kangangokuthi ukulungiswa kwakuyosho ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwezomnotho, lapho uMaduro ayengafuni khona, futhi mhlawumbe ezombusazwe engakwazi ukubeka engozini.
Okokugcina, asikwazi ukushiya ngaphandle umthelela wezigwebo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umphumela wabo uye waba mubi kakhulu. Kodwa akuzona imbangela yokuqala kwezinkinga zomnotho. Kunalokho, izimpande zale nkinga zingatholakala ekundizaniseni okukhulu kwezimali kanye nomzamo ohlobene nokugcina izinga lokushintshanisa eligxilile kodwa eleqile. Ukungasebenzi lapho kubhekene nokuhlanekezelwa kwentengo okukhula njalo kanye nokwehluka kwentengo phakathi kweVenezuela nomakhelwane bayo, kanye nokungakwazi ukunqoba izithiyo zesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa umnotho, unswinyo manje sesenze isimo esibi saba sibi kakhulu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho cishe kungenzeki ukuthi uhulumeni athathe izinyathelo zokulungisa, ngoba akanazo izinsiza zokwenza lokho.
Lo Greg Wilpert weThe Real News Network. Siyabonga ngokusijoyina.
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Njengoba uGreg ekwenza kucace, izinto azivamile ukubonakala emithonjeni yezindaba evamile, futhi yini eyenza le mithombo yezindaba manje imbi nakakhulu ngoba kukhona i-orchestrated drive yokubhubhisa iVenezuela ngayo yonke indlela engenzeka, okwamanje, ishoda ekuhlaselweni kwezempi okuvulekile yi-US. amandla angaphezulu.
Isibonelo, sizwa ukuthi i-Colombia yamukela izigidi ezingu-1.5 ezivela eVenezuela, ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi njengababaleki. Ukuthi lokhu kunembile noma cha, kungenzeka asazi. Kepha imibiko kade ikhona ithi mhlawumbe iphindwe kabili leyo evela eColombia eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokuthi iColombia mhlawumbe iyindawo enodlame nenkohlakalo eLatin America, kodwa futhi iyona kuphela umfelandawonye otholakala ngokuqhathaniswa i-US enayo kuleyo ndawo. futhi omunye ozimisele ukuba nemishini ethile yezempi yase-US. Kunjalo, abaphathi base-US abalindele ukuthi isakhamuzi esijwayelekile sazi lokhu e-US. Umnotho waseColombia iminyaka eminingi ube nomkhakha omkhulu wezidakamizwa oncike kuwo, kodwa-ke i-US ngeke iphawule ngalokhu. Akulula ukuba nokuhlala unolwazi ngalezi zinkinga, kodwa kunephethini ende nejwayelekile yokubandakanyeka okusontekile kwe-US.