Lena inguqulo enwetshiwe ye-athikili evele kuyo Ukuphenduka Kwesokunxele #25
NgokweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-400 bayizisebenzi ezifudukayo emazweni akubo noma ngaphandle kwamazwe abazalelwa kuwo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafuna isiphephelo noma ikusasa eliqhakazile, abantu baya ngokuya befuduka. Ngokomlando, ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni yaseNgilandi, abalimi abasuswa ezindaweni zabo zokulima baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele emadolobheni futhi basebenze ukuze bathole amaholo amancane ezimbonini ezikhulayo.
Ukufuduka kwanamuhla emhlabeni wonke kusuka eNingizimu kuya eNyakatho nokusuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya kuya emadolobheni kuwukuqhubeka kwalesi simo njengoba abantu bephoqeleka ukuthi bathuthele ezikhungweni zenhloko-dolobha ukuze baphile. Ngakho-ke ukuba khona kwabasebenzi abafudukayo abaxhashazwa ngokweqile e-US naseCanada kuyingxenye yezenzakalo zomhlaba wonke lapho ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe kuletha, isibonelo, izisebenzi zaseNingizimu Asia eMpumalanga Ephakathi; Abasebenzi baseNyakatho Afrika baye eYurophu; abantu baseMelika Emaphakathi baye eMexico; kanye nabasebenzi baseThai naseKorea bangene eJapan nase-Australia.
Ukufakwa kombono ovamile wokufuduka 'njengenkinga okufanele iphathwe' kungalandelelwa emuva ku-1951 ngokwakhiwa kwezinhlaka ezintathu ezalondoloza inani lesikhungo sobuzwe ngokulawulaโkunokuba kube lulaโukuhamba ngokukhululeka kwabafuduki. Ngo-1951, kwasungulwa i-inter-government International Organisation for Migration (IOM). Njengoba i-IOM ichaza, umgomo wayo โukwenza lula nokulawula inani nokwakheka kwabantu abeqa imingcele yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimo lapho ukungena kugunyazwe noma kunqatshelwe ngaphansi kwazo.โ
Ukwengeza, i-UN Refugee Convention yasungulwa ngo-1951 ukuze ivimbele ukuhamba kwemingcele ngokusungula indlela yokubaleka. Ekugcineni, i-International Migration and Development Initiative (IMDI) yavela ngo-1951 ezingxoxweni phakathi kwezinkampani, iBhange Lomhlaba, kanye nohulumeni baseNtshonalanga. I-IMDI igcizelela ukufuduka kwesikhashana kwabasebenzi kunokufuduka abanamalungelo okuhlala unomphela.
Igama elithi โisivakashiโ lisikisela umuntu oboniswa umoya wokungenisa izihambi, kodwa izinhlelo zesivakashi sezihambeli ezisuka kwamanye amazwe aziwunikezi umoya wokungenisa izihambi onjalo. Izici ezibalulekile zalolu hlelo zihlanganisa ukuboshelwa kumqashi โozingenisa ngaphandleโ; babhekane nokudingiswa uma befuna amalungelo abo; izimo zokusebenza ezixhaphazayo ezihlanganisa amaholo aphansi, amahora amade angakhokhelwa isikhathi esengeziwe, nezimo zokusebenza eziyingozi; izindawo zokuhlala eziminyene futhi ezingenampilo; ukwenqatshelwa ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zezenhlalakahle eziyisisekelo; kanye nokuthunjwa abaqashi noma osonkontileka abathatha umazisi kanye nemibhalo yabo. Isimo sabo esingokomthetho sesikhashana yisona esenza abasebenzi bokufika babe sengcupheni yokuhlukunyezwa.
Ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-H-2 e-US, izisebenzi eziyizihambeli ezingu-121,000 zangena ngo-2005, cishe ezingu-32,000 ngomsebenzi wezolimo kanye nezinye ezingu-89,000 zemisebenzi yezamahlathi, ukucubungula ukudla kwasolwandle, ukulungiswa kwezwe, ukwakha nezinye izimboni ezingezona ezolimo. E-Canada, kunabantu abaningi abangaphansi Kokugunyazwa Kokuqashwa Kwesikhashana (238,093 ngo-2004) kunenani lezakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela (235,708 ngo-2004). Kokubili i-US ne-Canada bahlela ukwandisa ngokushesha izinhlelo zezisebenzi ezivakashile eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. ISivumelwano Jikelele esikhona se-WTO Sohwebo Ngezinsizakalo siyakujezisa lokhu kugqilazwa kwesikhashana; imihlahlandlela ku-Mode 4, engakashaywa, ngokuyisisekelo yakha uhlelo lwesisebenzi sesivakashi somhlaba wonke.
Ukuhamba kwemali
Umkhankaso wobungxiwankulu wokwandisa izimakethe zabo nokwandisa inzuzo ubandakanya ukufuna njalo abasebenzi abashibhile kanye nesidingo sokwenza kahle izindlela zokulawula abasebenzi. Namuhla, imali eyinhloko isiphenduke yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezisekelo zayo ezikhula njalo zokusebenzisa izinkontileka ezingaphansi, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe. Lapho nje ukumelana nendawo kwakha, amafekthri asuka ePhilippines aye eBangladesh aye eChina.
Isici esiyinhloko sesigaba samanje sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ukwanda kokuhamba kwezimali okusizwa izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhalaโnjenge-NAFTA kanye ne-APECโkanye nezinqubomgomo zentuthuko ye-neoliberal kuhlanganise nokusungulwa โkwezindawo zokucubungula izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandleโ ezingahlangene. Izinguquko ezisekelwe ezimakethe, njengengxenye yeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Programs, nazo ziphoqelele ukwenziwa kwezinto ezizimele kanye nokuxoshwa.
Lokhu kukhula kwezimali kuqhutshwa futhi kusekela umkhankaso wokwandisa ukuguquguquka kwabasebenzi ngaphakathi nakwemingcele yezindawo. Kulesi sigaba esisha se-neoliberalism, kunezigaba ezikhulayo zabasebenzi abaphansiโinto ebizwa ngokuthi โi-Walmartizationโ yabasebenziโnjengenkontileka, itoho, nomsebenzi wesikhashana.
Nakuba ohulumeni base-US kanye naseCanada belandele amasu okuhlasela izakhamuzi-izisebenzi-ngokuhlasela imithetho yezabasebenzi nokusebenzisa izinkontileka kanye nabasebenzi besikhashana-ithembele kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwabokufika. UWilliam Robinson ubhale โukusatshalaliswa kwemali esebenza emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuphazamiseka nokuncishwa okukubangelayo, nakho, kudala ukusatshalaliswa kwemisebenzi emazweni ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ubunxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke budala abasebenzi bokufikaโฆ. Ngomqondo othile, lokhu kumelwe kubhekwe njengokufuduka okuphoqelekile noma okuphoqelelwe, njengoba ubunxiwankulu bembulunga yonke bubangela ubudlova obuhlelekile kubo bonke abantu futhi bubenza bangakwazi ukuphila ezweni labo.โ
Ngale ndlela, ukuxoshwa nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwezisebenzi ezivela kwamanye amazwe kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo; isibonelo esiphelele saso iqiniso lokuthi ngemva konyaka kuqedwe Uhlelo lwe-Bracero e-US, Uhlelo Lwezimboni Ze-Border lasungula uhlelo lwe-maquiladora eMexico, ngaleyo ndlela luqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwebhizinisi lase-US emisebenzini eshibhile yaseMexico. Njengoba izimboni zokukhiqiza zidlulisela umsebenzi ezifundeni zaseNingizimu nembulunga yonke lapho ziqinisekiswa khona ukuthi zisebenza ezishibhile; ukwakha, isevisi, kanye nezimboni zokukhiqiza ezixhumene nesizindalwazi ziletha zona kanye lezi zimo ze-sweatshop kanye nezisebenzi zezigqila zamaholo eNyakatho yomhlaba wonke ngezinhlelo zezisebenzi zezivakashi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza kwenziwa kwenzeke ngokwakhiwa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kuzwe-lonke.
Ukugcina imingcele
Ukugcinwa komngcele wombuso wesizwe kuyafaneleka emazingeni amaningana: ukuvikela izakhamuzi 'kuzobugebengu' kanye 'namaphekula'; ukuqhubekisela phambili ubuzwe obakhelwe emphakathini; kanye nokulawula ukuhamba kwabantu bokufika 'abazontshontsha imisebenzi' futhi 'bacekele phansi inhlalakahle yezwe'.
Nokho, ngokuyisisekelo, imingcele ibalulekile ekwandeni konxiwankulu. Nakuba ezinye izinkulumo zesokunxele zingabaza amandla ombuso wesizwe kanye nobukhosi bezwe lapho kubhekwana khona nomnotho womhlaba wonke, iqiniso liwukuthi nakuba isimo sombuso wesizwe singashintsha, ukubaluleka kwawo esikweni lokunwetshwa konxiwankulu kusemqoka. Impela, ukukhuphuka kombuso wesizwe njengendawo elawulwa ngokuqinile yobuwena kanye nendawo kuhlobene ngqo nemithethonqubo yokukhiqiza yonxiwankulu. Isibonelo nje umnyakazo wokubiyela eNgilandi, owaholela ekuhlukaniseni amazwe omphakathi, wawusekelwe emibonweni yonxiwankulu yobunikazi bangasese.
Nakuba ekuqaleni imingcele ye-capitalism yayibalulekile ukuhlanganisa izimakethe zikazwelonke, namuhla isetshenziselwa ukwakha izindawo ezihlukene zabasebenzi kanye nemali eningi. Inqubo yokuqongelela kwakudala ebuye ngamandla amakhulu ingasebenza kuphela ngokuvala nokusabalalisa izinto ezivamile njengempahla. Ngokuphela kwezinhlobo eziqondile zobukholoniyali, imingcele yandisa ukuncintisana njengoba ohulumeni bezizwe bezama ukunikeza abasebenzi abashibhile ukuze bahehe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezimali. Izinqubomgomo zemingcele futhi zakha izigaba phakathi kwabokufika ngokwabo: labo abanemfundo efanele, amakhono afiselekayo, namakhono aphelele olimi uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abangenawo. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kwezinkulumo zayo ezididayo, imali enkulu ayihlosile ukuqeda isidingo semingcele kazwelonke.
Iziqondiso zomnotho womhlaba wonke zidinga ukugeleza kwamahhala kwezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ziwela imingcele; ngesikhathi esifanayo amazwe-zizwe adinga ukuba kube yiwo kuphela igunya elisemthethweni lokulamula abakha isizwe. Abasebenzi bokufika babalulekile ekuxazululeni lokhu kungqubuzana okubonakala sengathi bakha isigaba esihlukile sabasebenzi maqondana nenhloko-dolobha kanye nezwe.
Okokuqala, bavumela inzuzo yemali ukuthi ifinyelele emisebenzini eshibhile ekhona ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi, esinzima kakhulu isimo sokuxoshwa. Isimo sokudingiswa siqinisekisa ikhono lokuxhaphaza kakhulu kanye nokulahla abasebenzi bokufika ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Okwesibili, baqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso uyakwazi ukulawula inhlalakahle yengcindezelo ngokunqatshelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni zezenhlalakahle ezinikezwa izakhamuzi. Okwesithathu, bagcina ubungcwele bezimpawu zamasiko ezicwaswa ngokwebala kanye nokuhlanzeka kobunikazi bezwe ngokwenza kube semthethweni 'ubuzwe' babasebenzi bokufika, okube sekungena umjikelezo wobandlululo odingekayo ukuze balulaze ubuntu futhi bamemezele 'abangekho emthethweni' noma 'abathandeki' ukuze bathethelele izimo zabo ezidabukisayo.
Ukuxhashazwa okukhulu
Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi bokufika bamele abasebenzi abaphelele kule nkathi yokushintshashintsha kobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke kwezemisebenzi nezigaba: kuyathengiswa futhi kuyasebenziseka; evumelana nezimo futhi esebenzisekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US, nge-Great Depression, abokufika abangaphezu kuka-500,000 kanye nezakhamuzi zase-US ezazalelwa eMexico badingiswa ngendluzula, kodwa lapho iMpi Yezwe II idala enye inkinga yezisebenzi, izisebenzi zaseMexico zalethwa ngobuningi.
Ngawo-1950s, abalimi baletha ama-braceros lapho abasebenzi base-US betelekile noma besabisa ngokwenza kanjalo. Ekuphakameni kwalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-bracero lwaletha abasebenzi abangaphezu kwezi-400,000 ngonyaka futhi isamba semisebenzi elinganiselwa ezigidini ezi-4.5 yayisigcwalisiwe ngesikhathi uhlelo lwe-bracero luqedwa ngo-1964. Esinye isibonelo samanje sephrofayili ephezulu eCanada yiqiniso. ukuthi i-Canadian Natural Resources Limited, umthuthukisi wephrojekthi enkulu kunazo zonke yezihlabathi zikawoyela eCanada, yenze inkontileka ingxenye ebalulekile yomsebenzi wokwakha enkampanini yokwakha ehlose ukuba cishe bonke abasebenzi balethwe ngaphansi kohlelo Lwezisebenzi Zesikhashana Zangaphandle.
Njengoba kwabhalwa uNandita Sharma, โinhlangano yezenhlalakahle yalabo abahlukaniswa njengabangebona abokufika isebenza ukwenza kube semthethweni ukwehlukaniswa kwamalungelo kanye nemigqa yamalungelo ngokugunyaza ubunikazi babantu ababhekwa njengabasebenzi bokufikaโฆ .โ Uma kubhekwa izibalo ezimangalisayo, ukwehlukana komhlaba wonke phakathi kwezakhamizi/ezingezona izakhamuzi kanye nesisebenzi esisuka kwamanye amazwe/isisebenzi esingafuduki kwakha uhlobo olukhulayo lobandlululo lwezenhlalo, lwezepolitiki, nolwezomnotho. Lolu hlelo lobandlululo lokufuduka luphinde luhlukaniseke emigqeni yobuhlanga kanye nobulili. Iningi labesifazane abafudukayo bemibala bafakwa emisebenzini ebonakala ngamaholo aphansi, izimo zokusebenza eziyingozi, amahora angajwayelekile, ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunyana, nokungazinzi njengokuthungatha izingubo, umsebenzi wasendlini, umsebenzi wokusekela ekhaya, ukupheka, ukuwasha izitsha, umsebenzi wocansi, nomsebenzi wokuhlanza.
Umsebenzi wendabuko
Ngokomlando, ukukhululwa kwezigqila e-US ngeSimemezelo Sokukhululwa ngo-1863 ngu-Abraham Lincoln kwakuyisu lezepolitiki nezempi lokucekela phansi amandla ezomnotho eNhlangano Yezizwe eyakhiwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezigqila. ULincoln wayengakholelwa ekulinganeni okuyisisekelo kwabamnyama, "Ngizosho-ke ukuthi angifuni, futhi angikaze ngibe, ngivuna ukuletha nganoma iyiphi indlela ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe kwezinhlanga ezimhlophe nabamnyama." Ukusekelwa Kwesimemezelo ngaphakathi kwe-Republican Party eNyakatho kwakusekelwe ngokuyinhloko hhayi ezingxoxweni zokuziphatha zokuqedwa kobugqila, kunalokho kwakusekelwe ekusekeleni 'imibono yabasebenzi yamahhala' eyayiphikisana nokwanda kobugqila ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho njengoba kwakuzoholela ukuncintisana nezisebenzi ezimhlophe zamahhala.
ECanada, isibonelo esingokomlando esaziwayo kakhulu sesimo sabasebenzi bokufika isipiliyoni sabasebenzi bakaloliwe baseShayina eBritish Columbia. Izisebenzi zaseShayina ezilinganiselwa ku-17,000 eza eCanada kusukela ngo-1881-1884 zahlangatshezwa nezimo zokusebenza eziyingozi kanye nokucwasa. Abavukuzi bamalahle baseShayina bathola u-$1 ngosuku uma kuqhathaniswa no-$2.50 otholwa ngabasebenzi abamhlophe, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi noma yikuphi kusuka ku-800-3500 abafuduki baseChina abafa ngesikhathi kwakhiwa ujantshi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1880, i-Knights of Labor yahlela imihlangano yendawo ukuze iphikisana nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi baseShayina. Ngo-1907, i-Asiatic Exclusion League - eyayihlanganisa izinyunyana zabasebenzi - yabiza imingcele esheshayo mayelana nokufika kwabantu base-Asia ukuze kugcinwe "iCanada emhlophe", kwathi ngoSepthemba 1907 izibhelu ezinkulu zacekela phansi iChinatown neJapantown eVancouver.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1950, izinyunyana zabasebenzi e-US zabambisana ne-US imperialism kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezinkampani eNingizimu Yomhlaba njengengxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isivumelwano se-capital-labor". Izinkampani zizoqinisekisa amaholo aphezulu kanye nemihlomulo kumalungu ezinyunyana (ikakhulukazi abamhlophe nabesilisa) futhi ngenxa yalokho, abaholi bezabasebenzi bayogwema ukuphikisana nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni. I-โBusiness unionismโ yaba umbono lapho abasebenzi abanenhlanhla behlotshaniswa ngokugcwele nokwandiswa kohlelo lonxiwankulu nama-impiriyali ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesidingo sokuqashwa ngokugcwele, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, namaholo angcono. I-AFL-CIO, ngokwesibonelo, yasekela izimpi zaseVietnam naseMelika Ephakathi futhi yathanda unswinyo lwabaqashi olubhekiswe kwabokufika abangenazo izincwadi.
Lezi akuzona nje izitayela zesikhathi esidlule. Isibonelo, okwamanje intambo efanayo phakathi kwezinyunyana zase-US kanye nezaseCanada eziphikisana ne-Free Trade Area of โโthe Americas ihlanganisa ukwesaba ukuhlaselwa kwabasebenzi bokufika. Nakuba izinyunyana zigwema inkulumo-ze yokucwasa ngokwebala eyayisetshenziswa ngokomlando ngokumelene nabasebenzi bokufika kanye nabafuduki, bathatha ifomu elicashile namuhla ngesifiso โsokuvikela imisebenzi yasendaweniโ kanye nenkolelo engantengantengi yokuthi โabasebenzi baseCanada/baseMelika babe yisinqumo sokuqala sabaqashiโ. ukuqhubeka nokubuka wonke umqondo wokufuduka kwabasebenzi njengesandiso sezinkinga zeZwe Lesithathu kanye nesesibili kumizabalazo yabasebenzi evamile (okusho abamhlophe baseNyakatho Melika).
Inkululeko yokunyakaza
Ngokwamazwi e-Noborder Network "amandla ezepolitiki okuphuma nokwenqaba abhidliza ubukhosi bazo zombili izifunda zezizwe kanye nemibuso emisha yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile konxiwankulu emhlabeni jikelele." Kudingeka siqaphele ukuthi imali yomhlaba wonke idale abasebenzi bomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kobuzwe njengombono wokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga sekuphenduke ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqeda ubumbano phakathi kwemizabalazo yamalungelo abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba kubhalwe nguJeremy Brecher noTim Costello ku I-Global Village noma i-Global Pillage, โIsihloko esisha sesigaba sobunxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke singowesifazane, umbala, kanye Nomhlaba Wesithathuโ, ngaleyo ndlela kuphoqelela ukucatshangelwa kabusha kwendawo yendabuko yomzabalazo wezigaba kanye nezifundo zawo ezinelungelo elikhethekile. Esikhundleni senhlangano yabasebenzi ethembele ekukhishweni njengendlela 'yokulawula ukuhlinzekwa' kwemakethe yezabasebenzi, kufanele sifunde ukuqhubekisela phambili izintshisekelo zethu ngokubambisana; kumele siqhubekisele phambili nokuhlaziya ukuthi imali esetshenziswayo idale abasebenzi bokufika ngokucekelwa phansi kweminotho yasemaphandleni emhlabeni wonke kanye nokwehlukana kwabasebenzi bomhlaba; futhi kufanele sifune inkululeko ephelele yokuhamba sinqamula imingcele ukuze siqede ukuba sengozini kwabasebenzi bokufika futhi siqede ukucwasa labo okukholakala ukuthi bayingxenye 'Yomhlaba Wesithathu' kuphela.
Mayelana Umlobi
UHarsha Walia ungumhleli waseNingizimu Asia emibuthanweni ehlukahlukene yezenhlalo ezinze eVancouver, Coast Salish Territories.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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