Umthombo: TomDispatch.com
Ngu Lukas Bischoff Isithombe
I-Alaska Denali National Park/Shutterstock.com
Muva nje, bengiseHomer, e-Alaska, ukuze ngikhulume ngencwadi yami Ukuphela kwe-Ice. Ngemva kwemizuzwana ngibonge labo abangilethe ekhempasini encane yaseNyuvesi yase-Alaska lapho, ngikhungethwe yingxube yokudabuka, uthando, kanye nosizi mayelana nesimo sami sokutholwa - kanye nomhlaba jikelele - ngakhala.
Ngazama ukukhuluma kodwa ngaxolisa nje ngathatha imizuzwana ngiziqoqa. Kuyinselele kimi, ngisho namanje, ukuchaza ukugezeka kwemizwelo nemicabango okwangifikela ngokuphazima kweso njengoba ngimi kuleyo nkundla ngobusuku obufudumele, obunomoya, obunezimvula eningizimu yeNhlonhlo yeKenai phakathi kweqembu elilungele ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalokho okwakukhona. okwenzeka emhlabeni wethu esiwuthandayo.
โUxolo ngalokho,โ ekugcineni ngasho ngemva kokuphefumula okwengeziwe, njengoba izwi lami laligcwele imizwelo, โkodwa ngiyazi ukuthi uzoqonda. Uhlala kulesi sifunda futhi uyazi njengoba nami ngenza ukuthi uma i-Alaska ingena egazini lakho, ihlala lapho. Futhi ngiyithanda le ndawo ngenhliziyo yami yonke.โ Iningi labalaleli kulelo gumbi lase livele linqekuzisa amakhanda futhi okungenani oyedwa wayeseqalile ukukhala.
Ngahlala e-Alaska iminyaka eyishumi, kusukela ngo-1996, futhi bekulokhu kusegazini lami kusukela ngonyaka owandulele lapho ngiqala ukubona iDenali National Park kanye ne-Alaska Range emangalisayo. Eqinisweni, izahluko ezinhlanu kweziyisishiyagalolunye zencwadi yami entsha zisethwe e-Alaska futhi isihloko sayo esidabukisayo siwuhlobo lokukhothama othandweni lwami oluhlala njalo lwesifunda esisenyakatho yaleli zwe. Ngaleso sikhathi ngo-1995 lapho amafu ehlukana ngokoqobo ukuze embule ingqungquthela ephakeme kaDenali kanye nokusabalala kwayo okumangalisayo kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kwabonakala kuwuthando ekuqaleni. Eqinisweni, ehlobo amaningi ngemva kwalokho ngangivakashela lelo zwe kanye namanye ase-Alaska, izintaba-mlilo eMexico, iKarakorum Himalaya yaseNingizimu Asia, noma i-Andes yaseNingizimu Melika.
Kwathi, ehlobo lika-2003, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuhlasela kwabaphathi bakaBush e-Iraq, ngalalela imibiko yomsakazo ngokuqala kokuhlala kabi kwamaMelika kulelozwe ngisuka etendeni laseDenali ngenkathi ngivolontiya nePark Service. Kwakulapho futhi, ngokumangazayo, lapho ngaqala ukuzwa ukudonswa kwe-Iraq - noma kunalokho igebe legebe emithonjeni yezindaba evamile uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi lowo msebenzi wawenzani kubantu base-Iraq. Ngabe senginquma ukuhamba ngisuka eqhweni ngiye kokushisa, ngisuka eDenali ngiye eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ukuze ngithole ukuthi kwenzekani lapho futhi ngibike ngakho.
Lolo cingo olungajwayelekile lwasentabeni lwangiholela emsebenzini wobuntatheli owangisusa e-Alaska yami engiyithandayo, ubukhulu bayo obungenabo abantu, engingakaze ngibubone kwenye indawo. Futhi njengoba ngisuka endaweni yayo eyingqayizivele, umuzwa wokuthi isimo sezulu sase siphazamiseka ngezindlela ezimangalisayo lapho wanamathela kimi phakathi neminyaka yami yokubika impi. Umcabango wezinguzunga zeqhwa ezilokhu ziwohloka endaweni yangakithi yangaphambili wangizwisa ubuhlungu futhi ngandlela thize wangikhipha ezimpini zaphakade zaseMelika wangiyisa kolunye uhlobo lwempi - emhlabeni ngokwawo - futhi cishe eminyakeni eyishumi yokubikwa kwesimo sezulu.
Ngatshela izethameli konke lokhu, ngezinye izikhathi ngima kancane ukuze ngingaphinde ngikhale ngenxa yosizi olwazalwa ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuqubuka kwemililo yequbula, isomiso, isithwathwa esincibilika ngokushesha, amadolobhana asogwini ancibilikela olwandle, nezinguzunga zeqhwa ezincipha ngokushesha. Futhi ungakhohlwa a I-Trumpian lapdog wombusi lowo, njengomongameli wakhe othandekayo, obonakala engakwazi ukunqamula izinsiza ngokushesha ngokwanele noma asebenze kanzima ngokwanele ukuze avule okwengeziwe kwalesi simo esihle kakhulu sokumba, ukugawula, nokungcolisa ukwanda kokungathandwa).
Ngobusuku bangaphambi kwangomhla zingama-20 kuLwezi, ngangikhulume eNyuvesi yase-Alaska e-Anchorage futhi lalingu-48 degrees Fahrenheit (futhi lina, lingakhithiki), kugcwele iqhwa. Ama-20 degrees afudumele kunezinga lokushisa eliphakeme elivamile laleyo nyanga. Futhi lokho kuyiqiniso osekuphenduke okwejwayelekile kakhulu lapho, nakuba ingxenye yesithathu ephezulu yesifunda ingaphakathi kwe-Arctic Circle. Lokho-ke, kubonisa elinye iqiniso elisha: โI-Arctic amplification,โ okuyinto izindlela ukuthi i-latitudes ephakeme yale planethi ifudumala cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kune-mid-latitudes. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Alaska isezindaweni ezihlukene zokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu.
Uma sibeka ngenye indlela, izethameli engangikhuluma nazo kuleyo nyanga kanye nabo bonke abangani bami e-Alaska manje baphila kulokho okuzwakala njengesimo esingapheli sokushaqeka njengoba izinto zibonakala esimweni sazo ngesivinini esinqunyiwe.
I-Alaska, i-New Norm
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi inani elikhulu lososayensi besimo sezulu selikhona manje usizi yeplanethi nekusasa lesintu, abanye baze bachaze izimpawu zabo njengenguqulo eshintsha isimo sezulu ye-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, noma i-PTSD. Idlanzana lososayensi engabaxoxisana nalo ngencwadi yami basho okuningi. UDan Fagre, osebenzela i-United States Geological Survey eGlacier National Park, wayejwayelekile. Lapho ngimbuza ukuthi uzizwa enjani ngenkathi ebuka izinguzunga zeqhwa (ethiwa lelo paki) zishabalala - kulindelekile. ukuba ngihambe ngo-2030 - waphendula, "Kufana nokuba yisosha eliqinile, kodwa ngokwefilosofi, kunzima ukubuka into oyifundayo inyamalala."
Futhi akubona nje ososayensi besimo sezulu abafana naye. Abanye abahlala eduze nezindawo lapho izinguquko zenzeka ngokuphawulekayo kubonakala sengathi nazo zinezimpawu ezinjalo. โNgeke ukholwe ukuthi bekunjani ukuba se-Anchorage ehlobo eledlule,โ umngane wami u-Matt Rafferty wangitshela lapho sihlangana kulelo dolobha ekuseni ngibuya eHomer. "Sabona ama-degree angama-90 ngoJulayi 4, kwathi kamuva ehlobo, intuthu yomlilo wequbula yayishubile ngezinye izinsuku wawungakwazi ukubona phesheya komgwaqo wedolobha."
Isazi sezemvelo osekunesikhathi eside sisebenzela ukuvikela i-Alaska kumanqe akhishwayo, uMatt, njengami, uthanda ubuhle bemvelo bendawo. Ngike ngahamba naye saya endaweni ekude yase-Alaskan futhi ngacabanga ngaye njengomuntu ojabule futhi ongakhathali uma kuziwa emsebenzini wakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakanani amathuba empumelelo. Kodwa ngimlalele echaza isimo sezulu esihlasele izwe lakubo muva nje, angikwazanga ukuzibamba kodwa ngacabanga ngezingxoxo engangizenzile namalungu omndeni e-Iraq ayelahlekelwe abathandekayo ekuhlaselweni kwezempi yase-US. Abantu abane-PTSD - futhi lokhu ngikwazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwami โโโโkomuntu siqu ngakho - bavame ukuxoxa ngokuphindaphindiwe izindaba ngokuhlukumezeka abahlangabezane nakho. Kuyindlela yethu yokuzama ukuyicubungula.
Futhi yilokhu kanye uMatt, ngokuvamile owayengeyena umfana ogcizelelwa ngokweqile, ayekwenza ekuseni, okwangethusa. โSasinemifula eningizimu-maphakathi ne-Alaska eyayifudumele kakhulu ama-salmon ayefa kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo,โ eqhubeka elokhu emile ukuze aphefumule. โAmanzi omfula afinyelela kuma-degree angu-80 kwamanye awo! Amanzi ayengama-degree angu-80! Ungakukholwa lokho? Kwakukhona ngempela amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-salmon afile antanta ngezisu emifuleni eminingi. Ngenze uhambo lokupakisha eziNtabeni ze-Talkeetna ngingagqokile lutho ngaphandle kwesikibha nesikhindi! Akunangqondo lokho! Uyazi ukuthi amanzi ajwayele ukubanda kanjani emifuleni lapha. Ithole ngokoqobo ngakho kushisa elangeni kwadingeka siphume sihlale ngaphansi kwesihlahla emthunzini!โ
Walandisa okuningi engangivele ngikwazi, okuhlanganisa nokuthi iqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic lalincibilike ngesivinini esiqopha umlando nokuthi, ekwindla, i-permafrost yayincibilika ngezinga elalingabikezelwe elinye. iminyaka 70. Ogwini loLwandlekazi i-Arctic enyakatho ye-Alaska, amadolobha abamba imikhomo ngokwesiko asebenzisa izitsha ze-permafrost ukuze agcine, aguge, futhi agcine ukudla kwawo okuziphilisa kupholile unyaka wonke - ama-Inupiat akusebenzisela amathani omkhomo nenyama yama-walrus - manje ayithola ihlangene amanzi kanye nesikhunta esimila sibonga ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost.
Ngalowo Septhemba, uMatt wangitshela, wayenenkinga yokucindezeleka. "Ngilahlekelwe yithemba, njengoba kuzwakala sengathi kune-apocalyptic ngempela lapha," waqhubeka kancane futhi ngokuthula manje, ehlikihla ingalo yakhe eyodwa kulokho engangicabanga ukuthi kuwuhlobo oluthile lokuziduduza. Ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi sizindla, ukwenza i-yoga, kanye nokuthola amaphodikasti angokomoya awusizo kuye, wanezela, kuye kwaba isibopho kuye - futhi akayedwana ngoba phakathi kwabantu base-Alaskan njengoba isimo sezulu saseningizimu sifudukela enyakatho ngokusobala.
Ngalolo suku e-Anchorage, ngama esitolo sami sezincwadi engisithandayo ukuze ngihlole imiqulu yakamuva yesifunda. Omunye wabo, Wedwa Phezulu: Ukukhuphuka iDenali Ekufeni Kwasebusika,wangibamba iso. Umhloli wamazwe wase-Arctic u-Lonnie Dupre uqophe umlando ngo-2015 ngokuhlanganisa i-Denali ngoJanuwariโฆ eyedwa. Kwakuyisenzo esimangalisayo abhala ngaso encwadini yakhe, kodwa isikhathi engingeke ngisikhohlwe yilapho echaza khona ukuvaleleka etendeni lakhe kuleyo ntaba engamamitha angu-11,200 31 phakathi nesiphepho esagadla izinsuku eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi uke wezwa kuzwakala sengathi amatshe amancane ejikijela itende, wavula uziphu wesicabha, wakhipha ikhanda, wathuka woma lapho ethola ukuthi, ngoDisemba 35, bekushunqa, kukhithika. Sikhuluma ngesikhathi lapho izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lalokho kuphakama kufanele ngabe lifana namadigri angu-XNUMX ngaphansi kweziro.
Kwaba buhlungu enhliziyweni yami ukwazi ukuthi izimo zezulu ezinjalo zazihlupha ngisho neDenali, intaba, emi phezulu kakhulu eduze ne-Arctic Circle, eyashintsha ukuphila kwami โโngokungidonsela e-Alaska lapho ngineminyaka engamashumi amabili. Naphezu kwakho konke engikwaziyo manje, kusangimangaza.
Futhi nakhu mina, njengabangane bami abaseduze kuleso simo, ngitshela le ndaba kunoma ubani ozolalela. Ngiyazi ukuthi lokhu kuzozwakala phezulu kubafundi abangewona ama-Alaska, kodwa ngisho nokubhala lokhu kungilethela izinyembezi. Akufanele nje kube ngale ndlela. Cishe akukho okwenzeka lapho, ngokwesimo sezulu, namuhla yilokho ebesingake sacabanga ngakho โnjengemvelo,โ nakuba manje sekuyinkambiso entsha.
Ukuzwa eziningi zalezi zindaba ngenkathi uvakashele kwafakazela ukuthi kuningi kakhulu ukukwamukela, njengokwazi ukuthi yini manje eseqala ukwenzeka kuma-salmon, amabhere, i-moose, nezinye izilwane zasendle zazo zonke izinhlobo. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esinesiphithiphithi, izidalwa ezinjalo seziqala ukufuduka zisuka lapho okwakuyizindawo zazo zamakhaya ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla okujwayelekile. Futhi konke, ngendlela yakhona, kuyahlukumeza.
Phakathi nesikhathi inkulumo yakamuva eNyuvesi yase-Alaska, e-Anchorage, Rick Thoman, uchwepheshe wesimo sezulu e-Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, wethule umbono ongemuhle wezimo ezishintshe kakhulu kuso sonke isifunda sakithi esisenyakatho impela. Eminyakeni yakhe engama-30 neNational Weather Service e-Alaska, uThoman ubukele njengoba isimo sezulu endaweni yakubo siphazanyiswa yinkinga yesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic. Udabuka ePennsylvania, watshela izethameli ukuthi ukufunda ngezwe elihluke kanjani emisebenzini esukela endabeni emfushane kaJack London yangekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili ethi โTo Build a Fireโ kuya encwadini kaBarry Lopez. Amaphupho E-Arctic yayimholele e-Alaska. ILondon, ngokwesibonelo, yayibhale ngendawo lapho amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-70 degree ayeyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke. โKodwa iqiniso liwukuthi,โ wasitshela ngokudabukisayo, โindawo ezungezile echazwe kulezi zincwadi ayisekho.โ Wanezela, โKunzima ngempela lokho. Kodwa yilokho esinakho, yilokho esiphila kukho.โ
UThoman ukhulume ngokuthi, ngenxa yamanzi afudumala kakhulu, uLwandle lwaseBering lubhekana kanjani nokufuduka okukhulu kwezilwane zasolwandle, kuyilapho izwe ngokwalo, njengomngane othandekayo, phakathi kwenhlekelele yezempilo okungekho muntu osegunyeni oyizamayo ngempela. ukwelapha.
Akumangalisi ukuthi konke lokhu kungishiya nomuzwa wokungabi namandla. Ukushaqeka ngakunye kwesimo sezulu okusha kufana nokushaywa komzimba. Noma ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi ngifelwa kanjani othandekayo. I-Alaska, ngamanye amazwi, ihlushwa ukufa kwesimo sezulu ngokusikeka okuyinkulungwane, kuyilapho ngizabalaza nsuku zonke ukwamukela iqiniso elisha: ukuthi izwe selishintshile ngokungenakulungiseka.
Isiqongo Sothingo
Amagagasi ajulile othando nokudabuka kwase kuqalile ukudlula kimi njengoba indiza yami yehlela e-Anchorage ngenkathi lolu hambo luqala. Futhi imizwa enjalo yaqhubeka kuphela phakathi nesikhathi engangisichithe lapho. Isikhathi esinabangane abadala abaqwalayo sibe muncu, njengoba akubanga isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba singakwazi ukuzibamba kodwa sikhulume ngezinguquko ezivele zenzeka, njengoba sasihlela ukuphambana kwezintaba zase-Alaska esikhathini esizayo.
Ngosuku lokugcina olugcwele, ngangazi ukuthi kwakudingeka ngibe ngedwa kulezo zintaba. Ngangiphathele igiya elidingekayo lamazinga okushisa okugibela asekupheleni kukaNovemba, noma okungenani ngendlela engangiwakhumbula ngayo eminyakeni engangihlala lapho: amakhramponi, imbazo yeqhwa, izendlalelo ezengeziwe zezingubo ezifudumele zeqhwa elijulile namazinga okushisa asezintabeni. lokho bekufanele ngabe kwaba sebasha (ngisho nangaphandle kokucabangela isici sokubanda komoya).
Ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga ngalolo suku, ngabhekisa amabombo eningizimu ngisuka e-Anchorage kuthelawayeka waseSeward njengoba uwela phansi eduze kwamanzi aseTurnagain Arm. Ngangilibangise emzileni owawuzongiyisa ezintabeni zaseChugach, enye yezindawo enganginyathela kuzo.
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuntekenteke kanye nokuphuzi kwebhotela okuthambile kwakhanyisa isibhakabhaka ngaphambili njengoba ilanga lasebusika elivilaphayo liphakama. Nakuba iqhwa lisamboze iziqongo zezintaba ezizungezile, imibala yehlisela phansi kuzo yafiphala isuka kokumhlophe qhwa iye kokunsundu nokuluhlazaโakusona isimanga, njengoba amazinga okushisa lapha abefudumala kakhulu neqhwa alitholakali kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni kwalo nyaka ukuya ebusika. .
Ngadlula izindawo ezimbalwa lapho, phakathi neminyaka yawo-1990, ngase ngivele ngiqwala iqhwa phezu kwezimpophoma ezibandayo ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka. Manje, zase zibonakala zomile futhi amazinga okushisa afudumele kakhulu ukuba akheke iqhwa.
Ngemva kokufika lapho ngihamba khona, ngahamba ngedwa ngasesiqongweni esiseduze. Njengomkhuba, ngaqala ngokugqoka ibhantshi elisindayo, kodwa ngokushesha ngalikhumula kanye namagilavu โโami, emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwamaqhwa. Ngangingakujwayele lokhu futhi kwazizwa kungavamile ukushintsha imikhuba yami yakudala lapho ngigibela.
Ngithole ukuphakama ngokushesha. Emahoreni ambalwa, ngase ngikwento ekugcineni ebonakale njenge-Alaskan kimi, izimo zasebusika zangempela njengoba ngizibhoboza eqhweni - okusho ukuthi imilenze yakho ihlale ibhodloza eqhweni kuze kube mhlawumbe ukuphakama kwamadolo noma phakathi kwethanga. - ngihamba ngibheke phezulu. Ngangima kancane ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ngiphefumule iphunga lezihlahla futhi ngibuke iqhwa eligeleza ngezikhathi ezithile lehlela esigodini esingezansi.
Ukhahlamba lwalumbozwe yiqhwa. Lapho ngifika lapho, ngabona kungazelelwe ukuthi bengijahe ubusika - okungukuthi, impilo yami edlule namaphupho - ngikhuphuka lezi zintaba ngalolu suku lokugcina olugcwele lokuvakasha kwami, ngifuna ukuthola i-Alaska eyayingasekho.
Ngamangazwa ukubuka okuhle kwe-360-degree, ngithatha izithombe zeziqongo zeqhwa ezingizungezile, ngiziphuzela konke, ngaphambi kokuthi ngehle ngibuyele ekhaya lami e-Washington State futhi ngibuyele esibukweni esiguquguquke esimweni sezulu emhlabeni ovuthayo. lapho ngizoqhubeka nokuphupha i-Alaska engangiyazi. Ngangazi ukuthi ngizobe ngihlela ukukhuphuka okuzayo lapha, kuyilapho okungenani okunye kusala njengoba kwakunjalo.
Ngaphambi nje kokugibela indiza yami eya ekhaya ngisuka esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Anchorage, ifu elibheke enyakatho lasuka, lembula umfanekiso omhlophe kaDenali owawusewubabazekayo kungemuva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngema lapho, ngimangele, cishe isigamu sehora ngingakwazi ukususa amehlo ami kuleyo ntaba. Kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqala ukuhwalala futhi uDenali engasabonakali lapho engangikwazi khona ukuzivumela ukuba ngihambe, ngisho nalapho ngisula izinyembezi ezengeziwe.
Dahr Jamail, a TomDispatch Njalo, umamukeli wemiklomelo eminingi yokuhlonishwa, okuhlanganisa ne-Martha Gellhorn Award for Journalism ngomsebenzi wakhe e-Iraq kanye ne-2018 Izzy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Independent Media. Incwadi yakhe entsha, Ukuphela Kweqhwa: Ukunikeza Ubufakazi Nokuthola Incazelo Endleleni Yokuphazamiseka Kwesimo Sezulu, yashicilelwa kulo nyaka. Ubuye abe ngumbhali we Beyond the Green Zone futhi Intando Yokuphikisa.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi, A Isizwe Esingenziwanga Ngempi (Haymarket Books).
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